Psychodynamic Therapists in Bensalem, PA
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
![Photo of Christi Sabin, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a9eea4ae-6cfc-49f6-a237-014632e99151/2/320x400.jpeg)
Christi Sabin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
This involves looking at your emotions, thoughts, behaviors, in addition to the mind-body connection through a variety of techniques including psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and positive psychology.
Feeling stuck, lost, confused, frustrated, or unmotivated? You are not alone. We all need help sometimes, and it takes a lot of courage to take that first step and seek out that help. My passion for this work comes from my own personal struggles with mental health, so I understand how challenging it can be to start on the path to healing. I identify and work with those in the queer/trans/LGBTQIA+, kink/BDSM and poly/ENM/CNM communities.
This involves looking at your emotions, thoughts, behaviors, in addition to the mind-body connection through a variety of techniques including psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and positive psychology.
Feeling stuck, lost, confused, frustrated, or unmotivated? You are not alone. We all need help sometimes, and it takes a lot of courage to take that first step and seek out that help. My passion for this work comes from my own personal struggles with mental health, so I understand how challenging it can be to start on the path to healing. I identify and work with those in the queer/trans/LGBTQIA+, kink/BDSM and poly/ENM/CNM communities.
![Photo of Michele Suarez, LPC, MS, NCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/49d6a3e7-4148-4738-b844-34b74171e37d/3/320x400.jpeg)
Some ways of thinking I tend to lean towards are: compassion-focused, psychodynamic, attachment styles, and emotion-focused.
Do you find yourself experiencing anxiety, perfectionism or have a low self-view? Are you currently struggling with depression, or going through grief and loss? Maybe you want to grow in your relationships, like in your communication or setting boundaries. Or do you find yourself struggling with motivation and focus and feel like you just need the right tools to get on track or moving your days. These are areas I'm passionate about and would be excited in helping you reach your goals!
Some ways of thinking I tend to lean towards are: compassion-focused, psychodynamic, attachment styles, and emotion-focused.
Do you find yourself experiencing anxiety, perfectionism or have a low self-view? Are you currently struggling with depression, or going through grief and loss? Maybe you want to grow in your relationships, like in your communication or setting boundaries. Or do you find yourself struggling with motivation and focus and feel like you just need the right tools to get on track or moving your days. These are areas I'm passionate about and would be excited in helping you reach your goals!
![Photo of Cynthia Ryan Otto, MS, LPC, CAADC, CIMHP, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4856ee80-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Cynthia Ryan Otto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CAADC, CIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bensalem, PA 19020
I take a holistic approach to therapy, utilizing a combination of psychodynamic and cognitive strategies to help clients gain insight and achieve their goals.
I've spent over two decades helping people heal from addictions & other emotional issues. I work with a stellar group of practitioners at Insight Psychological Services. Collaboratively, we offer individual & family therapy, psychiatric evaluations & medication management. I provide a safe, comfortable environment where you can gain personal insight, examine relationships & heal the past. I offer a unique approach to therapy, incorporating decades of professional & personal experience in both psychotherapy & spirituality. I'm a person in long term recovery for over 30 years & have a working knowledge of the 12 steps.
I take a holistic approach to therapy, utilizing a combination of psychodynamic and cognitive strategies to help clients gain insight and achieve their goals.
I've spent over two decades helping people heal from addictions & other emotional issues. I work with a stellar group of practitioners at Insight Psychological Services. Collaboratively, we offer individual & family therapy, psychiatric evaluations & medication management. I provide a safe, comfortable environment where you can gain personal insight, examine relationships & heal the past. I offer a unique approach to therapy, incorporating decades of professional & personal experience in both psychotherapy & spirituality. I'm a person in long term recovery for over 30 years & have a working knowledge of the 12 steps.
