Therapists in Kingfisher County, OK

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Photo of Melissa R Baldwin, MA, LPC, LADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melissa R Baldwin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LADC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hennessey, OK 73742
Hi! I am a therapist in private practice who is experienced in providing therapy for clients who struggle with multiple issues including Mood disorders (depression, anxiety), Bipolar disorders, trauma, relationships, addictions, and substance abuse. I enjoy working with individuals, couples, and families. My style of therapy is client centered with a focus on education. In therapy, I use a multi-disciplinary approach with evidenced based practices to help you achieve your goals. In therapy, we work together to achieve the changes you have been wanting. I look forward to hearing from you soon!
Hi! I am a therapist in private practice who is experienced in providing therapy for clients who struggle with multiple issues including Mood disorders (depression, anxiety), Bipolar disorders, trauma, relationships, addictions, and substance abuse. I enjoy working with individuals, couples, and families. My style of therapy is client centered with a focus on education. In therapy, I use a multi-disciplinary approach with evidenced based practices to help you achieve your goals. In therapy, we work together to achieve the changes you have been wanting. I look forward to hearing from you soon!
(580) 609-4089 View (580) 609-4089
Photo of Sean P Byrne - The Byrne Center, MEd, MCP, LPC-S, LMSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
The Byrne Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, MCP, LPC-S, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kingfisher, OK 73750  (Online Only)
The Byrne Center was created to empower growth and healing through Narrative Therapy and EMDR counseling. Sean Byrne, M.Ed., MCP, CPS, LMSW, LPC has over 20 years experience in system and individual change. We treat a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, urge reduction (smoking, weight loss, gambling, etc..), mental illness, addiction, and behavioral problems.
The Byrne Center was created to empower growth and healing through Narrative Therapy and EMDR counseling. Sean Byrne, M.Ed., MCP, CPS, LMSW, LPC has over 20 years experience in system and individual change. We treat a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, urge reduction (smoking, weight loss, gambling, etc..), mental illness, addiction, and behavioral problems.
(580) 379-0848 View (580) 379-0848
Photo of Angie Case, MAMFT, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angie Case
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Kingfisher, OK 73750
Not accepting new clients
UNABLE TO ACCEPT NEW CLIENTS AT THIS TIME. Difficulties or frustration in your relationships? Do you feel as though no one hears you? Do you have feelings of anxiety or depression without knowing where those feelings are coming from? Many of the individuals I work with feel this way due to relationship conflicts, childhood emotional neglect issues, trauma, daily stress, and ineffective communication. Hope and success are achievable. I believe creating a safe environment for clients to express and process feelings and frustrations is of the utmost importance.
UNABLE TO ACCEPT NEW CLIENTS AT THIS TIME. Difficulties or frustration in your relationships? Do you feel as though no one hears you? Do you have feelings of anxiety or depression without knowing where those feelings are coming from? Many of the individuals I work with feel this way due to relationship conflicts, childhood emotional neglect issues, trauma, daily stress, and ineffective communication. Hope and success are achievable. I believe creating a safe environment for clients to express and process feelings and frustrations is of the utmost importance.
(405) 896-7251 View (405) 896-7251
Photo of Tabitha Valtr Sharp, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tabitha Valtr Sharp
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hennessey, OK 73742
Hello! My purpose is to help you reach your goals in a collaborative effort, and don't let my license mislead you, I help individuals as well as couples. You are the expert of your life, but that doesn't mean that you don't need a little extra help though the hard times. That is where I can assist, support, and collaborate with you as we work to reach your goals. Feeling down, stressed, or alone? I am here to show you compassion, empathy, and strength by helping you reach your goals, becoming a healthier you and healthier family.
Hello! My purpose is to help you reach your goals in a collaborative effort, and don't let my license mislead you, I help individuals as well as couples. You are the expert of your life, but that doesn't mean that you don't need a little extra help though the hard times. That is where I can assist, support, and collaborate with you as we work to reach your goals. Feeling down, stressed, or alone? I am here to show you compassion, empathy, and strength by helping you reach your goals, becoming a healthier you and healthier family.
