Therapists in Old Town, Portland, OR

Photo of Kaeli Harwood, CSWA, QMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kaeli Harwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSWA, QMHP
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My name is Kaeli (they/she), I am a mental health and trauma therapist whose orientation is strongly rooted in an anti-oppressive, intersectional lens. I use modalities of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy), Internal Family Systems, Narrative therapy, and psychedelic integration. I work with people experiencing trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, gender exploration, and neurodivergence. I provide psychedelic integration therapy with a harm reduction lens to hold a container for people processing and integrating their psychedelic experiences.
My name is Kaeli (they/she), I am a mental health and trauma therapist whose orientation is strongly rooted in an anti-oppressive, intersectional lens. I use modalities of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy), Internal Family Systems, Narrative therapy, and psychedelic integration. I work with people experiencing trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, gender exploration, and neurodivergence. I provide psychedelic integration therapy with a harm reduction lens to hold a container for people processing and integrating their psychedelic experiences.
(503) 664-7206 View (503) 664-7206
Photo of Andrew R Hauckmann, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Andrew R Hauckmann
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
I help clients gain resilience, self-esteem, and motivation by empowering them to explore their inner world, harness their strengths, and discover their authentic self. Maybe you want to: find meaning, purpose; manage ADHD; be rid of anger, abuse, control; heal a relationship, start dating, find belonging; cope with stress, anxiety, depression; process grief, loss; overcome shame, confront hard truths; try something new, give up something hard; navigate a life change; understand yourself. It's never too late to start living life how you want, as your whole self.
I help clients gain resilience, self-esteem, and motivation by empowering them to explore their inner world, harness their strengths, and discover their authentic self. Maybe you want to: find meaning, purpose; manage ADHD; be rid of anger, abuse, control; heal a relationship, start dating, find belonging; cope with stress, anxiety, depression; process grief, loss; overcome shame, confront hard truths; try something new, give up something hard; navigate a life change; understand yourself. It's never too late to start living life how you want, as your whole self.
(971) 299-7593 View (971) 299-7593
Photo of Kristalene Pitts-Palmerton, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristalene Pitts-Palmerton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
Everyone deserves to live a fulfilling and happy life. Asking for help is a strong recognition of your own power and desire to heal. I have been there myself, struggling and wanting to make a change. Recovery and mending takes time and effort. I am here to help you through the process; we will work together to heal and grow towards your brighter future. I have been on the forefront, improving service delivery, program development, government response, leadership, and governance throughout my career. Providing therapy and supervision in CO, OR, WA. I am also available to add my expertise to your program. Lets make a difference.
Everyone deserves to live a fulfilling and happy life. Asking for help is a strong recognition of your own power and desire to heal. I have been there myself, struggling and wanting to make a change. Recovery and mending takes time and effort. I am here to help you through the process; we will work together to heal and grow towards your brighter future. I have been on the forefront, improving service delivery, program development, government response, leadership, and governance throughout my career. Providing therapy and supervision in CO, OR, WA. I am also available to add my expertise to your program. Lets make a difference.
(971) 405-8752 View (971) 405-8752
Photo of Brittany Bonner-Dillon, PsyD, Psychologist
Brittany Bonner-Dillon
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97208
Providing caring support and answers tailored to each person's needs is always my focus for assessment. I'm a licensed clinical psychologist committed to helping people better understand themselves through psychological and cognitive assessment. I am an LGBTQIA-allied/informed treatment provider, as well as an advocate of the fat positive and body positivity movements. My approach is warm and client-centered, ensuring that the process feels collaborative and respectful. I’m here to listen to your concerns and guide you through every step.
Providing caring support and answers tailored to each person's needs is always my focus for assessment. I'm a licensed clinical psychologist committed to helping people better understand themselves through psychological and cognitive assessment. I am an LGBTQIA-allied/informed treatment provider, as well as an advocate of the fat positive and body positivity movements. My approach is warm and client-centered, ensuring that the process feels collaborative and respectful. I’m here to listen to your concerns and guide you through every step.
(971) 458-1610 View (971) 458-1610
Photo of Alesya Nazarova, PsyD, Psychologist
Alesya Nazarova
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
In psychotherapy, we work together to understand the meaning of your symptoms and the sources of your pain. The therapeutic process is in large part a careful encounter with the past in the hope of getting beyond what happened to you and discovering who you are apart from your history. It also includes the exploration of your beliefs, emotions, protective strategies, recurring patterns, and relationship dynamics. From a stance of compassion and curiosity, we put words to your experience and what has been unsayable before.