![Photo of Crystal Beckwith, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0c16cd2f-3d9e-40d6-b35c-61261340da43/2/320x400.png)
Crystal Beckwith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
Are you or your child struggling with worry and panic? Do you find emotions and coping with life overwhelming? When anxiety feels out of control, it can take it's toll on every aspect of life. I specialize in Anxiety, Autism, ADHD, Stress, and Life Transitions. Whether you are struggling with social anxiety or the parent of child with high stress levels; now might be the time to get help. Let us work together to develop a plan tailored to your unique needs that allows you and your family to find relief, peace, and balance.
Are you or your child struggling with worry and panic? Do you find emotions and coping with life overwhelming? When anxiety feels out of control, it can take it's toll on every aspect of life. I specialize in Anxiety, Autism, ADHD, Stress, and Life Transitions. Whether you are struggling with social anxiety or the parent of child with high stress levels; now might be the time to get help. Let us work together to develop a plan tailored to your unique needs that allows you and your family to find relief, peace, and balance.
![Photo of Kira Yakubov - Heal Your Roots Wellness, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f49b30d6-bf62-48ee-8475-6c806a99ee2f/2/320x400.jpeg)
Heal Your Roots Wellness
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
We are passionate about helping adults & couples struggling with anxiety, relational distress, life transitions, sexuality & gender. It is essential to create a safe and shame-free space for clients to explore their emotions, sexual issues, fears of intimacy, and vulnerabilities in order to make powerful changes. If you find yourself feeling lonely, disconnected from your loved ones, experiencing self-doubt and allowing fear to control your life then we can help. Through this process you will learn ways to self-regulate your emotions, practice self-love, create healthy boundaries in your relationships, and take control of your life.
We are passionate about helping adults & couples struggling with anxiety, relational distress, life transitions, sexuality & gender. It is essential to create a safe and shame-free space for clients to explore their emotions, sexual issues, fears of intimacy, and vulnerabilities in order to make powerful changes. If you find yourself feeling lonely, disconnected from your loved ones, experiencing self-doubt and allowing fear to control your life then we can help. Through this process you will learn ways to self-regulate your emotions, practice self-love, create healthy boundaries in your relationships, and take control of your life.
![Photo of Hannah Gilmore, LSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/977138b1-6dcf-4f11-8225-fcad9bdc5819/2/320x400.jpeg)
Whether you are coming to therapy for anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, a life change, or just a general sense of unease, facing these issues can be scary. Healing isn’t easy because it involves confronting our pain and hurts. Healing can also be full of joy, hope, connection, and freedom as we experience new possibilities of being and relating. My approach is warm, relational, and integrative. I strive to offer a space where you can feel safe enough to look inward – to gently and compassionately welcome all parts of yourself with less judgment and shame.
Whether you are coming to therapy for anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, a life change, or just a general sense of unease, facing these issues can be scary. Healing isn’t easy because it involves confronting our pain and hurts. Healing can also be full of joy, hope, connection, and freedom as we experience new possibilities of being and relating. My approach is warm, relational, and integrative. I strive to offer a space where you can feel safe enough to look inward – to gently and compassionately welcome all parts of yourself with less judgment and shame.
![Photo of Trish McGarrigle, MS, MFT, NCC, ACS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/538cbfab-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Trish McGarrigle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MFT, NCC, ACS, LPC
Verified Verified
Bensalem, PA 19020
Feeling emotionally overwhelmed at some point is something to which most people can relate. I understand that sometimes life circumstances can leave one feeling conflicted, stressed and even hopeless and helpless. However, there is hope and there is help. As a professional, I have witnessed time and again the power of accurate information, solid resources, and compassionate support to transform even the most dismal circumstances. It is my strong desire to bring this powerful combination to all those with whom I work, as they discover more deeply their own inner resources and strengths.
Feeling emotionally overwhelmed at some point is something to which most people can relate. I understand that sometimes life circumstances can leave one feeling conflicted, stressed and even hopeless and helpless. However, there is hope and there is help. As a professional, I have witnessed time and again the power of accurate information, solid resources, and compassionate support to transform even the most dismal circumstances. It is my strong desire to bring this powerful combination to all those with whom I work, as they discover more deeply their own inner resources and strengths.
