Integrative Therapists in Portland, OR

Photo of Eileen Fisher, MA, LPC, SEP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eileen Fisher
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, SEP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97216
By using and integrative approach I addresses the mind-body-spirit connection and assist clients in going beyond merely coping with symptoms and attend to the root causes of their distress.
I believe we all possess innate health and wholeness. In my therapeutic work I assist individuals in reconnecting with their inherent health and resiliency so that they can live their lives more fully. At the center of my practice is a respectful, non-judgmental, and compassionate space used to explore each individual’s unique healing process.
By using and integrative approach I addresses the mind-body-spirit connection and assist clients in going beyond merely coping with symptoms and attend to the root causes of their distress.
I believe we all possess innate health and wholeness. In my therapeutic work I assist individuals in reconnecting with their inherent health and resiliency so that they can live their lives more fully. At the center of my practice is a respectful, non-judgmental, and compassionate space used to explore each individual’s unique healing process.
(503) 461-8088 View (503) 461-8088
Photo of Kerry L Powers, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kerry L Powers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97211  (Online Only)
I am profoundly blessed to do work that I love. I strive to deeply witness, understand and hold space for you in your moments of pain and uncertainty. In times of hardship we must be compassionate with ourselves and our process. We all have uniquely rich and complex stories that shape our own meaning and understanding of ourselves and our world. I provide a safe, encouraging and non-judgmental therapeutic environment. My style is warm, collaborative and direct. I believe compassion and humor are vital ingredients for happiness and healing. My approach is integrative, I utilize a strength based, humanistic and relational perspective.
I am profoundly blessed to do work that I love. I strive to deeply witness, understand and hold space for you in your moments of pain and uncertainty. In times of hardship we must be compassionate with ourselves and our process. We all have uniquely rich and complex stories that shape our own meaning and understanding of ourselves and our world. I provide a safe, encouraging and non-judgmental therapeutic environment. My style is warm, collaborative and direct. I believe compassion and humor are vital ingredients for happiness and healing. My approach is integrative, I utilize a strength based, humanistic and relational perspective.
(971) 259-0524 View (971) 259-0524
Photo of Daniel Hofmann, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Daniel Hofmann
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
My approach to therapy is trauma-informed and integrative, drawing on my knowledge of a variety of therapeutic models while being rooted in humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and emotionally-focused psychotherapies.
Were you taught that certain feelings were invalid and unacceptable? Do you feel stuck in a role that limits you? Maybe you're just burnt out and exhausted. I can help you improve your relationship with yourself and others, work through old traumas, and/or free yourself from feelings of depression and anxiety.
My approach to therapy is trauma-informed and integrative, drawing on my knowledge of a variety of therapeutic models while being rooted in humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and emotionally-focused psychotherapies.
Were you taught that certain feelings were invalid and unacceptable? Do you feel stuck in a role that limits you? Maybe you're just burnt out and exhausted. I can help you improve your relationship with yourself and others, work through old traumas, and/or free yourself from feelings of depression and anxiety.
(503) 994-1267 View (503) 994-1267
Photo of Katie A Diershaw, PsyD, Psychologist
Katie A Diershaw
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97227
Waitlist for new clients
Not taking new clients until Sept 2023. Therapy is an inherently collaborative process. Effective therapy begins by building a foundation of trust, understanding, and compassion. I see my clients as experts on their experience, their values, and their goals. My role is to work with individuals to identify and develop creative strategies, tools, insights, etc., to support their growth and healing. As an integrative therapist, my work is primarily based in Gestalt, CBT/DBT, Mindfulness-based therapies, and is neuropsychologically informed. My work is grounded in feminist/intersectional frameworks with an emphasis on cultural humility.
Not taking new clients until Sept 2023. Therapy is an inherently collaborative process. Effective therapy begins by building a foundation of trust, understanding, and compassion. I see my clients as experts on their experience, their values, and their goals. My role is to work with individuals to identify and develop creative strategies, tools, insights, etc., to support their growth and healing. As an integrative therapist, my work is primarily based in Gestalt, CBT/DBT, Mindfulness-based therapies, and is neuropsychologically informed. My work is grounded in feminist/intersectional frameworks with an emphasis on cultural humility.
(971) 803-5804 View (971) 803-5804
Photo of Jennifer E Kelly, PsyD, Psychologist
Jennifer E Kelly
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
I am an integrative therapist, specifically engaging in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, and Gestalt Therapy with my clients.
Hello! I am now accepting Pacific Source clients! My approach to therapy is to establish a safe and warm environment where growth, awareness, and healing take place. I view therapy as a valuable opportunity for clients to build upon existing strengths and learn coping strategies to feel better about themselves and interact more effectively with others and the world around them. Through a collaborative and supportive relationship, our work together will help you explore and give voice to the difficult experiences, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors which may be interfering with you living the meaningful life that is important to you.
I am an integrative therapist, specifically engaging in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, and Gestalt Therapy with my clients.
Hello! I am now accepting Pacific Source clients! My approach to therapy is to establish a safe and warm environment where growth, awareness, and healing take place. I view therapy as a valuable opportunity for clients to build upon existing strengths and learn coping strategies to feel better about themselves and interact more effectively with others and the world around them. Through a collaborative and supportive relationship, our work together will help you explore and give voice to the difficult experiences, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors which may be interfering with you living the meaningful life that is important to you.