In psychotherapy, we work together to understand the meaning of your symptoms and the sources of your pain. The therapeutic process is in large part a careful encounter with the past in the hope of getting beyond what happened to you and discovering who you are apart from your history. It also includes the exploration of your beliefs, emotions, protective strategies, recurring patterns, and relationship dynamics. From a stance of compassion and curiosity, we put words to your experience and what has been unsayable before.
(971) 571-5962 View (971) 571-5962
Photo of Andria M Hansen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andria M Hansen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97210  (Online Only)
I work with women who want to feel encouraged, empowered and build confidence and self-esteem. I will help you embrace your unique strengths, build resilience against life's challenges and overcome self-limiting beliefs. Together, we'll explore and enhance your self-esteem, fostering a positive self-image that empowers you in all aspects of your life. Whether you're navigating relationship shifts, career changes, parenting challenges and/or personal growth, I'm here to support you through life's transitions.
I work with women who want to feel encouraged, empowered and build confidence and self-esteem. I will help you embrace your unique strengths, build resilience against life's challenges and overcome self-limiting beliefs. Together, we'll explore and enhance your self-esteem, fostering a positive self-image that empowers you in all aspects of your life. Whether you're navigating relationship shifts, career changes, parenting challenges and/or personal growth, I'm here to support you through life's transitions.
(714) 519-2588 View (714) 519-2588
Photo of Ramiro Romo Jr., LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ramiro Romo Jr.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97208  (Online Only)
I'm Ramiro, a bilingual Latino therapist. A child of immigrant parents, lover of tacos, and enthusiast of all things Pokémon. I’m committed to helping clients learn how to build healthy versions of themselves, and moving away from shame. Many times, this includes exploring life's ongoing stressful challenges, processing traumatic experiences, and improving communication in our relationships. Specializing in helping those who experience struggles with anxiety, depression, sexual dysfunction, generational trauma, and parenting.
I'm Ramiro, a bilingual Latino therapist. A child of immigrant parents, lover of tacos, and enthusiast of all things Pokémon. I’m committed to helping clients learn how to build healthy versions of themselves, and moving away from shame. Many times, this includes exploring life's ongoing stressful challenges, processing traumatic experiences, and improving communication in our relationships. Specializing in helping those who experience struggles with anxiety, depression, sexual dysfunction, generational trauma, and parenting.
(971) 306-4086 View (971) 306-4086
Photo of Mark Newey, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mark Newey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Most all all of us, if not all of use go through times when we are not functioning as well as can, or have. My goal is to help you get back to where you feel and behave optimally. I use evidence based strategies based on your specific needs and your input. I am a highly dedicated counselor committed to helping individuals overcome life's challenges and improve their mental and emotional well-being.
Most all all of us, if not all of use go through times when we are not functioning as well as can, or have. My goal is to help you get back to where you feel and behave optimally. I use evidence based strategies based on your specific needs and your input. I am a highly dedicated counselor committed to helping individuals overcome life's challenges and improve their mental and emotional well-being.
(971) 251-4219 View (971) 251-4219
Photo of Dana Dart-McLean, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dana Dart-McLean
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
Anxiety, depression, ADHD, or trauma make it hard to be present in your life. If you feel alternately numb, buzzed, or overwhelmed, I can help. Deepen your understanding of how your body holds stress and anxiety to learn new ways to respond. Addressing trauma and anxiety with body awareness helps to stop negative thoughts or a harsh inner narrative. You will learn tools for processing overwhelming emotions in order to support you to feel grounded. With a foundation of self-trust and self-compassion, you are more effective and open to life. I work with couples and individuals.
Anxiety, depression, ADHD, or trauma make it hard to be present in your life. If you feel alternately numb, buzzed, or overwhelmed, I can help. Deepen your understanding of how your body holds stress and anxiety to learn new ways to respond. Addressing trauma and anxiety with body awareness helps to stop negative thoughts or a harsh inner narrative. You will learn tools for processing overwhelming emotions in order to support you to feel grounded. With a foundation of self-trust and self-compassion, you are more effective and open to life. I work with couples and individuals.
(503) 828-0571 View (503) 828-0571
Photo of Fiona Yu, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Fiona Yu
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
I am deeply committed to creating a space where you feel safe to explore your inner experiences without fear of judgment or criticism. My work emphasizes empathy, collaboration, and respect for everyone’s unique story. I believe that effective therapy requires acknowledgment of the oppressive systems that contribute to life's challenges and underlie many mental health struggles. Together, we can explore how therapy can help you gain a deeper understanding of yourself, build resilience, and create positive change in your life aligned with your values.