![Photo of Dr. Brad Shamis, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3b666c83-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Shamis’ clinical experience provides a safe space to target the exact cause of individual problems and formulate an elimination strategy. By precisely identifying the nature of personal thoughts and feelings associated with these problems, he facilitates a natural growth process within each person. This ultimately allows people to access their own capacities for wise self-direction, and improve the way they think about problems. Dr. Shamis is so successful because he effectively creates a permanent shift in perception of real events and relationships, and provides positive attitudes to live your best life!
Dr. Shamis’ clinical experience provides a safe space to target the exact cause of individual problems and formulate an elimination strategy. By precisely identifying the nature of personal thoughts and feelings associated with these problems, he facilitates a natural growth process within each person. This ultimately allows people to access their own capacities for wise self-direction, and improve the way they think about problems. Dr. Shamis is so successful because he effectively creates a permanent shift in perception of real events and relationships, and provides positive attitudes to live your best life!
![Photo of Caitlin Harrison, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/575985e9-4053-454c-b90e-475d2bb65540/3/320x400.png)
Caitlin Harrison
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
My commitment is to forge an authentic connection, ensuring you feel safe in our shared journey. Specializing in anxiety, I explore childhood wounds' impact on present-day life. Assisting with trauma, my focus extends to religious trauma, deconstruction, and deconversion. I provide a non-judgmental space to explore evolving individuality—unraveling layers of identity, grappling with existential questions. For couples, I specialize in conflict resolution, sexuality and intimacy, coparenting, and infidelity. Recognizing negative cycles, we delve into the emotional core, guiding couples to build a strong, loving and resilient bond.
My commitment is to forge an authentic connection, ensuring you feel safe in our shared journey. Specializing in anxiety, I explore childhood wounds' impact on present-day life. Assisting with trauma, my focus extends to religious trauma, deconstruction, and deconversion. I provide a non-judgmental space to explore evolving individuality—unraveling layers of identity, grappling with existential questions. For couples, I specialize in conflict resolution, sexuality and intimacy, coparenting, and infidelity. Recognizing negative cycles, we delve into the emotional core, guiding couples to build a strong, loving and resilient bond.
![Photo of Courtney Burkhardt, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/97a867d3-0a5e-483b-9d60-c131c260b799/1/320x400.png)
Courtney Burkhardt
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
Are you ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery and growth? I'm here to support you navigate relationship challenges and cultivate a deeper connection with yourself and partner(s). Whether you are facing a major life transition, seeking to rebuild your emotional or sexual intimacy, struggling with sexual dysfunction, or low desire, I understand your need for support and empowerment. You may be struggling with family conflict or past family dynamics that are impacting your relationships now. Together, we can create a positive change and help you feel more confident, fulfilled, and harmonious in your relationships.
Are you ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery and growth? I'm here to support you navigate relationship challenges and cultivate a deeper connection with yourself and partner(s). Whether you are facing a major life transition, seeking to rebuild your emotional or sexual intimacy, struggling with sexual dysfunction, or low desire, I understand your need for support and empowerment. You may be struggling with family conflict or past family dynamics that are impacting your relationships now. Together, we can create a positive change and help you feel more confident, fulfilled, and harmonious in your relationships.
15 Second Videos
Christi Sabin
Heal Your Roots Wellness
Caitlin Harrison
Courtney Burkhardt
Gabrielle Larin
![Photo of Meredith Ward, LSW , MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/08e1776f-8f1a-4716-a9c2-fc28e21ea75f/1/320x400.png)
I specialize in supporting individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, people-pleasing tendencies, and trauma. My therapeutic approach is designed to help you navigate these challenges with compassion and empowerment. Through thoughtful conversations and observations, I guide you toward new insights and self-discoveries. Whether we're engaging in reflective conversations, exploring moments of stillness, or paying attention to unspoken cues, our sessions are tailored to help you achieve your goals.