(580) 203-4137 View (580) 203-4137
Photo of Shanan Conder, EdS, MEd, LPC, NCSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shanan Conder
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, MEd, LPC, NCSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hennessey, OK 73742
I am a Nationally Certified School Psychologist and Licensed Professional Counselor who provides diagnostic assessments for clients across the state of Oklahoma. Assessments I offer include, Dyslexia, ADHD, Autism, Learning Disabilities, and Emotional Disturbances like Anxiety and Depression. When a child or loved one is struggling to learn in school or to regulate their emotions and behaviors it can make us feel like their world is unraveling. Parents often feel determined to find answers and desperate to support their child in their development. We want to see them thrive.
I am a Nationally Certified School Psychologist and Licensed Professional Counselor who provides diagnostic assessments for clients across the state of Oklahoma. Assessments I offer include, Dyslexia, ADHD, Autism, Learning Disabilities, and Emotional Disturbances like Anxiety and Depression. When a child or loved one is struggling to learn in school or to regulate their emotions and behaviors it can make us feel like their world is unraveling. Parents often feel determined to find answers and desperate to support their child in their development. We want to see them thrive.
(580) 246-5049 View (580) 246-5049
Photo of Sharon Groves, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sharon Groves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hennessey, OK 73742
Sometimes life’s challenges are more than we can manage alone. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, or any other issue, you don’t have to journey alone. Together we will discover your strengths and explore solutions to your challenges. I utilize a whole-person, conversational approach, to create an atmosphere for personal discovery and growth.
Sometimes life’s challenges are more than we can manage alone. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, or any other issue, you don’t have to journey alone. Together we will discover your strengths and explore solutions to your challenges. I utilize a whole-person, conversational approach, to create an atmosphere for personal discovery and growth.
(580) 200-8332 View (580) 200-8332
Photo of Peggy Dunson-Bower - Peace of Mind & Wellness, LPC, NCC, LMFT, USSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Peace of Mind & Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, LMFT, USSW
Verified Verified
Hennessey, OK 73742
When life is challenging and emotions are high, the skilled counselors and therapists at Peace of Mind and Wellness are here to provide a safe and supportive environment for all clients. Our team promises to respect every client and their privacy as we encourage opportunities for you to improve your Peace of Mind as you heal your past or learn to manage your present. We utilize many therapeutic approaches to address a wide range of diagnoses.
When life is challenging and emotions are high, the skilled counselors and therapists at Peace of Mind and Wellness are here to provide a safe and supportive environment for all clients. Our team promises to respect every client and their privacy as we encourage opportunities for you to improve your Peace of Mind as you heal your past or learn to manage your present. We utilize many therapeutic approaches to address a wide range of diagnoses.
(580) 297-7192 View (580) 297-7192
Photo of Whitney Hake, MCP, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Whitney Hake
Licensed Professional Counselor, MCP, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hennessey, OK 73742
My priority in the counseling process is to ensure a trusting therapeutic relationship between you and I, so that you can grow and freely explore your emotions. No two people are the same, and it is my mission for us to work together to establish goals that are personalized to fit your unique needs. I am passionate about advocating for your relationship with yourself and others so you can have the confidence to handle the challenges of life. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and families.
My priority in the counseling process is to ensure a trusting therapeutic relationship between you and I, so that you can grow and freely explore your emotions. No two people are the same, and it is my mission for us to work together to establish goals that are personalized to fit your unique needs. I am passionate about advocating for your relationship with yourself and others so you can have the confidence to handle the challenges of life. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and families.
(580) 263-5563 View (580) 263-5563
Photo of Tell J. Collier - Salt and Light Christian Counseling & Coaching, LpastC, BCMHC, Ordmin, APScert, CCLC, Pastoral Counselor
Salt and Light Christian Counseling & Coaching