I am deeply committed to creating a space where you feel safe to explore your inner experiences without fear of judgment or criticism. My work emphasizes empathy, collaboration, and respect for everyone’s unique story. I believe that effective therapy requires acknowledgment of the oppressive systems that contribute to life's challenges and underlie many mental health struggles. Together, we can explore how therapy can help you gain a deeper understanding of yourself, build resilience, and create positive change in your life aligned with your values.
(360) 996-6345 View (360) 996-6345
Photo of Kristina Schasker, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kristina Schasker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209
In a safe and non-judgmental environment, I provide support and practical feedback to help clients effectively address personal life challenges. I offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each client. With compassion and understanding, I work with each individual to help them build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are seeking.
In a safe and non-judgmental environment, I provide support and practical feedback to help clients effectively address personal life challenges. I offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each client. With compassion and understanding, I work with each individual to help them build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are seeking.
(925) 592-1854 View (925) 592-1854
Photo of Skylar Windham, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Skylar Windham
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone who is ready for a change even if they're not sure how. Whether you've had counseling before or if this is your first time, I'm happy to help guide you through the process in an easy and gentle way. I also make it a point to respond to emails in the same day, so go ahead and send me a message!
My ideal client is someone who is ready for a change even if they're not sure how. Whether you've had counseling before or if this is your first time, I'm happy to help guide you through the process in an easy and gentle way. I also make it a point to respond to emails in the same day, so go ahead and send me a message!
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Photo of Mark Burton, PsyD, Psychologist
Mark Burton
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
For help with communication, conflict resolution, emotional intelligence or relationship enhancement, I provide research-proven coaching and therapy skills customized to meet your specific needs. For over 25 years I have helped straight couples, LGBT couples and individuals address relationship issues such as: Improved communication; Deepening of affection; Problem solving; Dual career / family business challenges; Problems with depression, anxiety or anger; Divorce or commitment issues; Parenting skills; Sexual enhancement; Infidelity & trust; Rekindling romance.
For help with communication, conflict resolution, emotional intelligence or relationship enhancement, I provide research-proven coaching and therapy skills customized to meet your specific needs. For over 25 years I have helped straight couples, LGBT couples and individuals address relationship issues such as: Improved communication; Deepening of affection; Problem solving; Dual career / family business challenges; Problems with depression, anxiety or anger; Divorce or commitment issues; Parenting skills; Sexual enhancement; Infidelity & trust; Rekindling romance.
(503) 461-8771 View (503) 461-8771
Photo of Emily Bilbao, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Bilbao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97228  (Online Only)
I am Licensed in New York, Oregon, and Washington. I have been trained in many approaches to therapy and I believe that it is my role to work collaboratively with my clients to find the approach that works best for them. I believe that healing takes place in the context of the relationship between therapist and client and that an important part of the work is developing a connection where one feels truly seen and heard. I also believe in helping my clients get in touch with deeper levels of awareness of their bodies/emotions and helping them to incorporate mindfulness practices into their lives.
I am Licensed in New York, Oregon, and Washington. I have been trained in many approaches to therapy and I believe that it is my role to work collaboratively with my clients to find the approach that works best for them. I believe that healing takes place in the context of the relationship between therapist and client and that an important part of the work is developing a connection where one feels truly seen and heard. I also believe in helping my clients get in touch with deeper levels of awareness of their bodies/emotions and helping them to incorporate mindfulness practices into their lives.
(971) 407-4037 View (971) 407-4037
Photo of Angela Izmirian Ph.D., PhD, MMFT, Psychologist
Angela Izmirian Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD, MMFT
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97228
Therapy is a collaborative process where I try to help clients find what isn't working in their lives and help them "try on" different ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Therapy can at times be a "trial and error" where I provide coping skills for my clients and see if what I provided is useful. Although I make it a point to use evidence-based practices, I also take into consideration the context of my client's life and the current world climate when exploring issues and what would be most effective in their path for change.
Therapy is a collaborative process where I try to help clients find what isn't working in their lives and help them "try on" different ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Therapy can at times be a "trial and error" where I provide coping skills for my clients and see if what I provided is useful. Although I make it a point to use evidence-based practices, I also take into consideration the context of my client's life and the current world climate when exploring issues and what would be most effective in their path for change.
(360) 218-0979 View (360) 218-0979
Photo of Jenny Kepler, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jenny Kepler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
I offer a mindful, compassionate, non-judgmental approach to therapy for those seeking relationship health and more harmony in their lives. If you're struggling in your relationship or with your child, stuck in painful patterns, or longing for more authenticity and connection within yourself, I can help. As someone who's had to work hard to feel strong on the inside, to balance work and nurture healthy relationships, I understand the struggles of trying to keep it all together. My aim is to help you find more harmony and peace of mind. It is possible.