I specialize in supporting individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, people-pleasing tendencies, and trauma. My therapeutic approach is designed to help you navigate these challenges with compassion and empowerment. Through thoughtful conversations and observations, I guide you toward new insights and self-discoveries. Whether we're engaging in reflective conversations, exploring moments of stillness, or paying attention to unspoken cues, our sessions are tailored to help you achieve your goals.
![Photo of Anne Needleman, Psychol, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3b5f2967-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
Today's problems require a blend of clear and creative thinking that you already have available to you. In a relaxed atmopsphere I am actively involved in your session by getting clear what your issues are and offering feedback and suggestions to help overcome difficulties you may be having in your life. I provide a caring supportive environment resolving these problems without fear. Have a more happy, relaxed way of being in the world. So take the first step, call my office. I will be glad to speak with you. We can arrange an appointment if you would like. Anne
Today's problems require a blend of clear and creative thinking that you already have available to you. In a relaxed atmopsphere I am actively involved in your session by getting clear what your issues are and offering feedback and suggestions to help overcome difficulties you may be having in your life. I provide a caring supportive environment resolving these problems without fear. Have a more happy, relaxed way of being in the world. So take the first step, call my office. I will be glad to speak with you. We can arrange an appointment if you would like. Anne
![Photo of Armina N. Domingue, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/42974891-c6db-4edf-abfd-3a3b00055ef5/2/320x400.jpeg)
Do you often feel weighed down by feelings of anxiety? If you find it difficult to make friends and experience loneliness regularly, as a result, come talk to me. Do you feel like you spend more time taking care of others than yourself? As a child did you experienced the painful effects of abuse, neglect, and trauma? Do you feel sad or feel that you have no energy or enough oomph? Do you want to feel better and learn new ways to manage your emotions effectively? Do you desire to learn how to be more consistent with your mood? Do you believe that you could be happier? Are you ready to live better?
Do you often feel weighed down by feelings of anxiety? If you find it difficult to make friends and experience loneliness regularly, as a result, come talk to me. Do you feel like you spend more time taking care of others than yourself? As a child did you experienced the painful effects of abuse, neglect, and trauma? Do you feel sad or feel that you have no energy or enough oomph? Do you want to feel better and learn new ways to manage your emotions effectively? Do you desire to learn how to be more consistent with your mood? Do you believe that you could be happier? Are you ready to live better?
![Photo of Tatyana Mezhevich, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1ab25e22-7dbe-48fa-b6cd-f27b436099fb/3/320x400.jpeg)
Making healthy choices in life can be difficult when experiencing depression, anxiety, relationship issues, job stressors, and other debilitating challenges. I help people make sense of their experience and navigate through their struggles to achieve a greater sense of purpose, freedom, flexibility, and choice in their lives. My approach is based on understanding people as complex individuals and not just in terms of their symptoms and behaviors. My areas of clinical expertise include: depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship conflict, and difficult life transitions.
Making healthy choices in life can be difficult when experiencing depression, anxiety, relationship issues, job stressors, and other debilitating challenges. I help people make sense of their experience and navigate through their struggles to achieve a greater sense of purpose, freedom, flexibility, and choice in their lives. My approach is based on understanding people as complex individuals and not just in terms of their symptoms and behaviors. My areas of clinical expertise include: depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship conflict, and difficult life transitions.
![Photo of Janika Veasley, MFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4a44afa2-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Janika Veasley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
Every single person is deserving of authentic love and belonging. If our relationships do not exhibit that then we have to work to change it. No couple is perfect, but the happy couple is dedicated, devoted, and committed. Relationships can be challenging and sometimes have a way making us feel lonely or not good enough. That couldn’t be further from the truth. Couples and individual therapy is designed to encourage, uplift, help you create space for your partner and to connect with new skills and tools.
Every single person is deserving of authentic love and belonging. If our relationships do not exhibit that then we have to work to change it. No couple is perfect, but the happy couple is dedicated, devoted, and committed. Relationships can be challenging and sometimes have a way making us feel lonely or not good enough. That couldn’t be further from the truth. Couples and individual therapy is designed to encourage, uplift, help you create space for your partner and to connect with new skills and tools.