Pastoral Counselor, LpastC, BCMHC, Ordmin, APScert, CCLC
Verified Verified
Cashion, OK 73016
Being born into a broken world can bring traumatic life experiences leaving us feeling, hopeless and lost. As a Pastoral Counselor, Mental Health Coach and Life Coach, I strive to provide the best Biblically sound holistic care available. I enjoy teaching my clients about their unique strengths, providing a non-judgmental, confidential and peaceful atmosphere, while setting attainable goals conducive for growth. As an out of network provider I do not take insurance. However, I offer a reduced rate/sliding scale fee for those with limited finances. In most cases this is the same or slightly better than your insurance copay.
Being born into a broken world can bring traumatic life experiences leaving us feeling, hopeless and lost. As a Pastoral Counselor, Mental Health Coach and Life Coach, I strive to provide the best Biblically sound holistic care available. I enjoy teaching my clients about their unique strengths, providing a non-judgmental, confidential and peaceful atmosphere, while setting attainable goals conducive for growth. As an out of network provider I do not take insurance. However, I offer a reduced rate/sliding scale fee for those with limited finances. In most cases this is the same or slightly better than your insurance copay.
(405) 877-7106 View (405) 877-7106
Photo of Cody Ferguson, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cody Ferguson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Kingfisher, OK 73750
I aim to provide a safe atmosphere for clients to meet their individual needs and reach their goals through the utilization of an integrated approach to services. My goal is to be a practical, ethical, and client-driven clinician.
I aim to provide a safe atmosphere for clients to meet their individual needs and reach their goals through the utilization of an integrated approach to services. My goal is to be a practical, ethical, and client-driven clinician.
(405) 451-2138 View (405) 451-2138
Photo of Desiree B Selby - Selby Counseling Solutions, Pre-Licensed Professional
Selby Counseling Solutions
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Hennessey, OK 73742
The therapeutic journey is creative, uncertain, and different for each client. With this being said, I will attempt to create an authentic and unique environment for each client. I use existential therapy to explore themes of meaning, anxiety, depression, anger, responsibility, loneliness, authenticity, and how our choices dictate how we feel and ultimately how our future pans out. I use this approach to empower my clients so they have the ability to realize that the way they react to daily living is a choice that they can control. I want to help guide my clients into being the person they feel that they were born to be.
The therapeutic journey is creative, uncertain, and different for each client. With this being said, I will attempt to create an authentic and unique environment for each client. I use existential therapy to explore themes of meaning, anxiety, depression, anger, responsibility, loneliness, authenticity, and how our choices dictate how we feel and ultimately how our future pans out. I use this approach to empower my clients so they have the ability to realize that the way they react to daily living is a choice that they can control. I want to help guide my clients into being the person they feel that they were born to be.
(580) 233-8900 View (580) 233-8900
Photo of Liz Hemme, MCP, LADC-MH, CCTP, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Liz Hemme
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MCP, LADC-MH, CCTP
Verified Verified
Kingfisher, OK 73750
As the daughter of First Responders, and granddaughter to two Veterans, there is a special place in my heart for helping our Nations Hero's heal the wounds acquired while saving and protecting us! Thank You! The last 13 years I have had the pleasure of helping people with a range of mental, emotional and behavioral heath problems such as addictions to substances and behaviors, depression, anxiety, PTSD, parenting/family/relationship problems, life management, TBI, ASD, and treatment resistant depression in adults and teens. I am EMDR trained, working towards certification.
As the daughter of First Responders, and granddaughter to two Veterans, there is a special place in my heart for helping our Nations Hero's heal the wounds acquired while saving and protecting us! Thank You! The last 13 years I have had the pleasure of helping people with a range of mental, emotional and behavioral heath problems such as addictions to substances and behaviors, depression, anxiety, PTSD, parenting/family/relationship problems, life management, TBI, ASD, and treatment resistant depression in adults and teens. I am EMDR trained, working towards certification.
(405) 367-0598 View (405) 367-0598
Cornerstone Counseling & Consulting Inc
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LADC, LSOTP, SAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kingfisher, OK 73750
(405) 400-1123 View (405) 400-1123

