Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Jefferson, OR

Photo of Marlene Marie Richardson, MA,  LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marlene Marie Richardson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jefferson, OR 97352
As a dedicated Licensed Professional Counselor, I specialize in providing compassionate and evidence-based therapeutic services to individuals navigating PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders. With a deep understanding of trauma-informed care and therapeutic interventions, I have committed to supporting my clients on their journey towards healing, resilience, and well-being. In addition to my specialization in trauma and anxiety, I have a passion for working with children, adolescents, and their families. Recognizing the unique needs and developmental considerations of young children, I create a safe, nurturing environment.
As a dedicated Licensed Professional Counselor, I specialize in providing compassionate and evidence-based therapeutic services to individuals navigating PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders. With a deep understanding of trauma-informed care and therapeutic interventions, I have committed to supporting my clients on their journey towards healing, resilience, and well-being. In addition to my specialization in trauma and anxiety, I have a passion for working with children, adolescents, and their families. Recognizing the unique needs and developmental considerations of young children, I create a safe, nurturing environment.
(503) 506-4648 View (503) 506-4648
Photo of Lin Brownell, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lin Brownell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Jefferson, OR 97352
At some point in our lives, most of us find ourselves in need of supportive help from another person, whether we are struggling with tangled relationships, overwhelming feelings, difficult choices, losses and/or afflictions. Sometimes we don't even know exactly what we need, just that life isn't working out for us in some way. My desire is to work together with you to identify your needs/goals, explore possible paths of growth and/or change, process the feelings that accompany those explorations, and develop your personal resources (which might include family, faith, friendships, etc.).
At some point in our lives, most of us find ourselves in need of supportive help from another person, whether we are struggling with tangled relationships, overwhelming feelings, difficult choices, losses and/or afflictions. Sometimes we don't even know exactly what we need, just that life isn't working out for us in some way. My desire is to work together with you to identify your needs/goals, explore possible paths of growth and/or change, process the feelings that accompany those explorations, and develop your personal resources (which might include family, faith, friendships, etc.).
(971) 252-4044 View (971) 252-4044
Photo of Laurie M Forbes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laurie M Forbes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jefferson, OR 97352
Not accepting new clients
I treat trauma from any source, depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief/bereavement, dissociation issues, and personality disorders. I specialize in adults who have experienced any type of childhood abuse or domestic violence, Veterans issues, including combat PTSD. I do individual counseling. I work with adolescents and adults starting at age 14 years and up.
I treat trauma from any source, depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief/bereavement, dissociation issues, and personality disorders. I specialize in adults who have experienced any type of childhood abuse or domestic violence, Veterans issues, including combat PTSD. I do individual counseling. I work with adolescents and adults starting at age 14 years and up.
(541) 230-9044 View (541) 230-9044

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Abraham Reichlin - The Trauma Academy Northwest LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
The Trauma Academy Northwest LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, OR 97321
Trauma is a highly complex and personal experience. Everyone's experience and definition of trauma is different. Among both professionals and clients, it is often incredibly misunderstood. It affects us across physical, social, emotional, and spiritual bounds. It compromises our ability to process sensory input and renders us incapable of communicating at times. Traumatic experiences can make us feel "small" and incompetent, incapable of managing basic tasks at times, or we may even develop intermittent or chronic pain.
Trauma is a highly complex and personal experience. Everyone's experience and definition of trauma is different. Among both professionals and clients, it is often incredibly misunderstood. It affects us across physical, social, emotional, and spiritual bounds. It compromises our ability to process sensory input and renders us incapable of communicating at times. Traumatic experiences can make us feel "small" and incompetent, incapable of managing basic tasks at times, or we may even develop intermittent or chronic pain.
(971) 340-4114 View (971) 340-4114
Photo of Dana Crane, MS, LPC, LMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dana Crane
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97302  (Online Only)
Some of these interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior modification, dialectical behavioral therapy, attachment theory, ACES and three step consensus model to address trauma.
Accepting New Clients Now! Good Sense Counseling helps people grow their mental health by getting to know themselves well and building skills for a thriving life full of curiosity, confidence, resilience, and fun. Clients learn to clarify core values, set goals, identify and overcome barriers, build strategies, solve problems, and celebrate successes.
