Therapists in Lawrence County, OH

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Photo of Kristi J. Reeves, MSW, LISW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristi J. Reeves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
South Point, OH 45680
Not accepting new clients
At Balanced Life Counseling, I know that when things are out of balance, life can leave you feeling depressed, anxious, and overwhelmed. I'm a great listener, but with that said, my approach to counseling is active and highly individualized. I will often weave together different modalities like DBT, CBT, Schema Therapy, and art to be responsive to what is revealed from the unconscious and help you bring it to light. If you're a seeker, whatever the struggles you are facing that have led you to search for help, I'm glad you're reaching out!
At Balanced Life Counseling, I know that when things are out of balance, life can leave you feeling depressed, anxious, and overwhelmed. I'm a great listener, but with that said, my approach to counseling is active and highly individualized. I will often weave together different modalities like DBT, CBT, Schema Therapy, and art to be responsive to what is revealed from the unconscious and help you bring it to light. If you're a seeker, whatever the struggles you are facing that have led you to search for help, I'm glad you're reaching out!
(740) 276-3392 View (740) 276-3392
Photo of Katie Holderby, MA, LPCC-S, CSAYC, Counselor
Katie Holderby
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S, CSAYC
Verified Verified
South Point, OH 45680  (Online Only)
I am a licensed professional clinical counselor with an MA in professional counseling. I enjoy working with all ages and have primarily focused on individuals with trauma, ADHD, autism, depression and anxiety. My goal is to work together to help you live a healthy, successful life. Frequently my clients describe seeking assistance with feelings of being "stuck", struggling to manage simple tasks, difficulty sleeping, irritability or not feeling like themselves.
I am a licensed professional clinical counselor with an MA in professional counseling. I enjoy working with all ages and have primarily focused on individuals with trauma, ADHD, autism, depression and anxiety. My goal is to work together to help you live a healthy, successful life. Frequently my clients describe seeking assistance with feelings of being "stuck", struggling to manage simple tasks, difficulty sleeping, irritability or not feeling like themselves.
(606) 206-8667 View (606) 206-8667
Photo of Melanie Danielson, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melanie Danielson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Ironton, OH 45638
Hello, my name is Melanie. I have devoted my life to helping people become the best versions of themselves. I also know that starting therapy can be scary for a variety of reasons. When seeking therapy, it is important to remember that you are not alone, and that seeking help is a sign of strength and self-awareness. I provide Assessments, Evolutions and Psychotherapy services to children, adolescents, and adults. I am a neurodiversity-affirming therapist, and I have years of experience treating Trauma, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Autism, ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, Grief, Personality Disorders, Substance Misuse and Behavior Issues
Hello, my name is Melanie. I have devoted my life to helping people become the best versions of themselves. I also know that starting therapy can be scary for a variety of reasons. When seeking therapy, it is important to remember that you are not alone, and that seeking help is a sign of strength and self-awareness. I provide Assessments, Evolutions and Psychotherapy services to children, adolescents, and adults. I am a neurodiversity-affirming therapist, and I have years of experience treating Trauma, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Autism, ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, Grief, Personality Disorders, Substance Misuse and Behavior Issues
(352) 290-8954 View (352) 290-8954
Photo of Roxana Kennedy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Roxana Kennedy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ironton, OH 45638
Do you find yourself missing your spark? Do you find that your moods have control over your life? Do you find yourself in this never-ending cycle of shame and trying to escape through unhealthy ways? Many people have found themselves stuck in this story and feeling numb to it all. This can rob you of joy and take away your spark. I think one of the bravest things you can do is to begin to understand your story. Using a strength- based and collaborative approach, I can offer you the space to rewrite your story into one of empowerment and resilience.
Do you find yourself missing your spark? Do you find that your moods have control over your life? Do you find yourself in this never-ending cycle of shame and trying to escape through unhealthy ways? Many people have found themselves stuck in this story and feeling numb to it all. This can rob you of joy and take away your spark. I think one of the bravest things you can do is to begin to understand your story. Using a strength- based and collaborative approach, I can offer you the space to rewrite your story into one of empowerment and resilience.
(614) 756-5370 View (614) 756-5370
Photo of Steven T Tackett, MEd, LPCC
Steven T Tackett
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ironton, OH 45638
As therapists, our goal is to help you uncover your potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. We look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
As therapists, our goal is to help you uncover your potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. We look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
(606) 263-1490 View (606) 263-1490
Photo of Stephen Brown, LCPC
Stephen Brown
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, OH 45619
My name is Stephen Brown, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor based in Northeast Ohio and seeing clients throughout the state via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults specializing in stress, depression, anxiety, and trauma. I primarily use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients find positive solutions to start feeling better. I have found that my approach is effective for teens and adults struggling with the challenges and stressors of life, which take the forms of depression, anxiety, stress, and trauma.