(503) 406-6634 View (503) 406-6634
Photo of Lauren Stines, MA, MCFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Lauren Stines
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MCFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97232  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Lauren. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Associate who provides integrative telemental health care to Oregon residents.
Welcome! My name is Lauren. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Associate who provides integrative telemental health care to Oregon residents.
(503) 461-0805 View (503) 461-0805
Photo of Kimberly Fuller, NCC
Kimberly Fuller
Professional Counselor Associate, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
My integrative counseling approach strives to balance individual awareness, a genuine and empathetic relationship with the client, and a collaborative effort at identifying what changes a client can make to maximize their functioning and satisfaction in life.
I am a Professional Counselor Associate in Oregon and a National Certified Counselor. I was born and raised in Central Oregon, and I feel blessed to call myself an Oregonian. I enjoy art, nature, traveling & spending time with family. I received my master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling & have completed extensive specialty training courses required for the ADHD Certified Clinical Services Provider (ADHD-CCSP) Certification. I also have experience working with trauma, anxiety, & depression.
My integrative counseling approach strives to balance individual awareness, a genuine and empathetic relationship with the client, and a collaborative effort at identifying what changes a client can make to maximize their functioning and satisfaction in life.
I am a Professional Counselor Associate in Oregon and a National Certified Counselor. I was born and raised in Central Oregon, and I feel blessed to call myself an Oregonian. I enjoy art, nature, traveling & spending time with family. I received my master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling & have completed extensive specialty training courses required for the ADHD Certified Clinical Services Provider (ADHD-CCSP) Certification. I also have experience working with trauma, anxiety, & depression.
(971) 318-6509 View (971) 318-6509
Photo of Dr. Tayson Heward, ND, LAC
Dr. Tayson Heward
ND, LAC
Not Verified Not Verified
Portland, OR 97213
Dr. Tayson Heward ND LAc is a mental health specialized primary care physician, naturopathic doctor and licensed acupuncturist at Shen Mental Health and Wellness. He has spent his career specializing in multiple medical fields to offer an integrative approach in patient’s mental health and primary care, allowing patients to have multiple treatment options for ailments that span both conventional and alternative medical treatments. He focuses on how our mental health plays a key role in the development of physical ailments, and the effects of trauma on the body. He offers a whole person and holistic approach to his medical care.
Dr. Tayson Heward ND LAc is a mental health specialized primary care physician, naturopathic doctor and licensed acupuncturist at Shen Mental Health and Wellness. He has spent his career specializing in multiple medical fields to offer an integrative approach in patient’s mental health and primary care, allowing patients to have multiple treatment options for ailments that span both conventional and alternative medical treatments. He focuses on how our mental health plays a key role in the development of physical ailments, and the effects of trauma on the body. He offers a whole person and holistic approach to his medical care.
(503) 832-5984 View (503) 832-5984
Photo of Deanna Allmaras, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Deanna Allmaras
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97220  (Online Only)
I use an integrative approach that melds Gottman Method, Emotion Focused Therapy, and CBT.
Are you seeking to improve communication and connection with your partner? I know you're doing the best you can with the relationship tools you have. Some of those tools may not be effective; maybe your parents didn't model a great relationship, or your perceptions and judgments of your partner are flawed, or it's just hard to understand what they want. This leads to feeling overwhelmed and discouraged. What you want is relief from turmoil and strength to overcome challenges to gain a better understanding of yourself and your partner. I am here to provide a safe environment for you to say the hard things and hear your needs.
I use an integrative approach that melds Gottman Method, Emotion Focused Therapy, and CBT.
Are you seeking to improve communication and connection with your partner? I know you're doing the best you can with the relationship tools you have. Some of those tools may not be effective; maybe your parents didn't model a great relationship, or your perceptions and judgments of your partner are flawed, or it's just hard to understand what they want. This leads to feeling overwhelmed and discouraged. What you want is relief from turmoil and strength to overcome challenges to gain a better understanding of yourself and your partner. I am here to provide a safe environment for you to say the hard things and hear your needs.
(503) 855-6128 View (503) 855-6128
Photo of Mary Mayfield, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Mayfield
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97221  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My practice utilizes an integrative approach which looks at an individual's relation to their own beliefs, core values, behaviors, and emotions.
I strive to hold an environment in which people feel safe to acknowledge their internal process and are encouraged to discover their resiliency. I have experience working with individuals and families on a variety of issues such as trauma, anxiety, depression, communication, and life transitions.
My practice utilizes an integrative approach which looks at an individual's relation to their own beliefs, core values, behaviors, and emotions.
I strive to hold an environment in which people feel safe to acknowledge their internal process and are encouraged to discover their resiliency. I have experience working with individuals and families on a variety of issues such as trauma, anxiety, depression, communication, and life transitions.
(503) 487-5573 View (503) 487-5573
Photo of Sarah Zenith Dykes, MS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah Zenith Dykes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
My approach is integrative, humanistic, and strengths-based.
Feeling overwhelmed–personally, emotionally or relationally–can wear us down and leave us feeling stuck. And especially when you’re stuck, searching for resources for change and growth takes strength and guts! Counseling creates opportunities to increase awareness and facilitate change with guided support. You may have specific goals you want to focus on, or a deep sense of wanting more.