Some of these interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior modification, dialectical behavioral therapy, attachment theory, ACES and three step consensus model to address trauma.
Accepting New Clients Now! Good Sense Counseling helps people grow their mental health by getting to know themselves well and building skills for a thriving life full of curiosity, confidence, resilience, and fun. Clients learn to clarify core values, set goals, identify and overcome barriers, build strategies, solve problems, and celebrate successes.
(503) 822-7471 View (503) 822-7471
Photo of Roxanna Glang, MS, MFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Roxanna Glang
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, MFTA
Verified Verified
Albany, OR 97321
Now accepting new clients! If you’re feeling overwhelmed by life, talking to someone in a safe space is a brave, first-step toward a deeper understanding of yourself. Perhaps you’re struggling with feelings from trauma, grief, depression and anxiety, or having difficulty communicating effectively in your relationships; or you’ve lost sight of your life’s meaning. Whatever the source of emotional pain, I can help you approach old problems in new ways.
Now accepting new clients! If you’re feeling overwhelmed by life, talking to someone in a safe space is a brave, first-step toward a deeper understanding of yourself. Perhaps you’re struggling with feelings from trauma, grief, depression and anxiety, or having difficulty communicating effectively in your relationships; or you’ve lost sight of your life’s meaning. Whatever the source of emotional pain, I can help you approach old problems in new ways.
(503) 832-6842 View (503) 832-6842
Photo of Rachelle McCloud, MSW, LCSW, TFT-Adv, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachelle McCloud
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, TFT-Adv
Verified Verified
Turner, OR 97392
You don't want to spend the rest of your life in therapy. You have goals and aspirations and you just need to get unstuck and out of the grip of anxiety, depression, or trauma. Your problems such as panic, worry, sleep disturbance, irritability, suicidal thoughts, angry outbursts, and/or poor concentration are causing untold consequences in your life. You are willing to dig deep and do the work, if just knew what to do and what would really work. You want to get rid of symptom and not just not just collect more coping skills. I can absolutely relate and am committed to helping you resolve these issues at the root.
You don't want to spend the rest of your life in therapy. You have goals and aspirations and you just need to get unstuck and out of the grip of anxiety, depression, or trauma. Your problems such as panic, worry, sleep disturbance, irritability, suicidal thoughts, angry outbursts, and/or poor concentration are causing untold consequences in your life. You are willing to dig deep and do the work, if just knew what to do and what would really work. You want to get rid of symptom and not just not just collect more coping skills. I can absolutely relate and am committed to helping you resolve these issues at the root.
(503) 447-3633 View (503) 447-3633
Photo of Sharon Cooper-Barth, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sharon Cooper-Barth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97306  (Online Only)
I specialize in domestic abuse, sexual abuse, and trauma.
Abuse is something that affects a lot of people and in various different ways. It is something that can be hidden from the world and no one will know the pain the individual is going through. It is quiet and insidious, leaving lasting effects. It can creep up on you and make you feel alone in the world full of people. It can leave you feeling misunderstood, alone, and/or broken. There are ways to work through the trauma, safeguard yourself, and heal from parts of the abuse. You will rebuild yourself esteem, sense of self, and confidence in the process of healing. Everyone's journey is different.
I specialize in domestic abuse, sexual abuse, and trauma.
Abuse is something that affects a lot of people and in various different ways. It is something that can be hidden from the world and no one will know the pain the individual is going through. It is quiet and insidious, leaving lasting effects. It can creep up on you and make you feel alone in the world full of people. It can leave you feeling misunderstood, alone, and/or broken. There are ways to work through the trauma, safeguard yourself, and heal from parts of the abuse. You will rebuild yourself esteem, sense of self, and confidence in the process of healing. Everyone's journey is different.
(503) 308-7365 View (503) 308-7365
Photo of Rebecca Snyder Ahnsdotter, MSW, CSWA, QMHP-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Snyder Ahnsdotter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CSWA, QMHP-R
Verified Verified
Albany, OR 97321
Waitlist for new clients
Each client-therapist relationship is unique, and as your therapist I will work to provide compassionate care tailored to your specific set of needs and therapeutic goals, utilizing my training in EMDR, psychedelic integration, internal family systems, acceptance and commitment, attachment, and trauma-informed therapies, as well as mindfulness practices.
