Photo of Denise Valentina Olson - Serein Counseling , MS, LPC-A's, CMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Serein Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LPC-A's, CMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Brookings, OR 97415
Not accepting new clients
I draw primarily from acceptance and commitment therapy, music and cognitive-behavioral techniques, narrative theory, existential, multicultural, family/marital, and humanistic approaches.
I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families who initiate mental health services to address various concerns such as: developmental, emotional, existential, and motivational to promote personal growth toward more profound meaning and well-being. I have experience working with adults who are on the autism spectrum or suspect they may be neurodivergent. I offer counseling and advocacy for individuals who are neurodiverse. We decide upon goals as a team.
I draw primarily from acceptance and commitment therapy, music and cognitive-behavioral techniques, narrative theory, existential, multicultural, family/marital, and humanistic approaches.
I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families who initiate mental health services to address various concerns such as: developmental, emotional, existential, and motivational to promote personal growth toward more profound meaning and well-being. I have experience working with adults who are on the autism spectrum or suspect they may be neurodivergent. I offer counseling and advocacy for individuals who are neurodiverse. We decide upon goals as a team.
(541) 200-5671 View (541) 200-5671

Online Therapists

Photo of Jose Luis Garcia, MA, MS , LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jose Luis Garcia
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS , LPC
Verified Verified
Medford, OR 97501
Waitlist for new clients
El año que hemos pasado nos ha causado mucho estrés y ansiedad. La pandemia del COVID19 ha cambiado nuestra forma de vida, trabajo y afectado a nuestras familias. ¿Estás experimentando dificultades en tu vida? ¿Has pasado por un cambio o pérdida reciente y sientes que necesitas ayuda para adaptarte? ¿Has experimentado síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, irritabilidad y estrés? ¿Necesitas orientación sobre la paternidad, las relaciones interpersonales, o tus habilidades de comunicación? ¿Te han diagnosticado con alguna enfermedad crónica y quieres aprender a manejarla? ¿Has tenido dificultades debido al aislamiento por la pandemia?
El año que hemos pasado nos ha causado mucho estrés y ansiedad. La pandemia del COVID19 ha cambiado nuestra forma de vida, trabajo y afectado a nuestras familias. ¿Estás experimentando dificultades en tu vida? ¿Has pasado por un cambio o pérdida reciente y sientes que necesitas ayuda para adaptarte? ¿Has experimentado síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, irritabilidad y estrés? ¿Necesitas orientación sobre la paternidad, las relaciones interpersonales, o tus habilidades de comunicación? ¿Te han diagnosticado con alguna enfermedad crónica y quieres aprender a manejarla? ¿Has tenido dificultades debido al aislamiento por la pandemia?
(458) 213-4641 View (458) 213-4641
Photo of Irene Meeker - Inner Peace Counseling Inc, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Inner Peace Counseling Inc
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Medford, OR 97501
Our team is trained in modalities such as EMDR, DBT, CBT, and play-therapy.
Our mission at Inner Peace Counseling Inc. is to provide compassionate, evidence-based, and holistic mental health care to individuals, families, couples, and communities. We are committed to fostering a safe, non-judgmental, and inclusive environment where individuals can heal, grow, and thrive. We believe in the power of collaboration and interdisciplinary care, working together with clients and their support networks to address their unique mental health needs.
Our team is trained in modalities such as EMDR, DBT, CBT, and play-therapy.
Our mission at Inner Peace Counseling Inc. is to provide compassionate, evidence-based, and holistic mental health care to individuals, families, couples, and communities. We are committed to fostering a safe, non-judgmental, and inclusive environment where individuals can heal, grow, and thrive. We believe in the power of collaboration and interdisciplinary care, working together with clients and their support networks to address their unique mental health needs.
(458) 217-6484 View (458) 217-6484
Photo of Coriann Matthews - Rogue Holistic Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rogue Holistic Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, OR 97501
Our practice has many solution-focused interventions such as motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance/commitment therapy, EMDR, massage, nutritional coaching, psychedelic prep/integration, somatic, and gestalt methods; all while encompassing your spiritual and personal belief systems, to create a holistic health plan that fits you.
