Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Dundee, OR
![Photo of Ali J Toedtemeier, LCSW, CADC-I, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d785b7a2-f0f0-44e0-936e-97d73807f1cf/2/320x400.jpeg)
Ali J Toedtemeier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC-I
Verified Verified
Dundee, OR 97115
Waitlist for new clients
I primarily work with adults and have experience working with individual's dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, PTSD and in need of coping skills.
You did it! You made the first step of asking for support, and that is a huge step. If you are stressed, overwhelmed, dealing with change (which we always are), feeling alone, anxious, or struggling with whatever life has thrown at you, please know you don't have the go through it all alone. We are meant to connect with one another and therapy provides a safe, non-judgmental connection that can lead to promising outcomes.
I primarily work with adults and have experience working with individual's dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, PTSD and in need of coping skills.
You did it! You made the first step of asking for support, and that is a huge step. If you are stressed, overwhelmed, dealing with change (which we always are), feeling alone, anxious, or struggling with whatever life has thrown at you, please know you don't have the go through it all alone. We are meant to connect with one another and therapy provides a safe, non-judgmental connection that can lead to promising outcomes.
![Photo of Brooke Caouette, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3e124ebf-6d33-4ee2-92f2-273880633018/2/320x400.jpeg)
If you’ve lived through hurt, disappointment, heartache, trauma, abandonment, or loss- it can be exhausting trying to gain any semblance of relief.
Trust that gut instinct that’s telling you something has to change and that healing is attainable. You don't have to fix yourself, figure it all out, or change on your own. If you've found yourself constantly pushing forward only to find that anxiety, exhaustion, depression, or loneliness persist and you have yet to find a relationship, substance, life change, or feeling of control that can make it better in any lasting way- it's time to for things to get better. Whether you are struggling with general fatigue from the state of our world or your past experiences have completely caught up to you, I’m here to help.
If you’ve lived through hurt, disappointment, heartache, trauma, abandonment, or loss- it can be exhausting trying to gain any semblance of relief.
Trust that gut instinct that’s telling you something has to change and that healing is attainable. You don't have to fix yourself, figure it all out, or change on your own. If you've found yourself constantly pushing forward only to find that anxiety, exhaustion, depression, or loneliness persist and you have yet to find a relationship, substance, life change, or feeling of control that can make it better in any lasting way- it's time to for things to get better. Whether you are struggling with general fatigue from the state of our world or your past experiences have completely caught up to you, I’m here to help.
![Photo of Sarah Elizabeth Sommerville, MA, LPC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3caa530e-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
I have experience working with those that have suffered trauma, suffer from depression, anxiety, are having parenting and mothering issues.
I approach counseling as a facilitator of growth and holistic health. I believe in order for clients to have a strong state of mental health they need to address not only their psychological health, but also their physical and spiritual health. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults.
I have experience working with those that have suffered trauma, suffer from depression, anxiety, are having parenting and mothering issues.
I approach counseling as a facilitator of growth and holistic health. I believe in order for clients to have a strong state of mental health they need to address not only their psychological health, but also their physical and spiritual health. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults.
![Photo of Shanna Severn, LPC, NCC, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3e0d2e02-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Shanna Severn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dundee, OR 97115 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Some of these include: depression, anxiety, trauma related to violence or medical issues, grief and loss, life transitions, substance abuse, schizophrenia, eating disorders and relationship difficulties.
Sometimes when we experience stress, loss or life transitions we can feel overwhelmed, alone and stuck. Therapy can offer you a safe space where you can become unstuck and evolve into You. In the therapeutic setting, I strive to provide a nonjudgmental, empathetic and supportive environment in which individuals can explore their hurts, struggles, hopes and dreams. Individuals will also gain skills, insight, and perspective which promote relief, healing and personal growth. Treatment is tailored specifically for you as there is "no one size fits all" when it comes to individual differences.
Some of these include: depression, anxiety, trauma related to violence or medical issues, grief and loss, life transitions, substance abuse, schizophrenia, eating disorders and relationship difficulties.