My approach is integrative, humanistic, and strengths-based.
Feeling overwhelmed–personally, emotionally or relationally–can wear us down and leave us feeling stuck. And especially when you’re stuck, searching for resources for change and growth takes strength and guts! Counseling creates opportunities to increase awareness and facilitate change with guided support. You may have specific goals you want to focus on, or a deep sense of wanting more.
(458) 207-5591 View (458) 207-5591
Photo of Melisa De Seguirant, LPC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melisa De Seguirant
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
I take a holistic, integrative approach to healing, and focus on helping people peel back layers of self to discover parts that have been shamed and repressed due to the impacts of harmful external forces.
Currently OPEN to new clients. Calling all creative, LGBTQIA+, ethically non-monogamous, neurodivergent, kinky people and other normative culture misfits! If you are interested in disrupting programmed patterns, repairing attachment wounding, integrating trauma and stepping into a more authentic, expansive way of being, let’s talk.
I take a holistic, integrative approach to healing, and focus on helping people peel back layers of self to discover parts that have been shamed and repressed due to the impacts of harmful external forces.
Currently OPEN to new clients. Calling all creative, LGBTQIA+, ethically non-monogamous, neurodivergent, kinky people and other normative culture misfits! If you are interested in disrupting programmed patterns, repairing attachment wounding, integrating trauma and stepping into a more authentic, expansive way of being, let’s talk.
(503) 749-9776 View (503) 749-9776
Photo of Kat Canada, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kat Canada
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232  (Online Only)
I provide psychotherapy to children, teens, and emergent adults using an integrative relational or play-centered approach. I specialize in working young people who are curious about themselves but may feel adrift, alienated, misunderstood, or just tired and angry. For most of us, it makes sense to feel weary, outraged, anxious, or demoralized right now. It does not have to make sense to carry the weight of it alone.
I provide psychotherapy to children, teens, and emergent adults using an integrative relational or play-centered approach. I specialize in working young people who are curious about themselves but may feel adrift, alienated, misunderstood, or just tired and angry. For most of us, it makes sense to feel weary, outraged, anxious, or demoralized right now. It does not have to make sense to carry the weight of it alone.
(503) 744-5409 View (503) 744-5409
Photo of Jill S. Waldman, PsyD, Psychologist
Jill S. Waldman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
Waitlist for new clients
When deemed clinically appropriate, I work closely with those involved in the client's life (treatment providers, schools, community members) to provide the most comprehensive and integrative healthcare possible.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist who specializes in working with children, tweens, teens, and young adults. In order to provide the most effective, personalized treatment for my clients, I use a supportive and collaborative approach. Using Cognitive Behavioral, Family Systems, and Behavioral therapeutic interventions, I provide evidenced based therapy to treat a variety of disorders including, anxiety spectrum disorders, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD, adjustment disorders, and problems related to academic and family stress. Due to my extensive training in medical hospitals, I have experience treating individuals who have sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBI), concussions, and/or who have complex medical diagnoses as well.
When deemed clinically appropriate, I work closely with those involved in the client's life (treatment providers, schools, community members) to provide the most comprehensive and integrative healthcare possible.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist who specializes in working with children, tweens, teens, and young adults. In order to provide the most effective, personalized treatment for my clients, I use a supportive and collaborative approach. Using Cognitive Behavioral, Family Systems, and Behavioral therapeutic interventions, I provide evidenced based therapy to treat a variety of disorders including, anxiety spectrum disorders, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD, adjustment disorders, and problems related to academic and family stress. Due to my extensive training in medical hospitals, I have experience treating individuals who have sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBI), concussions, and/or who have complex medical diagnoses as well.
(971) 205-6236 View (971) 205-6236
Photo of Vera Alcorn - Amenda Clinic, ND, MA
Amenda Clinic
ND, MA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
We are an integrative mental health clinic that offers a broad range of therapies with both Counselors and Naturopaths. This holistic approach allows patients to experience healing at a biological and emotional level with a team of collaborative caregivers that surpasses the use of just a therapist or just medication or just any one thing. You can have your whole story heard, the big picture of your mental and physical health supported all in one, for healing unlike you've experienced yet.
We are an integrative mental health clinic that offers a broad range of therapies with both Counselors and Naturopaths. This holistic approach allows patients to experience healing at a biological and emotional level with a team of collaborative caregivers that surpasses the use of just a therapist or just medication or just any one thing. You can have your whole story heard, the big picture of your mental and physical health supported all in one, for healing unlike you've experienced yet.
(503) 470-7776 View (503) 470-7776
Photo of Audra Lee - Audra T. Lee Integrative Counseling, MS, MA, LPC, LMHC, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Audra T. Lee Integrative Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, LPC, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97202  (Online Only)
My style is integrative and acknowledges the importance of body/mind/soul in treating underlying mental/emotional imbalances which disrupt a sense of well-being.
I can help you sort through what might feel like a big overwhelming pile of mess - whether from unwanted emotions, too much stress, unresolved interpersonal traumas, or a nagging sense of dissatisfaction with life and just feeling stuck. These issues may manifest in a variety of ways such as anxiety, depression, burnout, self-criticism, emotional intensity, and/or relationship issues. Together we'll listen to what your pain is trying to tell you about yourself, what's really important to you, and what is and is not working in your life. This is such an important precursor to lasting change.