My name is Stephen Brown, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor based in Northeast Ohio and seeing clients throughout the state via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults specializing in stress, depression, anxiety, and trauma. I primarily use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients find positive solutions to start feeling better. I have found that my approach is effective for teens and adults struggling with the challenges and stressors of life, which take the forms of depression, anxiety, stress, and trauma.
(216) 859-4703 View (216) 859-4703
Photo of Rob Deckert, MA, LPCC-S
Rob Deckert
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Ironton, OH 45638
Making the decision to look for counseling is a big one and finding the right fit for who you are and what you need is critical. I have been working with a variety of clients since 2004 and am committed to helping my clients find the hope and healing they are looking for. I have experience working with both individuals and couples and find that partnering with my clients is the best way to make a long lasting change in their lives. I am so glad you have decided to make the choice to look for help and I hope to be able to work with you on your path.
Making the decision to look for counseling is a big one and finding the right fit for who you are and what you need is critical. I have been working with a variety of clients since 2004 and am committed to helping my clients find the hope and healing they are looking for. I have experience working with both individuals and couples and find that partnering with my clients is the best way to make a long lasting change in their lives. I am so glad you have decided to make the choice to look for help and I hope to be able to work with you on your path.
(740) 685-4664 View (740) 685-4664
Photo of Shawna Bumgardner, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shawna Bumgardner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
South Point, OH 45680
Do you feel like no one sees you or your pain? Do you feel misunderstood and alone in your thoughts? Are you navigating through life holding on to emotional pain and circumstances that leave you feeling alone or out of control? Living with all of these thoughts, feelings and emotions can be overwhelming to our daily routine and function and just having another person to walk this journey of life can create healing and new perspective.
Do you feel like no one sees you or your pain? Do you feel misunderstood and alone in your thoughts? Are you navigating through life holding on to emotional pain and circumstances that leave you feeling alone or out of control? Living with all of these thoughts, feelings and emotions can be overwhelming to our daily routine and function and just having another person to walk this journey of life can create healing and new perspective.
(304) 381-1790 View (304) 381-1790
Photo of Jami Munn, LPCC-S, LICDC
Jami Munn
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
Ironton, OH 45638
Not accepting new clients
Are you wanting to increase happiness and overall satisfaction with your life? Would you like to work towards gaining control of your thoughts, feelings, and actions? Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-worth, addiction, trauma, or just simply feeling overwhelmed with life, these are goals that you can reach.
Are you wanting to increase happiness and overall satisfaction with your life? Would you like to work towards gaining control of your thoughts, feelings, and actions? Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-worth, addiction, trauma, or just simply feeling overwhelmed with life, these are goals that you can reach.
(740) 200-8028 View (740) 200-8028

Online Therapists

Photo of Judith Elaine Wymer - Well Balanced Counseling, LLC, MEd, LPCC-S, Counselor
Well Balanced Counseling, LLC
Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Lancaster, OH 43130
Life has its challenges, and sometimes that new challenge can make life feel like a juggling act. Whether you are experiencing a recent trauma or having difficulty managing the daily stressors of life, Well Balanced Counseling, is here to help guide you through your journey as you learn to balance life in a healthier way.
Life has its challenges, and sometimes that new challenge can make life feel like a juggling act. Whether you are experiencing a recent trauma or having difficulty managing the daily stressors of life, Well Balanced Counseling, is here to help guide you through your journey as you learn to balance life in a healthier way.
(740) 205-8315 View (740) 205-8315
Photo of Macey Hawout, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Macey Hawout
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, OH 43130
Are you a young adult woman experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem issues, and even trauma? Self-discovery and creating/finding identity are goals I work best with. In my most recent job, I have found that domestic violence survivors and women who experience issues specific to being a woman have piqued my interest. As a therapist, the most rewarding thing is to guide women toward embracing themselves for who they are, heal past wounds, and empower them to live fully and authentically. I believe I have been given a purpose in this world to serve others, and that's what I was created to do.
Are you a young adult woman experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem issues, and even trauma? Self-discovery and creating/finding identity are goals I work best with. In my most recent job, I have found that domestic violence survivors and women who experience issues specific to being a woman have piqued my interest. As a therapist, the most rewarding thing is to guide women toward embracing themselves for who they are, heal past wounds, and empower them to live fully and authentically. I believe I have been given a purpose in this world to serve others, and that's what I was created to do.