Sometimes when we experience stress, loss or life transitions we can feel overwhelmed, alone and stuck. Therapy can offer you a safe space where you can become unstuck and evolve into You. In the therapeutic setting, I strive to provide a nonjudgmental, empathetic and supportive environment in which individuals can explore their hurts, struggles, hopes and dreams. Individuals will also gain skills, insight, and perspective which promote relief, healing and personal growth. Treatment is tailored specifically for you as there is "no one size fits all" when it comes to individual differences.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Vanessa A Hays, LMSW](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e71773c4-1a23-4c40-a593-b247db1cdc24/1/320x400.jpeg)
Vanessa A Hays
Clinical Social Work Associate, LMSW
Verified Verified
Newberg, OR 97132 (Online Only)
I work with individuals of all ages but specialize in working with children, pre-teens, and teens. Currently, I am only offering sessions through telehealth and would love to work alongside you on your journey towards hope and healing. In addition to lived experience, I have worked for over 10 years with individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, and stress. My goal is to build a collaborative therapeutic relationship and create a safe and accepting space where you can process your feelings and life experiences.
I work with individuals of all ages but specialize in working with children, pre-teens, and teens. Currently, I am only offering sessions through telehealth and would love to work alongside you on your journey towards hope and healing. In addition to lived experience, I have worked for over 10 years with individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, and stress. My goal is to build a collaborative therapeutic relationship and create a safe and accepting space where you can process your feelings and life experiences.
![Photo of Elizabeth A. Hadley, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/eadaa37f-5898-445b-a2ec-46438a424b2c/1/320x400.jpeg)
Elizabeth A. Hadley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Newberg, OR 97132 (Online Only)
I work with teens - adults on social and behavioral issues as well as extensive trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression and eating disorders.
Hi there and welcome! Sometimes it can be difficult to begin therapy. My desire is to be a resource and safe place for you to explore your needs. I am humbled on a daily basis by the bravery and strength of my clients. Your health and mental well-being are my highest priority as you begin this journey towards help and healing. To help this process, I offer free, 30 minute consultations. This is an opportunity for you to get to know me and decide how you would like to continue. . It is an honor to be a part of this process with you.
I work with teens - adults on social and behavioral issues as well as extensive trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression and eating disorders.
Hi there and welcome! Sometimes it can be difficult to begin therapy. My desire is to be a resource and safe place for you to explore your needs. I am humbled on a daily basis by the bravery and strength of my clients. Your health and mental well-being are my highest priority as you begin this journey towards help and healing. To help this process, I offer free, 30 minute consultations. This is an opportunity for you to get to know me and decide how you would like to continue. . It is an honor to be a part of this process with you.
![Photo of Teresa Heesacker - Teresa Heesacker Counseling, CSD, LPC, LMFT, RPT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/509b2dab-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Teresa Heesacker Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, CSD, LPC, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newberg, OR 97132
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about well-being. For some, that might mean healing from trauma or growth into the person you want to become. It might mean understanding how to have a happier, healthy relationship with a parent, partner or child. I believe that every person is worthy of a life that is fully-alive and I am dedicated to partnering with people in their journey toward their vision of well-being. I provide clients with a safe, confidential and affirming environment in which they can explore their story, consider what is meaningful to them, cultivate their personal strengths and apply new insights and growth.
I am passionate about well-being. For some, that might mean healing from trauma or growth into the person you want to become. It might mean understanding how to have a happier, healthy relationship with a parent, partner or child. I believe that every person is worthy of a life that is fully-alive and I am dedicated to partnering with people in their journey toward their vision of well-being. I provide clients with a safe, confidential and affirming environment in which they can explore their story, consider what is meaningful to them, cultivate their personal strengths and apply new insights and growth.
![Photo of Luann Foster - Luann Foster PsyD LLC, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f8453964-14ee-4ea2-9f2b-370a77993c9d/3/320x400.jpeg)
Working from a relational frame and with a trauma-informed lens, I join the journey with my clients to work through hard circumstances and develop new patterns as we together hold hope for the future.
With a previous career in health and wellness and over 10 years working in the mental health field, I work to provide care from a wholistic perspective and a primary focus on patterns of how we relate with ourselves and others as we navigate our days. I work with adults struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, suicidal thoughts, etc. I consider it a tremendous honor to join each of my clients in their life journey.
Working from a relational frame and with a trauma-informed lens, I join the journey with my clients to work through hard circumstances and develop new patterns as we together hold hope for the future.