Tambien tenemos servicios en espanol. Seeking help can be very difficult. We're here to walk alongside you on your personal journey towards your fullest potential with care and compassion. Our mission is to provide a welcoming environment to people from all walks of life where we focus on the mind-body-spirit relationship by using a unique approach for each individual. It's our belief that you're the healer and our job is to shine a light on it.
Our practice has many solution-focused interventions such as motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance/commitment therapy, EMDR, massage, nutritional coaching, psychedelic prep/integration, somatic, and gestalt methods; all while encompassing your spiritual and personal belief systems, to create a holistic health plan that fits you.
Tambien tenemos servicios en espanol. Seeking help can be very difficult. We're here to walk alongside you on your personal journey towards your fullest potential with care and compassion. Our mission is to provide a welcoming environment to people from all walks of life where we focus on the mind-body-spirit relationship by using a unique approach for each individual. It's our belief that you're the healer and our job is to shine a light on it.
(541) 625-1507 View (541) 625-1507
Photo of Rummy Rodriguez Anchia Telehealth Provider, CSWA, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Rummy Rodriguez Anchia Telehealth Provider
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSWA, MSW
Verified Verified
Roseburg, OR 97470  (Online Only)
I use an Integrative holistic approach to counseling utilizing a variety of therapeutic approaches focused on the individual client including solution-focused, person-in-environment, Cognitive behavioral therapy & others.
I enjoy working with clients to build on their strengths and gifts to improve their quality of life. My goal as a Tele-Health therapist is to provide a safe and welcoming, non-judgmental, environment to collaboratively identify struggles, traumas, issues, and problems that have been difficult to overcome, then support and help guide you in developing skills that lead to a more fulfilling life. While serving In the U.S. Army, I noticed how a devoted therapist can have an immense impact on a person's recovery. After completing my enlistment, I decided to pursue a career in Mental Health.
I use an Integrative holistic approach to counseling utilizing a variety of therapeutic approaches focused on the individual client including solution-focused, person-in-environment, Cognitive behavioral therapy & others.
I enjoy working with clients to build on their strengths and gifts to improve their quality of life. My goal as a Tele-Health therapist is to provide a safe and welcoming, non-judgmental, environment to collaboratively identify struggles, traumas, issues, and problems that have been difficult to overcome, then support and help guide you in developing skills that lead to a more fulfilling life. While serving In the U.S. Army, I noticed how a devoted therapist can have an immense impact on a person's recovery. After completing my enlistment, I decided to pursue a career in Mental Health.
(541) 900-1839 View (541) 900-1839
Photo of Alicia Schmidt - Bridges to Well-Being, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bridges to Well-Being, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Medford, OR 97501
Our therapists are trained in approaches such as EMDR, ACT, CBT, Solution- Focused Therapy, Art Therapy, Play Therapy and many more.
Bridges to Well-Being is a group behavioral health practice serving children, adults, couples, and families. We believe that relationships are at the heart of peoples' growth. Our clinical team consists of a diverse group of behavioral health clinicians that offer client centered care and encourage you to meet your goals. We empower you to lead your best life. We offer in person and virtual behavioral health.  Bridges to Well-Being is dedicated to serving community members throughout Oregon with a physical location in Medford and Ashland.
Our therapists are trained in approaches such as EMDR, ACT, CBT, Solution- Focused Therapy, Art Therapy, Play Therapy and many more.
Bridges to Well-Being is a group behavioral health practice serving children, adults, couples, and families. We believe that relationships are at the heart of peoples' growth. Our clinical team consists of a diverse group of behavioral health clinicians that offer client centered care and encourage you to meet your goals. We empower you to lead your best life. We offer in person and virtual behavioral health.  Bridges to Well-Being is dedicated to serving community members throughout Oregon with a physical location in Medford and Ashland.
(541) 920-0645 View (541) 920-0645
Photo of Gustavo Barrientos, MS, QMHP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Gustavo Barrientos
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, QMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, OR 97501
Throughout the therapeutic process I utilize several therapeutic approaches inducing Psychodynamic therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy.
I believe each person with the support of the therapeutic relationship can develop characteristics and behaviors of their choosing, and are not defined by outside events, such as background, trauma, demographics, etc. With the support of a therapist individuals can overcome all obstacles presented in their life and become better understanding of themselves and how their past has shaped them.