(740) 206-8670 View (740) 206-8670
Photo of Lauren Woodbury, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Woodbury
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43206
Life is constantly evolving and for adolescents, young adults, and young professionals that can be overwhelming and scary. Whether it is experiencing anxiety, depression or life transitions, my goal is to support you through your individualized journey. I also work with clients who seek support around relationships, self-esteem, grief, anger, stress management, women’s issues and identity exploration.
Life is constantly evolving and for adolescents, young adults, and young professionals that can be overwhelming and scary. Whether it is experiencing anxiety, depression or life transitions, my goal is to support you through your individualized journey. I also work with clients who seek support around relationships, self-esteem, grief, anger, stress management, women’s issues and identity exploration.
(380) 888-2830 View (380) 888-2830
Photo of Chanel Hall, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chanel Hall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pickerington, OH 43147
I specialize in seeing clients who struggle with over-controlled personality types. Do you work too much? Want things to be perfect? Strongly dislike being out of control of situations? Or feel like you have to do things in order for them to be done correctly? My ideal client is simply a client looking to learn and grow. I have treated such a wide variety of diagnoses and people from all over the country. I am open to most clients as long as they are adults.
I specialize in seeing clients who struggle with over-controlled personality types. Do you work too much? Want things to be perfect? Strongly dislike being out of control of situations? Or feel like you have to do things in order for them to be done correctly? My ideal client is simply a client looking to learn and grow. I have treated such a wide variety of diagnoses and people from all over the country. I am open to most clients as long as they are adults.
(614) 618-3116 View (614) 618-3116
Photo of Pretty Amagbakhen, MSW, LISW, ADHD-CP, ADHD-PT, ASDCS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pretty Amagbakhen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW, ADHD-CP, ADHD-PT, ASDCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43204  (Online Only)
Navigating the complexities of ADHD and Autism alongside a co-occurring disorder can be overwhelming. In my approach to therapy, I blend empathy, evidence-based techniques, and personalized treatment plans to help enhance mental well-being and improve the quality of life for Neurodivergent individuals. I create a safe and nurturing environment where you can explore your challenges, identify strengths, increase self-awareness, foster resilience, and make progress towards growth and healing in a way that is most beneficial for you.
Navigating the complexities of ADHD and Autism alongside a co-occurring disorder can be overwhelming. In my approach to therapy, I blend empathy, evidence-based techniques, and personalized treatment plans to help enhance mental well-being and improve the quality of life for Neurodivergent individuals. I create a safe and nurturing environment where you can explore your challenges, identify strengths, increase self-awareness, foster resilience, and make progress towards growth and healing in a way that is most beneficial for you.
(614) 490-0532 View (614) 490-0532
Photo of Jessica Tucker, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Tucker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Marietta, OH 45750  (Online Only)
I am a strong advocate for helping others start their journey and believe in themselves. Someone living with a mental illness can achieve mental wellbeing; likewise, someone who has never had mental illnesses could have a poor state of mental wellbeing.
I am a strong advocate for helping others start their journey and believe in themselves. Someone living with a mental illness can achieve mental wellbeing; likewise, someone who has never had mental illnesses could have a poor state of mental wellbeing.
(740) 685-4319 View (740) 685-4319
Photo of Amy B Jones, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy B Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Batavia, OH 45103  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Amy, and I look forward to working with you! I know that therapy can seem daunting and the thought of talking to a complete stranger about your life might be uncomfortable. All of those feelings are completely natural and it is my goal to provide a safe and engaging therapeutic environment for you throughout the process. You will always be in the driver's seat of your treatment. I will partner with you and operate as your navigation guide. I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker in the state of Ohio and a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker in the state of Kansas.
Hello, I'm Amy, and I look forward to working with you! I know that therapy can seem daunting and the thought of talking to a complete stranger about your life might be uncomfortable. All of those feelings are completely natural and it is my goal to provide a safe and engaging therapeutic environment for you throughout the process. You will always be in the driver's seat of your treatment. I will partner with you and operate as your navigation guide. I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker in the state of Ohio and a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker in the state of Kansas.