With a previous career in health and wellness and over 10 years working in the mental health field, I work to provide care from a wholistic perspective and a primary focus on patterns of how we relate with ourselves and others as we navigate our days. I work with adults struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, suicidal thoughts, etc. I consider it a tremendous honor to join each of my clients in their life journey.
![Photo of Nadège Petrie - Nadège R. Petrie at Hopeful Minds Counseling, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/fb8e5a0a-4766-4a2e-b066-65dcb3cfdf76/3/320x400.jpeg)
Nadège R. Petrie at Hopeful Minds Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newberg, OR 97132
My therapy approach is evidence-based: I am trained in Person-Centered, Trauma-Informed Care, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Strengths-Based Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
My name is Nadège, and I am an LPC(OR), and LMHC (WA). My hope for therapy and our collaboration is that you can become more in tune with your thoughts, actions, and emotions. While in therapy, you are in charge, and we will work together to overcome whatever obstacles life has thrown at you. Together we will explore those obstacles and develop techniques to empower you toward being your best self. As we work to build our therapy relationship, I will help you identify vital resources. In addition to direct client therapy, I offer clinical supervision as a candidate for Professional Registered Associates on paths to Licensure.
My therapy approach is evidence-based: I am trained in Person-Centered, Trauma-Informed Care, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Strengths-Based Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
My name is Nadège, and I am an LPC(OR), and LMHC (WA). My hope for therapy and our collaboration is that you can become more in tune with your thoughts, actions, and emotions. While in therapy, you are in charge, and we will work together to overcome whatever obstacles life has thrown at you. Together we will explore those obstacles and develop techniques to empower you toward being your best self. As we work to build our therapy relationship, I will help you identify vital resources. In addition to direct client therapy, I offer clinical supervision as a candidate for Professional Registered Associates on paths to Licensure.
![Photo of Becca M. Flatt, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/58046d1d-d390-4301-8e97-70745bf8afb9/1/320x400.jpeg)
Seeking out mental health treatment is a supreme act of valor. It takes a great deal of courage to acknowledge when depression, anxiety, and PTSD are causing your life to be unmanageable. We all need someone to witness what it means to be human. Thank you for considering me as someone to walk down the path of healing with you.
Seeking out mental health treatment is a supreme act of valor. It takes a great deal of courage to acknowledge when depression, anxiety, and PTSD are causing your life to be unmanageable. We all need someone to witness what it means to be human. Thank you for considering me as someone to walk down the path of healing with you.
![Photo of Tiffany Looney, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/51d68fc8-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Tiffany Looney
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Newberg, OR 97132 (Online Only)
My areas of expertise include diagnosis and therapy for autistic adults, relational therapy for individuals and couples, and therapy for individuals with histories of trauma and abuse, especially emotional abuse. My perspective is neurodiversity-affirming, attachment based, and emotionally focused. I support people in living their most authentic and connected lives through self-compassion, nervous system regulation, awareness and validation. I love helping clients experience authentic connection with themselves and with their loved ones.
My areas of expertise include diagnosis and therapy for autistic adults, relational therapy for individuals and couples, and therapy for individuals with histories of trauma and abuse, especially emotional abuse. My perspective is neurodiversity-affirming, attachment based, and emotionally focused. I support people in living their most authentic and connected lives through self-compassion, nervous system regulation, awareness and validation. I love helping clients experience authentic connection with themselves and with their loved ones.
![Photo of Shannon Wagner, OTD, OTR/L, Occupational Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/872017a0-0323-41ea-b414-0414bed3a236/2/320x400.jpeg)
Comprehensive support in sensory processing differences, emotional regulation, social skills, time management (weekly planning), daily routines (the basics of taking care of your body and home), self-advocacy, environmental modifications, navigating work with invisible disabilities, communication, boundaries & breaking cycles of generational trauma.
I specialize in un or newly diagnosed Neurodivergent adults understand how Autism, ADHD, and/or cPTSD impacts their daily life. I specialize in working with women as they are often mis-diagnosed, gaslit, and generally have more difficulty navigating neurodivergence in our society. Throughout our work we hold space for the pain and hurt that comes with having invisible disabilities and how you were treated up to this point in your life by society. Our work focuses on helping you understand your system so you can navigate & find your own path in society. Please go to my website and hit schedule to get started.