Online Therapists

Photo of Jodye Morgan, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jodye Morgan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Moore, OK 73160  (Online Only)
Being human is tough sometimes, but you don't have to struggle alone. I offer an affordable, safe and affirming space where we can focus on you; on where you have been, where you are now, and where you want to be. I don't believe in one size fits all therapy. We are each unique, and together we will find your individual path to authenticity and well-being. Carl Jung said, "The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are." I would like to help you do that.
Being human is tough sometimes, but you don't have to struggle alone. I offer an affordable, safe and affirming space where we can focus on you; on where you have been, where you are now, and where you want to be. I don't believe in one size fits all therapy. We are each unique, and together we will find your individual path to authenticity and well-being. Carl Jung said, "The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are." I would like to help you do that.
(405) 358-2965 View (405) 358-2965
Photo of Elizabeth Hawkins, MEd, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elizabeth Hawkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmond, OK 73013
Happiness is Healthiness. Life happens. And at times, it can be very overwhelming. I believe everyone deserves the space and time to bring their hearts and lives into alignment with the beliefs they most deeply value. By doing so, you can transform suffering into understanding and move in the direction of your goals and dreams. Therapy can effectuate remarkable change and enhance your life. My first focus is on building a trusting therapeutic relationship so that my patients are able to receive the support and guidance they need to navigate life's changes. I take a collaborative approach in assisting adolescents and adults.
Happiness is Healthiness. Life happens. And at times, it can be very overwhelming. I believe everyone deserves the space and time to bring their hearts and lives into alignment with the beliefs they most deeply value. By doing so, you can transform suffering into understanding and move in the direction of your goals and dreams. Therapy can effectuate remarkable change and enhance your life. My first focus is on building a trusting therapeutic relationship so that my patients are able to receive the support and guidance they need to navigate life's changes. I take a collaborative approach in assisting adolescents and adults.
(405) 477-1342 View (405) 477-1342
Photo of Clint Hardesty, MS, MHR, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Clint Hardesty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MHR, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Norman, OK 73072
I enjoy working with clients who are trying to remove the barriers keeping them from a deeply meaningful experience of life. Anxiety, Depression, Life Transitions (College, Post-College, Mid-Life, and Retirement), Career Counseling and Major Exploration for College Students, Death and Dying, Social Anxiety and Interpersonal Communication, and Spiritual Direction for religious and non-religious seekers are all areas I enjoy addressing with clients. I have always been a curious person and that has enabled me to compile a diverse array of life experiences and that allows me to work with a wide range of clients.
I enjoy working with clients who are trying to remove the barriers keeping them from a deeply meaningful experience of life. Anxiety, Depression, Life Transitions (College, Post-College, Mid-Life, and Retirement), Career Counseling and Major Exploration for College Students, Death and Dying, Social Anxiety and Interpersonal Communication, and Spiritual Direction for religious and non-religious seekers are all areas I enjoy addressing with clients. I have always been a curious person and that has enabled me to compile a diverse array of life experiences and that allows me to work with a wide range of clients.
(405) 251-8314 View (405) 251-8314
Photo of Miranda Friedman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Miranda Friedman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Norman, OK 73069
As a mental health therapist, I'm dedicated to fostering healing and growth in individuals facing life's challenges. With a compassionate approach, I provide a safe space for exploration and healing, utilizing evidence-based practices to address anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. Together, we'll navigate difficulties, develop coping strategies, and cultivate self-awareness for a more fulfilling life.
As a mental health therapist, I'm dedicated to fostering healing and growth in individuals facing life's challenges. With a compassionate approach, I provide a safe space for exploration and healing, utilizing evidence-based practices to address anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. Together, we'll navigate difficulties, develop coping strategies, and cultivate self-awareness for a more fulfilling life.
(405) 251-6177 View (405) 251-6177
Photo of Sara Thomas, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sara Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73112
Given how many obstacles we face, it makes sense to see life as uneasy. And even when you want change in your life, change is often uncomfortable. I’m aware of this, so I aim to sit with you during those challenges and discomfort in a safe space, giving you room to navigate and process these feelings and thoughts. I’m deeply interested in helping people alleviate suffering. My experience comes from a medical background in clinical social work, so I’m passionate about helping those severely ill or aging. I also enjoy helping those in relationships rehabilitate mutual care.
Given how many obstacles we face, it makes sense to see life as uneasy. And even when you want change in your life, change is often uncomfortable. I’m aware of this, so I aim to sit with you during those challenges and discomfort in a safe space, giving you room to navigate and process these feelings and thoughts. I’m deeply interested in helping people alleviate suffering. My experience comes from a medical background in clinical social work, so I’m passionate about helping those severely ill or aging. I also enjoy helping those in relationships rehabilitate mutual care.
(405) 993-4520 View (405) 993-4520
Photo of Natalie Cleverdon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Natalie Cleverdon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Edmond, OK 73013
If you are feeling overwhelmed, lonely, hurt, angry or confused, then you are taking a brave step in the direction of change. Whether you are experiencing marital strain, family stress or conflict, uncertainty in parenting or just need a safe place to sort through your thoughts and feelings, I am here to help. I love this work and I'm honored to hear your story and walk alongside you as you take steps toward more joy, peace and stability in your life.
If you are feeling overwhelmed, lonely, hurt, angry or confused, then you are taking a brave step in the direction of change. Whether you are experiencing marital strain, family stress or conflict, uncertainty in parenting or just need a safe place to sort through your thoughts and feelings, I am here to help. I love this work and I'm honored to hear your story and walk alongside you as you take steps toward more joy, peace and stability in your life.
(405) 972-8272 View (405) 972-8272
Photo of Lee Ledbetter, MA, LPC-C, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lee Ledbetter
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmond, OK 73013
I am a transgender, sex positive, tattooed, feminist counselor. My space is gender affirming, kink aware, non-monogamy friendly, and sex worker allied. My counseling style is collaborative in nature. I believe that my clients are the experts of their own lives and should be treated as such. Each therapy plan is individualized to fit each client’s unique needs and wants. My therapy model is relational, and systems focused. Let’s work together to explore and create space for growth and healing. I work with individuals and couples/partners, ages 18 and over.
I am a transgender, sex positive, tattooed, feminist counselor. My space is gender affirming, kink aware, non-monogamy friendly, and sex worker allied. My counseling style is collaborative in nature. I believe that my clients are the experts of their own lives and should be treated as such. Each therapy plan is individualized to fit each client’s unique needs and wants. My therapy model is relational, and systems focused. Let’s work together to explore and create space for growth and healing. I work with individuals and couples/partners, ages 18 and over.
(405) 584-5817 View (405) 584-5817

See more therapy options for Kingfisher County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kingfisher County, OK

10+

Average cost per session

$97

Therapists in Kingfisher County, OK who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
85% Relationship Issues
85% Trauma and PTSD
85% Coping Skills
85% Stress
77% Parenting

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
83% Health Choice
75% Aetna

How Therapists in Kingfisher County, OK see their clients

93% In Person and Online
7% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kingfisher County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.