When you walk through my office door you will be greeted with warmth and compassion. Whether you are overwhelmed by life and it’s varying demands and disappointments, or struggling through a life transition, devastating loss, work or relationship stress or conflict, I will provide a safe, empathetic space for you as we explore your personal history and background as well as your inner and outer worlds in search of greater understanding, awareness and acceptance. I believe everyone holds a deep, abiding source of internal strength, wisdom, and hope, and I will walk alongside you as we uncover these peace-giving resources together.
Each client-therapist relationship is unique, and as your therapist I will work to provide compassionate care tailored to your specific set of needs and therapeutic goals, utilizing my training in EMDR, psychedelic integration, internal family systems, acceptance and commitment, attachment, and trauma-informed therapies, as well as mindfulness practices.
When you walk through my office door you will be greeted with warmth and compassion. Whether you are overwhelmed by life and it’s varying demands and disappointments, or struggling through a life transition, devastating loss, work or relationship stress or conflict, I will provide a safe, empathetic space for you as we explore your personal history and background as well as your inner and outer worlds in search of greater understanding, awareness and acceptance. I believe everyone holds a deep, abiding source of internal strength, wisdom, and hope, and I will walk alongside you as we uncover these peace-giving resources together.
(541) 209-5844 View (541) 209-5844
Photo of Glenda K Evans, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Glenda K Evans
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97306
Now Taking New Clients. Don't let trauma or painful thoughts and beliefs hold you back! I believe that everyone is capable of healing and discovering joy in life. I often work with individuals who have tried therapy before and are searching for more complete ability to live and love freely. I work from a personalized, heart centered stance incorporating parts work and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a soulful path to healing and self knowledge. I believe the more you know yourself, the more power you wield to compassionately reach potentials.
Now Taking New Clients. Don't let trauma or painful thoughts and beliefs hold you back! I believe that everyone is capable of healing and discovering joy in life. I often work with individuals who have tried therapy before and are searching for more complete ability to live and love freely. I work from a personalized, heart centered stance incorporating parts work and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a soulful path to healing and self knowledge. I believe the more you know yourself, the more power you wield to compassionately reach potentials.
(503) 295-9746 View (503) 295-9746
Photo of M. Declan McCarron, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
M. Declan McCarron
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Albany, OR 97321
I believe everyone deserves to be content/happy in life and in their relationships. At times, this can be challenging and people tend to get "stuck." Asking for help can be hard, but so rewarding when you take the risk to change and build awareness. With professional skills, loads of compassion, and a collaborative effort I can definitely help adults, teenagers, and families in figuring out how to get "unstuck" and enjoy their lives to the fullest. I have extensive experience working with anxiety, grief, depression, and PTSD. I particularly like working with clients, helping them free themselves from the trauma of the past.
I believe everyone deserves to be content/happy in life and in their relationships. At times, this can be challenging and people tend to get "stuck." Asking for help can be hard, but so rewarding when you take the risk to change and build awareness. With professional skills, loads of compassion, and a collaborative effort I can definitely help adults, teenagers, and families in figuring out how to get "unstuck" and enjoy their lives to the fullest. I have extensive experience working with anxiety, grief, depression, and PTSD. I particularly like working with clients, helping them free themselves from the trauma of the past.
(503) 743-6246 View (503) 743-6246
Photo of Julie O'Connor, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie O'Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97306  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am genuinely glad you are considering counseling. I currently work with OHP clients who reside primarily in Marion & Polk County. I have a broad range of experience working with clients across the life span from children to adults, including those in their 80's or older. I currently serve clients 16 or older. I enjoy working with a wide range of client ages and concerns including but not limited to; trauma, life transitions, grief & loss, relationship concerns and self-esteem issues. I currently work as an independent contractor for Valley Mental Health as a Certified Clinician for the Oregon Health Plan.