Comprehensive support in sensory processing differences, emotional regulation, social skills, time management (weekly planning), daily routines (the basics of taking care of your body and home), self-advocacy, environmental modifications, navigating work with invisible disabilities, communication, boundaries & breaking cycles of generational trauma.
I specialize in un or newly diagnosed Neurodivergent adults understand how Autism, ADHD, and/or cPTSD impacts their daily life. I specialize in working with women as they are often mis-diagnosed, gaslit, and generally have more difficulty navigating neurodivergence in our society. Throughout our work we hold space for the pain and hurt that comes with having invisible disabilities and how you were treated up to this point in your life by society. Our work focuses on helping you understand your system so you can navigate & find your own path in society. Please go to my website and hit schedule to get started.
![Photo of Kate Allen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/355463ad-2af7-4bc3-af7c-b51ebe1abc5c/2/320x400.jpeg)
I practice EMDR which is an evidence based treatment for PTSD, depression, anxiety and more.
I work with young people and adults who struggle with anxiety, overwhelm, burn out, feeling down, low or stuck. I also work well with parents and people going through divorce. Whether through talk therapy or EMDR, we'll work toward achieving your goals and help you feel better. Together we'll incorporate coping skills and process past trauma or difficulties to address the underlying issues that still bother you today. I can help you check to see if you have out of network insurance benefits you can use to help reimburse you for the cost of therapy.
I practice EMDR which is an evidence based treatment for PTSD, depression, anxiety and more.
I work with young people and adults who struggle with anxiety, overwhelm, burn out, feeling down, low or stuck. I also work well with parents and people going through divorce. Whether through talk therapy or EMDR, we'll work toward achieving your goals and help you feel better. Together we'll incorporate coping skills and process past trauma or difficulties to address the underlying issues that still bother you today. I can help you check to see if you have out of network insurance benefits you can use to help reimburse you for the cost of therapy.
![Photo of Jessica K Haney, MA, LPC, CADCII, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4a86cdaf-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Jessica K Haney
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CADCII
Verified Verified
Newberg, OR 97132 (Online Only)
The truth... life can be hard. It can feel even more difficult at certain points along the way. Why go through this alone? The suffering of the human heart is something that needs to be heard. Allow me to walk alongside you as you heal and change. If your at a point in your life that feels stuck, lonely, confusing, sad, or even angry, give yourself the opportunity to challenge this and break through. Together, we can discover the events in your life that are your struggles. Whether it's addiction, trauma, relationships or loss, its time to heal and get back to being you.
The truth... life can be hard. It can feel even more difficult at certain points along the way. Why go through this alone? The suffering of the human heart is something that needs to be heard. Allow me to walk alongside you as you heal and change. If your at a point in your life that feels stuck, lonely, confusing, sad, or even angry, give yourself the opportunity to challenge this and break through. Together, we can discover the events in your life that are your struggles. Whether it's addiction, trauma, relationships or loss, its time to heal and get back to being you.
![Photo of Shae Ferguson, MA, LPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a266c716-0585-41ed-87fb-c7139aa71cc1/1/320x400.jpeg)
Shae Ferguson
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Newberg, OR 97132 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adults on a wide variety of issues with a focus on processing experiences, gaining a deeper connection to the self, and treating troubling symptoms or conditions.
I work with adults on a wide variety of issues with a focus on processing experiences, gaining a deeper connection to the self, and treating troubling symptoms or conditions.
![Photo of Julia Jakubowski, MSW, LCSW](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5e938edd-5357-4e10-aa0b-25c02f711272/3/320x400.jpeg)
My clients are often those keenly aware of the complex time we live in, and are interested to understand what is keeping them from having the vibrant life they seek. You are doing "all the right things," and yet you continue to feel unfulfilled, anxious - in your relationships, sex life, in your work. You might feel stuck creatively. You feel distant, or at odds with your physical body. You'd like to know your story more fully, to understand how past experiences and cultural conditioning have impacted you, and to give your story voice, so you can express yourself - in relationships, work, art - from a place of deeper authenticity.