Throughout the therapeutic process I utilize several therapeutic approaches inducing Psychodynamic therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy.
I believe each person with the support of the therapeutic relationship can develop characteristics and behaviors of their choosing, and are not defined by outside events, such as background, trauma, demographics, etc. With the support of a therapist individuals can overcome all obstacles presented in their life and become better understanding of themselves and how their past has shaped them.
(458) 215-3346 View (458) 215-3346
Photo of Jenny Leitson-Grabelsky, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jenny Leitson-Grabelsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I help adults in NY, OR, CT, MA, and FL who are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationships, and life transitions. I provide a compassionate and nonjudgmental space in which my clients feel “held,” heard, and helped. My therapeutic approach is personalized, collaborative, and tailored to each client’s unique needs and goals. My practice is strengths-based, trauma-informed, and utilizes a range of techniques including awareness of sensations in the body, narrative interventions, cognitive and dialectical behavioral therapies, and Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I help adults in NY, OR, CT, MA, and FL who are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationships, and life transitions. I provide a compassionate and nonjudgmental space in which my clients feel “held,” heard, and helped. My therapeutic approach is personalized, collaborative, and tailored to each client’s unique needs and goals. My practice is strengths-based, trauma-informed, and utilizes a range of techniques including awareness of sensations in the body, narrative interventions, cognitive and dialectical behavioral therapies, and Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy.
(914) 627-1822 View (914) 627-1822
Photo of Adrianne Miller, LCSW, LISW CP, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Adrianne Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW CP, EMDR
Verified Verified
Medford, OR 97504
I believe that transformation is possible for everyone. I believe that one of the bravest things you can do is to begin to explore and understand your own story. It is within your story, embodied in your body, mind, and spirit, that you will find the key to a brighter and fulfilling future. During my more than thirty years as a therapist I have helped countless individuals and couples on their journey to discovery and healing. Join me. Let's do this together. I will work with you to heal on all levels.
I believe that transformation is possible for everyone. I believe that one of the bravest things you can do is to begin to explore and understand your own story. It is within your story, embodied in your body, mind, and spirit, that you will find the key to a brighter and fulfilling future. During my more than thirty years as a therapist I have helped countless individuals and couples on their journey to discovery and healing. Join me. Let's do this together. I will work with you to heal on all levels.
(458) 218-8626 View (458) 218-8626
Photo of Robert Lydon - Stronger Oregon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stronger Oregon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Roseburg, OR 97471
We have a robust team of approximately 180+ providers, and growing, so that you can place a call, likely have someone answer and hopefully find access to treatment within the week or next. We treat all ages and most ailments. We have offices throughout Oregon and we do telehealth. Our providers cover almost all modalities, insurances and demographics so that you have a high probably of getting the right provider and the right time. Search through our list of providers on our website to see how many fit your needs. We'll do our best to be your solution and join you in a journey of healing.
We have a robust team of approximately 180+ providers, and growing, so that you can place a call, likely have someone answer and hopefully find access to treatment within the week or next. We treat all ages and most ailments. We have offices throughout Oregon and we do telehealth. Our providers cover almost all modalities, insurances and demographics so that you have a high probably of getting the right provider and the right time. Search through our list of providers on our website to see how many fit your needs. We'll do our best to be your solution and join you in a journey of healing.
(541) 275-5248 View (541) 275-5248
Photo of Maria A Connolly, MS, LPC, FP, PCC, CMC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maria A Connolly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, FP, PCC, CMC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Are you overwhelmed by life's pressures and seeking a deeper connection with yourself and others? As a somatic therapist, I guide clients through body-centered practices to navigate today's stressful world. Our bodies hold wisdom for emotional healing and expanded consciousness. Together, we'll attune to your body's stories, uncovering core beliefs that shape your experiences and relationships. Through mindful, embodied exploration, we'll transform limiting patterns, integrate mind-body awareness, and cultivate resilience.
Are you overwhelmed by life's pressures and seeking a deeper connection with yourself and others? As a somatic therapist, I guide clients through body-centered practices to navigate today's stressful world. Our bodies hold wisdom for emotional healing and expanded consciousness. Together, we'll attune to your body's stories, uncovering core beliefs that shape your experiences and relationships. Through mindful, embodied exploration, we'll transform limiting patterns, integrate mind-body awareness, and cultivate resilience.