(380) 221-8330 View (380) 221-8330
Photo of Marissa Jordan - Phoenix Rising, LLC, PhD, LPCC-S, CCTP-II, CFMHE, Licensed Professional Counselor
Phoenix Rising, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPCC-S, CCTP-II, CFMHE
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grove City, OH 43123  (Online Only)
Welcome to Phoenix Rising Counseling & Consulting, LLC, and congratulations on taking the first step on your growth journey. If you've come to this page, it means you're exploring options for your support team. Whether I have the honor of being your therapist or not - I sincerely wish you the best of luck on your goals. My name is Mj, and I have been in practice since 2016. I chose a phoenix for my practice mascot because it is a symbol of renewal and rejuvenation. I believe that difficulties can be overcome, wounds can be healed, and everyone is capable of achieving their desired potential.
Welcome to Phoenix Rising Counseling & Consulting, LLC, and congratulations on taking the first step on your growth journey. If you've come to this page, it means you're exploring options for your support team. Whether I have the honor of being your therapist or not - I sincerely wish you the best of luck on your goals. My name is Mj, and I have been in practice since 2016. I chose a phoenix for my practice mascot because it is a symbol of renewal and rejuvenation. I believe that difficulties can be overcome, wounds can be healed, and everyone is capable of achieving their desired potential.
(614) 502-6797 View (614) 502-6797
Photo of Terrance Tufts, LPCC, Counselor
Terrance Tufts
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Pickerington, OH 43147
I have served those with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Family Issues, etc. My ideal client is motivated to roll up their sleeves and engage in the therapeutic process. They have an open mind and can practice effective coping skills to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. They can challenge themselves to be vulnerable and practice accountability while processing their problematic thinking patterns and behaviors in a safe and non-judgmental environment. They wish to engage in therapy because they realize that they need to make a change and are willing to take a leap of faith to make it happen.
I have served those with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Family Issues, etc. My ideal client is motivated to roll up their sleeves and engage in the therapeutic process. They have an open mind and can practice effective coping skills to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. They can challenge themselves to be vulnerable and practice accountability while processing their problematic thinking patterns and behaviors in a safe and non-judgmental environment. They wish to engage in therapy because they realize that they need to make a change and are willing to take a leap of faith to make it happen.
(614) 683-5179 View (614) 683-5179
Photo of Deborah Pinckney - Have Faith Christian Counseling, LPCC-S, LCDC, III, SAP, Counselor
Have Faith Christian Counseling
Counselor, LPCC-S, LCDC, III, SAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Whitehall, OH 43213
You are a spiritual being living a human experience, which may result in challenges wounding your body, mind and spirit. At Have Faith Christian Counseling you're offered "a caring hand in life's journey," and encouragement to take a mustard seed step of faith. A step toward your healing journey of achievement, awareness, creativity, forgiveness, fulfillment, joy, self love, love of others, peace and spiritual growth. There is hope! Be encouraged. Empower yourself today to begin living the positive life you were created to live.
You are a spiritual being living a human experience, which may result in challenges wounding your body, mind and spirit. At Have Faith Christian Counseling you're offered "a caring hand in life's journey," and encouragement to take a mustard seed step of faith. A step toward your healing journey of achievement, awareness, creativity, forgiveness, fulfillment, joy, self love, love of others, peace and spiritual growth. There is hope! Be encouraged. Empower yourself today to begin living the positive life you were created to live.
(614) 515-4452 View (614) 515-4452
Photo of Mary M Brown, MSW, LISW-S, S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary M Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S, S
Verified Verified
Chillicothe, OH 45601
I'm a dedicated mental health professional with a deep passion for guiding individuals on their journey to emotional well-being and resilience. My approach integrates a variety of evidence-based therapy techniques, tailored to each individual's unique needs. My expertise encompasses a broad spectrum of mental health areas, including couples therapy, managing depression and anxiety, trauma healing, navigating grief, end-of-life dilemmas, and providing support for persons of faith seeking therapy.
I'm a dedicated mental health professional with a deep passion for guiding individuals on their journey to emotional well-being and resilience. My approach integrates a variety of evidence-based therapy techniques, tailored to each individual's unique needs. My expertise encompasses a broad spectrum of mental health areas, including couples therapy, managing depression and anxiety, trauma healing, navigating grief, end-of-life dilemmas, and providing support for persons of faith seeking therapy.
(740) 508-5857 View (740) 508-5857

See more therapy options for Lawrence County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lawrence County, OH

< 10

Therapists in Lawrence County, OH who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
89% Dual Diagnosis
78% Trauma and PTSD
78% Anger Management
78% Coping Skills
67% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
89% Cigna and Evernorth
89% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Lawrence County, OH see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
28% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lawrence County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.