My clients are often those keenly aware of the complex time we live in, and are interested to understand what is keeping them from having the vibrant life they seek. You are doing "all the right things," and yet you continue to feel unfulfilled, anxious - in your relationships, sex life, in your work. You might feel stuck creatively. You feel distant, or at odds with your physical body. You'd like to know your story more fully, to understand how past experiences and cultural conditioning have impacted you, and to give your story voice, so you can express yourself - in relationships, work, art - from a place of deeper authenticity.
![Photo of Laura Geczy-Haskins, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2eff4500-c6dd-4e70-8192-3b5ff021e6d0/1/320x400.jpeg)
Assessments start by meeting you and talking about what sort of issues you are experiencing, which helps me determine which assessments will target the areas you are struggling with. This first meeting can occur either in person or via telehealth. The second appointment is the longest, and I will have you complete a variety of assessments, depending on what the presenting problem is. I might also have you complete some assessments at home on the computer. After the testing is completed, I will score them and write up the results into a repot. We will then meet for a final time to discuss the results and recommendations.
Assessments start by meeting you and talking about what sort of issues you are experiencing, which helps me determine which assessments will target the areas you are struggling with. This first meeting can occur either in person or via telehealth. The second appointment is the longest, and I will have you complete a variety of assessments, depending on what the presenting problem is. I might also have you complete some assessments at home on the computer. After the testing is completed, I will score them and write up the results into a repot. We will then meet for a final time to discuss the results and recommendations.
![Photo of Natalie Schaad, OTD, OTR/L, Occupational Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f44d1cd8-c249-4446-b4b6-98e065da6543/1/320x400.jpeg)
I specialize in empowering late, self, and undiagnosed Autistic, AuDHD, ADHD, and other neurodivergent folx to better understand and work with their unique systems. I understand that society often overlooks your needs and that your disabilities can be invisible and misunderstood. The stress of managing everyday responsibilities - finding and maintaining employment, managing time and money, navigating social relationships, and caring for yourself and your home - can be overwhelming, often leading to burnout.
I specialize in empowering late, self, and undiagnosed Autistic, AuDHD, ADHD, and other neurodivergent folx to better understand and work with their unique systems. I understand that society often overlooks your needs and that your disabilities can be invisible and misunderstood. The stress of managing everyday responsibilities - finding and maintaining employment, managing time and money, navigating social relationships, and caring for yourself and your home - can be overwhelming, often leading to burnout.
![Photo of Nathan Higa, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/861ddd23-ad9c-497a-9361-af6558fbbaec/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am currently accepting Clients through in person and teletherapy services. I typically work with people who are distressed about a relationship, family dynamics, who experience depression, anxiety, anger, stress, school or work difficulties, peer relationship concerns or have experienced a traumatic event in their lifetime.
I am currently accepting Clients through in person and teletherapy services. I typically work with people who are distressed about a relationship, family dynamics, who experience depression, anxiety, anger, stress, school or work difficulties, peer relationship concerns or have experienced a traumatic event in their lifetime.
![Photo of Barbara Kollmar, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ab707809-af68-4966-9dea-dfc836324f9b/1/320x400.jpeg)
Barbara Kollmar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LLC
Verified Verified
Newberg, OR 97132
Not accepting new clients
I have specialized training - and many years of experience - in working with trauma survivors.
Relationships are a key part of our lives. In my work - whether it is with an individual, a couple, or a family - I look at the relationships and other systems which impact the presenting problem. In approaching my work with people in this manner, I am able to see things from a broader point of view which, in turn, increases my ability to be helpful. I believe in the strengths that all people have, and I draw on those strengths as we work together toward the change they seek.
I have specialized training - and many years of experience - in working with trauma survivors.
Relationships are a key part of our lives. In my work - whether it is with an individual, a couple, or a family - I look at the relationships and other systems which impact the presenting problem. In approaching my work with people in this manner, I am able to see things from a broader point of view which, in turn, increases my ability to be helpful. I believe in the strengths that all people have, and I draw on those strengths as we work together toward the change they seek.
See more therapy options for Dundee
Nearby Trauma and PTSD Therapists Searches for Dundee
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When should I seek treatment for trauma?
Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.
How long does trauma therapy take?
Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.
What happens if trauma is left untreated?
Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.
Can PTSD come back after treatment?
It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.