(541) 859-3203 View (541) 859-3203
Photo of Ana J Ramos, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ana J Ramos
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Medford, OR 97504
Have you ever noticed a pattern of behavior that feels rooted in something deeper than you could identify? Fueled by a rich background of social work, teaching, and therapy, I've developed a profound passion for helping people find the "roots" of their difficulties and joining them to make life-changing realizations about themselves and their world.
Have you ever noticed a pattern of behavior that feels rooted in something deeper than you could identify? Fueled by a rich background of social work, teaching, and therapy, I've developed a profound passion for helping people find the "roots" of their difficulties and joining them to make life-changing realizations about themselves and their world.
(458) 203-3141 View (458) 203-3141
Photo of Maribel Aheran - Neupathway (Maribel Aheran), EdD, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Neupathway (Maribel Aheran)
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Grants Pass, OR 97527
Accepting New Patients, same week availability................................... Maribel Aheran Ed.D, LMHC-QS, NCC, MCAP is a bilingual (English & Spanish) licensed clinical mental health counselor with over 12 years of experience treating children, adolescents, college students, and adults. She completed a bachelor's degree in education from Caribbean University, a master's degree in English for speakers of other languages from Turabo University, a master's degree in Counseling and Psychology from Troy University, and a doctorate degree in education from Edgewood College.
Accepting New Patients, same week availability................................... Maribel Aheran Ed.D, LMHC-QS, NCC, MCAP is a bilingual (English & Spanish) licensed clinical mental health counselor with over 12 years of experience treating children, adolescents, college students, and adults. She completed a bachelor's degree in education from Caribbean University, a master's degree in English for speakers of other languages from Turabo University, a master's degree in Counseling and Psychology from Troy University, and a doctorate degree in education from Edgewood College.
(541) 348-6750 View (541) 348-6750
Photo of Ladya Godoy, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ladya Godoy
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Medford, OR 97504  (Online Only)
If you’re grappling with anxiety, self-doubt, or significant life transitions, you may be seeking support to navigate these challenges and find clarity. My goal is to help you address these issues, build self-confidence, and create a more balanced life. It’s never too late to learn new patterns and start living more fully.
If you’re grappling with anxiety, self-doubt, or significant life transitions, you may be seeking support to navigate these challenges and find clarity. My goal is to help you address these issues, build self-confidence, and create a more balanced life. It’s never too late to learn new patterns and start living more fully.
(541) 802-7694 View (541) 802-7694
Photo of Mark McClure - Quality Counseling Services LLC, LPC
Quality Counseling Services LLC
LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, OR 97504
At Quality Counseling Services we offer individual and family counseling for every sort of issue that you and your loved ones are dealing with. Our goal is to provide a space for you and/or your family to work through difficulties in a manner that brings insight and resolution.
At Quality Counseling Services we offer individual and family counseling for every sort of issue that you and your loved ones are dealing with. Our goal is to provide a space for you and/or your family to work through difficulties in a manner that brings insight and resolution.
(541) 640-5292 View (541) 640-5292
Photo of Amber Langer, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amber Langer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
"I am not afraid of storms, for I am learning to sail my ship" - Louisa May Alcott . My work is in service of women and girls as we navigate the challenges in life. Clients I serve are seeking to increase their choices and make meaning; they are on a healing journey using past and present challenges as compost that nourishes the gardens they are cultivating in their lives. I act as an ally and a guide while honoring each individual as the expert in themselves. I work most often with women who are dealing with trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, sexual abuse, and domestic violence.
"I am not afraid of storms, for I am learning to sail my ship" - Louisa May Alcott . My work is in service of women and girls as we navigate the challenges in life. Clients I serve are seeking to increase their choices and make meaning; they are on a healing journey using past and present challenges as compost that nourishes the gardens they are cultivating in their lives. I act as an ally and a guide while honoring each individual as the expert in themselves. I work most often with women who are dealing with trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, sexual abuse, and domestic violence.