Welcome! I am genuinely glad you are considering counseling. I currently work with OHP clients who reside primarily in Marion & Polk County. I have a broad range of experience working with clients across the life span from children to adults, including those in their 80's or older. I currently serve clients 16 or older. I enjoy working with a wide range of client ages and concerns including but not limited to; trauma, life transitions, grief & loss, relationship concerns and self-esteem issues. I currently work as an independent contractor for Valley Mental Health as a Certified Clinician for the Oregon Health Plan.
(503) 486-4943 View (503) 486-4943
Photo of Lucas Pitman, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lucas Pitman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97306
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience in working with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger, trauma, grief, personality disorders, relationship difficulties and employment struggles.
Are you ready to find the keys which will unlock the doors to your better life? Whether you are depressed, anxious or trying to make sense of difficult and traumatic past events, we will work together to find solutions in a safe, welcoming environment.
I have experience in working with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger, trauma, grief, personality disorders, relationship difficulties and employment struggles.
Are you ready to find the keys which will unlock the doors to your better life? Whether you are depressed, anxious or trying to make sense of difficult and traumatic past events, we will work together to find solutions in a safe, welcoming environment.
(971) 703-5221 View (971) 703-5221
Photo of Deidre Ann Lafferty - Reclaim Life, LLC, MSSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Reclaim Life, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, OR 97321
It has been our great privilege to assist many brave individuals as they reclaim their lives from trauma, stress, and mental health issues.
We are accepting new clients. Starting July 27th, our therapist, Michelle La Casse, will offer telehealth/virtual-only appointments on Saturday mornings and early afternoons. She accepts clients aged 17+, with private pay only. Please call the office to schedule your appointment.
It has been our great privilege to assist many brave individuals as they reclaim their lives from trauma, stress, and mental health issues.
We are accepting new clients. Starting July 27th, our therapist, Michelle La Casse, will offer telehealth/virtual-only appointments on Saturday mornings and early afternoons. She accepts clients aged 17+, with private pay only. Please call the office to schedule your appointment.
(541) 286-3209 View (541) 286-3209
Photo of Cynthia Dianne Roberts, LMHC, Counselor
Cynthia Dianne Roberts
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albany, OR 97321  (Online Only)
I have over 29 years professional experience assisting clients with histories of trauma (PTSD), depression, anxiety, ADHD, grief and loss, relationship issues, parenting skills, and adjustment disorders.
Integrity - the state of being whole, entire, or undiminished; a sound, unimpaired, or perfect condition; adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty. I believe in complete, unimpaired mental health and wellness. I believe identifying core beliefs and values are essential to mental health and well being. I believe in the ability to regain mental health, wellness, wholeness and live a life worth living. I believe in you. I can assist you on your path to finding integrity
I have over 29 years professional experience assisting clients with histories of trauma (PTSD), depression, anxiety, ADHD, grief and loss, relationship issues, parenting skills, and adjustment disorders.
Integrity - the state of being whole, entire, or undiminished; a sound, unimpaired, or perfect condition; adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty. I believe in complete, unimpaired mental health and wellness. I believe identifying core beliefs and values are essential to mental health and well being. I believe in the ability to regain mental health, wellness, wholeness and live a life worth living. I believe in you. I can assist you on your path to finding integrity
(386) 227-5683 View (386) 227-5683
Photo of Anna K. Davidson, MA, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Anna K. Davidson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Albany, OR 97321
Waitlist for new clients
I have additional training in trauma, as well as adoption.
Welcome! We all have times in our lives when we need a little help...it's part of being human. The fact that you are here, exploring my Psychology Today page, is an important courageous first step that should be honored. Therapy is a dynamic process that is often life changing; it's different for every person. I have a warm, genuine approach and strive to provide a safe, comfortable, and inviting space for each individual's unique healing journey. I use a variety of evidence-based therapies combined with useful techniques to help clients heal and cope.
I have additional training in trauma, as well as adoption.
Welcome! We all have times in our lives when we need a little help...it's part of being human. The fact that you are here, exploring my Psychology Today page, is an important courageous first step that should be honored. Therapy is a dynamic process that is often life changing; it's different for every person. I have a warm, genuine approach and strive to provide a safe, comfortable, and inviting space for each individual's unique healing journey. I use a variety of evidence-based therapies combined with useful techniques to help clients heal and cope.