My style is integrative and acknowledges the importance of body/mind/soul in treating underlying mental/emotional imbalances which disrupt a sense of well-being.
I can help you sort through what might feel like a big overwhelming pile of mess - whether from unwanted emotions, too much stress, unresolved interpersonal traumas, or a nagging sense of dissatisfaction with life and just feeling stuck. These issues may manifest in a variety of ways such as anxiety, depression, burnout, self-criticism, emotional intensity, and/or relationship issues. Together we'll listen to what your pain is trying to tell you about yourself, what's really important to you, and what is and is not working in your life. This is such an important precursor to lasting change.
(503) 966-9744 View (503) 966-9744
Photo of Daniel Combs, PsyD, Psychologist
Daniel Combs
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97201
Waitlist for new clients
I utilize an integrative approach, drawing from both cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic forms of treatment.
Welcome! I am a licensed psychologist who specializes in working with adults and adolescents who are experiencing a wide variety of mental health issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety disorders, behavioral problems, relationship conflict, and trauma recovery. In addition to individual work, I also provide family therapy and parenting consultation, when indicated, to support parents and promote healthy communication and interactions.
I utilize an integrative approach, drawing from both cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic forms of treatment.
Welcome! I am a licensed psychologist who specializes in working with adults and adolescents who are experiencing a wide variety of mental health issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety disorders, behavioral problems, relationship conflict, and trauma recovery. In addition to individual work, I also provide family therapy and parenting consultation, when indicated, to support parents and promote healthy communication and interactions.
(503) 948-7013 View (503) 948-7013
Photo of Dr. Mary Jane (Mj) Wilt, PhD, LPC, LMFT, NCC, MAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Mary Jane (Mj) Wilt
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMFT, NCC, MAC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213
I specialize in treating adult survivors of childhood neglect, abuse, and trauma. I also have special training to work with individuals/partners/couples impacted by sex addiction, and with families affected by ADHD. More recently, I completed training at Integrative Psychiatry Institute to offer Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (PAT) services, and I'm licensed in Oregon to provide psilocybin facilitation and integration at my licensed psilocybin service center, Tryptonite Trail (TryptoniteTrail.guide coming). I also provide PAT wrap-around services (screening, prep, and integration) through WellbeingTrailhead (website coming).
I specialize in treating adult survivors of childhood neglect, abuse, and trauma. I also have special training to work with individuals/partners/couples impacted by sex addiction, and with families affected by ADHD. More recently, I completed training at Integrative Psychiatry Institute to offer Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (PAT) services, and I'm licensed in Oregon to provide psilocybin facilitation and integration at my licensed psilocybin service center, Tryptonite Trail (TryptoniteTrail.guide coming). I also provide PAT wrap-around services (screening, prep, and integration) through WellbeingTrailhead (website coming).
(971) 238-5110 View (971) 238-5110
Photo of Amy Aulick Gupta, MDiv, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Amy Aulick Gupta
Pre-Licensed Professional, MDiv, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223
So much of life is learning to deal with the cards we’ve been given. I love seeing people not only deal with the cards they’ve been given, but turn them into amazing card castles. I want to help those that seek to get unstuck grow toward their best selves, have great relationships and enjoy lives filled with joy. I like to use well-researched therapeutic techniques that have been proven to help people grow. In couples therapy that means drawing from the research of John Gottman. In family and individual therapy that means an integrative approach - utilizing practical therapeutic tools that help clients achieve their goals.
So much of life is learning to deal with the cards we’ve been given. I love seeing people not only deal with the cards they’ve been given, but turn them into amazing card castles. I want to help those that seek to get unstuck grow toward their best selves, have great relationships and enjoy lives filled with joy. I like to use well-researched therapeutic techniques that have been proven to help people grow. In couples therapy that means drawing from the research of John Gottman. In family and individual therapy that means an integrative approach - utilizing practical therapeutic tools that help clients achieve their goals.
(503) 242-1675 View (503) 242-1675
Photo of Traci Heward, LCSW, CADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Traci Heward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213
During our weekly sessions, we will use an integrative approach to help you discover what's at the root of the issues, while gaining skills and knowledge to feel better.
I get it - seeking support isn't always easy. It requires a great deal of courage. Depression, fear, and anxiety are some of the most common and uncomfortable emotions that we can experience in our lives. I help people work through the unrelenting cycle of stress, worry, and shame that comes with anxiety and trauma. Depression can feel like a weight that you're always carrying. Through counseling and treatment, you can recover motivation, perspective, and joy that you once had in your life. Taking a mind-body approach to your care, you can learn the tools that help you move through these issues.
During our weekly sessions, we will use an integrative approach to help you discover what's at the root of the issues, while gaining skills and knowledge to feel better.
I get it - seeking support isn't always easy. It requires a great deal of courage. Depression, fear, and anxiety are some of the most common and uncomfortable emotions that we can experience in our lives. I help people work through the unrelenting cycle of stress, worry, and shame that comes with anxiety and trauma. Depression can feel like a weight that you're always carrying. Through counseling and treatment, you can recover motivation, perspective, and joy that you once had in your life. Taking a mind-body approach to your care, you can learn the tools that help you move through these issues.
(503) 436-6381 View (503) 436-6381
Integrative Therapists