(541) 625-1096 View (541) 625-1096
Photo of Julio Adrian Colòn, MA, QMHP
Julio Adrian Colòn
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, QMHP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Medford, OR 97501
My ideal client in therapy is someone who is open to exploring their thoughts and emotions, even if it feels challenging. They are motivated to understand themselves better and are willing to engage in the therapeutic process and journey towards personal growth and healing. Whether they are seeking helping to manage stress, overcoming past trauma or to simply build better relationships, the ideal client is someone that has a genuine desire to improve their quality of life. Using a collaborative approach, I recognize that therapy is a partnership where we work together to set and achieve meaningful goals.
My ideal client in therapy is someone who is open to exploring their thoughts and emotions, even if it feels challenging. They are motivated to understand themselves better and are willing to engage in the therapeutic process and journey towards personal growth and healing. Whether they are seeking helping to manage stress, overcoming past trauma or to simply build better relationships, the ideal client is someone that has a genuine desire to improve their quality of life. Using a collaborative approach, I recognize that therapy is a partnership where we work together to set and achieve meaningful goals.
(458) 209-3542 View (458) 209-3542
Photo of Maribel Aheran - Neupathway (Maribel Aheran), Eed, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Neupathway (Maribel Aheran)
Licensed Professional Counselor, Eed, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Reedsport, OR 97467
Accepting New Patients, same week availability................................... Maribel Aheran Ed.D, LMHC-QS, NCC, MCAP is a bilingual (English & Spanish) licensed clinical mental health counselor with over 12 years of experience treating children, adolescents, college students, and adults. She completed a bachelor's degree in education from Caribbean University, a master's degree in English for speakers of other languages from Turabo University, a master's degree in Counseling and Psychology from Troy University, and a doctorate degree in education from Edgewood College.
Accepting New Patients, same week availability................................... Maribel Aheran Ed.D, LMHC-QS, NCC, MCAP is a bilingual (English & Spanish) licensed clinical mental health counselor with over 12 years of experience treating children, adolescents, college students, and adults. She completed a bachelor's degree in education from Caribbean University, a master's degree in English for speakers of other languages from Turabo University, a master's degree in Counseling and Psychology from Troy University, and a doctorate degree in education from Edgewood College.
(971) 365-4981 View (971) 365-4981
Photo of Kimberly Reilly, MA, CAGS, LPCA
Kimberly Reilly
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, CAGS, LPCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
I am honored to serve as a guide on your journey towards growth and healing. I understand the courage it takes to take the first step, so it's important to me to co-create a safe and compassionate space for you to express yourself, and achieve the life goals you desire. I'm inspired to work with diverse groups of people, and those struggling with issues of childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, addiction, relationship difficulties, multi-racial challenges, adoption and attachment difficulties, as well as spiritual concerns. Although the healing path is not always easy, it can be profoundly rewarding and transformational.
I am honored to serve as a guide on your journey towards growth and healing. I understand the courage it takes to take the first step, so it's important to me to co-create a safe and compassionate space for you to express yourself, and achieve the life goals you desire. I'm inspired to work with diverse groups of people, and those struggling with issues of childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, addiction, relationship difficulties, multi-racial challenges, adoption and attachment difficulties, as well as spiritual concerns. Although the healing path is not always easy, it can be profoundly rewarding and transformational.
(541) 209-4236 View (541) 209-4236
Photo of Cody Christopherson, PhD, Psychologist
Cody Christopherson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
You have a right to therapy supported by good evidence and theory. It is my mission to provide the best of the field of psychology. I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families who initiate psychotherapy to address a variety of concerns (emotional, motivational, developmental, relational, sexual, existential) and to facilitate personal growth toward greater meaning and satisfaction in life. Examples of goals may include psychological flexibility, behavior change, expanded coping capacity, development of deeper sense of relationships, and more open views of your own life.
You have a right to therapy supported by good evidence and theory. It is my mission to provide the best of the field of psychology. I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families who initiate psychotherapy to address a variety of concerns (emotional, motivational, developmental, relational, sexual, existential) and to facilitate personal growth toward greater meaning and satisfaction in life. Examples of goals may include psychological flexibility, behavior change, expanded coping capacity, development of deeper sense of relationships, and more open views of your own life.
(541) 833-9107 View (541) 833-9107

See more therapy options for Curry County

Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.