![Photo of Ebony Peake - Peaceful Living Counseling & Professional Svcs, MSW, ACSW, CAMS-II, CGT](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4d9997ed-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Peaceful Living Counseling & Professional Svcs
MSW, ACSW, CAMS-II, CGT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bensalem, PA 19020
At Peaceful Living we want to see people learn, heal, and grow. We work with you to help gain the awareness and support needed to fulfill your life goals and purpose. Our support through counseling, coaching, and anger management services is available to adults, adolescents, and couples, and groups online and in our office.
At Peaceful Living we want to see people learn, heal, and grow. We work with you to help gain the awareness and support needed to fulfill your life goals and purpose. Our support through counseling, coaching, and anger management services is available to adults, adolescents, and couples, and groups online and in our office.
![Photo of David Piltz, MA, MFT](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/457e5da6-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
I believe that all individuals are able to change but get stuck in patterns that do not serve them well due to daily stress. Changing these patterns is accomplished through interactive conversations and identifying why these patterns are not useful before creating new useful patterns. I work with couples on a variety of issues such as trust and betrayal, affairs, intimacy, grief, divorce, communication, addictions, and any of the myriad of relationship issues all couples experience. In addition, I work with children, youth and their families on a variety of relationship issues dealing with conflict, communication, parenting, defiance, adoption and respect.
I believe that all individuals are able to change but get stuck in patterns that do not serve them well due to daily stress. Changing these patterns is accomplished through interactive conversations and identifying why these patterns are not useful before creating new useful patterns. I work with couples on a variety of issues such as trust and betrayal, affairs, intimacy, grief, divorce, communication, addictions, and any of the myriad of relationship issues all couples experience. In addition, I work with children, youth and their families on a variety of relationship issues dealing with conflict, communication, parenting, defiance, adoption and respect.
![Photo of Kacey Batushansky, LPC, CCS, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/84df1111-face-468b-bad4-e713b06b6c83/1/320x400.jpeg)
Kacey Batushansky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCS, ACS
Verified Verified
Bensalem, PA 19020 (Online Only)
Creating a safe, comfortable environment for you is my primary goal as your therapist. Whether you are seeking support for your current stressors or your past experiences, counseling can be an incredibly powerful tool in helping you find peace. We will explore different aspects of your life to identify your strengths and areas where you strive to grow. I have extensive experience treating anxiety, depression, trauma and grief through evidenced-based strategies. We are a team and together, we will identify your goals and how to best achieve them.
Creating a safe, comfortable environment for you is my primary goal as your therapist. Whether you are seeking support for your current stressors or your past experiences, counseling can be an incredibly powerful tool in helping you find peace. We will explore different aspects of your life to identify your strengths and areas where you strive to grow. I have extensive experience treating anxiety, depression, trauma and grief through evidenced-based strategies. We are a team and together, we will identify your goals and how to best achieve them.
![Photo of Shayana Thompson, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/832a657a-aed7-4322-b5ac-bc2208048350/2/320x400.jpeg)
Shayana Thompson has experience working with children, teens, and adults seeking support with depression, anxiety, addiction, anger management, and trauma. Shayana obtained her Bachelor’s in Neuroscience from Temple University. She has her Master's in Clinical and Counseling Psychology from Chestnut Hill College. Shayana has experience working as a co occurring therapist, ABA therapist, outpatient therapist, and as a behavior specialist working with children and parents on behavior modification.
Shayana Thompson has experience working with children, teens, and adults seeking support with depression, anxiety, addiction, anger management, and trauma. Shayana obtained her Bachelor’s in Neuroscience from Temple University. She has her Master's in Clinical and Counseling Psychology from Chestnut Hill College. Shayana has experience working as a co occurring therapist, ABA therapist, outpatient therapist, and as a behavior specialist working with children and parents on behavior modification.
See more therapy options for Bensalem
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Psychodynamic Therapists
Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?
Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.
How long does psychodynamic therapy last?
Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.
Does psychodynamic therapy work?
Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.
What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?
Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.