(541) 577-5167 View (541) 577-5167
Photo of Laura R Flynn, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura R Flynn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Albany, OR 97321  (Online Only)
I am trained in EMDR and Internal Family Systems, both of which are extremely helpful in treating a variety of trauma related problems.
I AM taking new clients right now. I am licensed in both Oregon and Washington at this time. Based on your needs and preferences, I offer short-term/solution-focused therapy, as well as longer-term "depth therapy." I focus on clinical assessment and move toward providing strategies and skills for symptom reduction for anxiety or other mood issues, assist you in building on current strengths, and help you find new ways of coping with the changes and challenges life throws at us. I can also provide assistance in managing trauma issues and moving past it with EMDR and IFS.
I am trained in EMDR and Internal Family Systems, both of which are extremely helpful in treating a variety of trauma related problems.
I AM taking new clients right now. I am licensed in both Oregon and Washington at this time. Based on your needs and preferences, I offer short-term/solution-focused therapy, as well as longer-term "depth therapy." I focus on clinical assessment and move toward providing strategies and skills for symptom reduction for anxiety or other mood issues, assist you in building on current strengths, and help you find new ways of coping with the changes and challenges life throws at us. I can also provide assistance in managing trauma issues and moving past it with EMDR and IFS.
(541) 368-2933 View (541) 368-2933
Photo of Lori Wilson, LCSW, MSW, MAC, CADCIII, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lori Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MAC, CADCIII
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Albany, OR 97321
Accepting new clients for wait list. Feeling anxious, sad, lost, afraid, confused? Grappling with inner conflict, self image, compulsive behaviors, intrusive memories, change, loss? I am a psychotherapist with a breadth of work and lived experience working with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, grief, loss, stress-related symptoms, communication problems, relationship difficulties, professional challenges, gambling and other process addictions, substance abuse, trauma, life transitions and more. I see my role as a therapist as a sacred privilege to journey along side of a person toward true and lasting change
Accepting new clients for wait list. Feeling anxious, sad, lost, afraid, confused? Grappling with inner conflict, self image, compulsive behaviors, intrusive memories, change, loss? I am a psychotherapist with a breadth of work and lived experience working with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, grief, loss, stress-related symptoms, communication problems, relationship difficulties, professional challenges, gambling and other process addictions, substance abuse, trauma, life transitions and more. I see my role as a therapist as a sacred privilege to journey along side of a person toward true and lasting change
(541) 214-2963 View (541) 214-2963
Photo of Dr. Jeffrey C Johnson, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Jeffrey C Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Albany, OR 97321
Have you been feeling overwhelmed or have you lost motivation? Have you been through trauma? Does ADHD or Autism impact your day to day function? You may have tried to find your own ways to cope and have just run out of ideas. Reaching out for counseling can be challenging, and I get that. Maybe you are skeptical that counseling is the right place for you. I believe that everyone is capable of changing their lives for the better.
Have you been feeling overwhelmed or have you lost motivation? Have you been through trauma? Does ADHD or Autism impact your day to day function? You may have tried to find your own ways to cope and have just run out of ideas. Reaching out for counseling can be challenging, and I get that. Maybe you are skeptical that counseling is the right place for you. I believe that everyone is capable of changing their lives for the better.
(458) 236-5519 View (458) 236-5519
Photo of Keoni Kuwaye - Oregon Trauma Therapy, MA, PCA
Oregon Trauma Therapy
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, PCA
Not Verified Not Verified
Albany, OR 97322
Waitlist for new clients
I work best with those who have experienced trauma, having relational issues, mental health disorders problems and it interferes with your life. That way we can work in a therapeutic environment to help release the various storms inside us and fill that space with bright soothing light. There is a way to conquer that which lies within us that creates unwanted behaviors or feelings. I have confidence you can learn to allow yourself to relax. Remember, together we can work towards a happier and healthier new life!
I work best with those who have experienced trauma, having relational issues, mental health disorders problems and it interferes with your life. That way we can work in a therapeutic environment to help release the various storms inside us and fill that space with bright soothing light. There is a way to conquer that which lies within us that creates unwanted behaviors or feelings. I have confidence you can learn to allow yourself to relax. Remember, together we can work towards a happier and healthier new life!
(808) 679-1984 View (808) 679-1984
Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.