I offer a mindful, compassionate, non-judgmental approach to therapy for those seeking relationship health and more harmony in their lives. If you're struggling in your relationship or with your child, stuck in painful patterns, or longing for more authenticity and connection within yourself, I can help. As someone who's had to work hard to feel strong on the inside, to balance work and nurture healthy relationships, I understand the struggles of trying to keep it all together. My aim is to help you find more harmony and peace of mind. It is possible.
(628) 600-1304 View (628) 600-1304
Photo of Mary A Schindler, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary A Schindler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97204
Do you want to stop repeating unhealthy patterns and live a life that brings you an increased sense of joy, calm and health? We can work together to address past traumas, decrease your feelings of anxiety and/or sadness, change addictive habits and improve your relationships. My approach is collaborative, experiential, emotionally focused, person-centered and sometimes even fun. I have been a marriage and family therapist for over20 years and have success in providing compassionate and supportive therapy. The basis of my therapeutic approach is to create a safe environment based on trust and respect.
Do you want to stop repeating unhealthy patterns and live a life that brings you an increased sense of joy, calm and health? We can work together to address past traumas, decrease your feelings of anxiety and/or sadness, change addictive habits and improve your relationships. My approach is collaborative, experiential, emotionally focused, person-centered and sometimes even fun. I have been a marriage and family therapist for over20 years and have success in providing compassionate and supportive therapy. The basis of my therapeutic approach is to create a safe environment based on trust and respect.
(408) 827-9724 View (408) 827-9724
Photo of Monica A Geretti, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Monica A Geretti
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97204
Not accepting new clients
Life is a journey for all of us and people seek therapy for a variety of reasons. My work is about helping you address whatever challenges are getting in the way of you living as your fullest self. Therapy with me is an active and collaborative exploration of your mostly unconscious internal world- the beliefs and feelings that unknowingly drive you in life. Together we create a space for you to better know and understand yourself so that you can make thoughtful, responsive, and sustainable changes.
Life is a journey for all of us and people seek therapy for a variety of reasons. My work is about helping you address whatever challenges are getting in the way of you living as your fullest self. Therapy with me is an active and collaborative exploration of your mostly unconscious internal world- the beliefs and feelings that unknowingly drive you in life. Together we create a space for you to better know and understand yourself so that you can make thoughtful, responsive, and sustainable changes.
(503) 468-1392 View (503) 468-1392
Photo of Andrea Grace Karpinski, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrea Grace Karpinski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Old Town, Portland, OR 97240
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have dedicated much of my professional life to working with children and families. In my family work, I have enjoyed working with adults and have expanded my practice to include adults. I have worked in a variety of positions which include the following: therapist, youth advocate, teacher, youth employment specialist, Big Brother/Big Sister Coordinator, parent/teen mediator, mentor, coach, youth crew leader and Peace Corps Volunteer. These experiences have provided a wealth of insight into the human condition. They have enriched my life and often inform my work as a therapist.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have dedicated much of my professional life to working with children and families. In my family work, I have enjoyed working with adults and have expanded my practice to include adults. I have worked in a variety of positions which include the following: therapist, youth advocate, teacher, youth employment specialist, Big Brother/Big Sister Coordinator, parent/teen mediator, mentor, coach, youth crew leader and Peace Corps Volunteer. These experiences have provided a wealth of insight into the human condition. They have enriched my life and often inform my work as a therapist.
(503) 406-9103 View (503) 406-9103
Photo of Jeffrey Post-Holmberg, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeffrey Post-Holmberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Old Town, Portland, OR 97207
At Two Rivers Counseling, I offer professional therapeutic services for four different populations: 1) Couples in grief and loss. 2) Families experiencing difficulties. 3) Individuals suffering from traumatic experiences. 4) Men of all ages, making tough life decisions. My approach to therapeutic change emphasizes the interconnections and secure attachments between people, the stories that we create for ourselves, and the mending of dysfunctional thought patterns.
At Two Rivers Counseling, I offer professional therapeutic services for four different populations: 1) Couples in grief and loss. 2) Families experiencing difficulties. 3) Individuals suffering from traumatic experiences. 4) Men of all ages, making tough life decisions. My approach to therapeutic change emphasizes the interconnections and secure attachments between people, the stories that we create for ourselves, and the mending of dysfunctional thought patterns.
(208) 273-9603 View (208) 273-9603
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Old Town, Portland, OR

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Old Town, Portland, OR who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
82% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
69% Stress
66% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% PacificSource
56% Aetna
39% Moda Health

How Therapists in Old Town, Portland, OR see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
20% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Old Town, Portland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.