What is integrative therapy?

Integrative therapy is a type of therapy that combines ideas and techniques from different therapeutic approaches depending on the needs of the individual client. By merging elements of different treatments, an integrative therapist aims to offer a more flexible approach than those who practice just one type of therapy.

How does integrative therapy work?

Integrative therapy approaches a client’s mental, physical, and emotional health in a holistic way to discover the sources of their unhealthy behavior patterns or other challenges and considers the approach most likely to lead to improvement. Among the techniques an integrative therapist may practice are cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, EMDR, mindfulness, art or music therapy, psychodynamic therapy, breathwork, family systems therapy, gestalt therapy, and trauma-informed therapy. An integrative therapist regularly evaluates the client’s progress and is prepared to pivot to a different approach if progress stalls.

How long does integrative therapy last?

As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for integrative therapy; people who find they are making progress typically continue until they feel they’ve addressed the issues that spurred them to seek treatment. New patients should understand that it may take some time for a therapist to land on a treatment approach that best meets their needs, but once they do, they should expect sessions to extend for a number of months, typically including at least 12 sessions.

How effective is integrative therapy?

There are hundreds of types of talk therapy, and research shows that while they vary in form, goals, and frequency, many if not all can produce similarly successful outcomes. But a single approach does not always deliver the greatest, or speediest, benefit, and so even therapists primarily trained in one model will use tools, language, techniques, or exercises from others to shape an effective treatment plan.