Photo of Robert Nathan Adams, MS, LPCC, Counselor
Robert Nathan Adams
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45429
I offer CBT interventions, Motivational Interviewing, focus on the 40 Developmental Assets, EMDR, concepts of Play Therapy, Expressive Therapy, ACT.
Immediate openings I enjoy working with a variety of clients with many presenting problems. I work alongside my clients to help them meet their goals while motivating them to continue to grow in their therapeutic and personal journeys.
I offer CBT interventions, Motivational Interviewing, focus on the 40 Developmental Assets, EMDR, concepts of Play Therapy, Expressive Therapy, ACT.
Immediate openings I enjoy working with a variety of clients with many presenting problems. I work alongside my clients to help them meet their goals while motivating them to continue to grow in their therapeutic and personal journeys.
(937) 230-8425 View (937) 230-8425
Photo of Holly D. Karban, MS, LPC, CCTS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Holly D. Karban
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CCTS
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45409
Congratulations on taking the first step towards positive change. Please know that I appreciate & respect clients from all walks of life, regardless of age, race, sexuality, socioeconomic background, ethnicity, & religion. I welcome children, adolescents, adults, traditional & modern families/couples. Because therapy is not “one size fits all,” I utilize more of an eclectic approach to the process, and treat every client as the unique individual that YOU are.
Congratulations on taking the first step towards positive change. Please know that I appreciate & respect clients from all walks of life, regardless of age, race, sexuality, socioeconomic background, ethnicity, & religion. I welcome children, adolescents, adults, traditional & modern families/couples. Because therapy is not “one size fits all,” I utilize more of an eclectic approach to the process, and treat every client as the unique individual that YOU are.
(937) 410-0519 View (937) 410-0519

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Carla Urbanas - Professional Counseling Services of Ohio, LLC, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC, Counselor
Professional Counseling Services of Ohio, LLC
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centerville, OH 45459
We offer EMDR, telehealth, CBT, neurofeedback, and many other options to help you improve your life.
Life can be difficult at times. If you are in need of someone to listen and help you get through the hard parts of life, please call us. It can really help if you have someone to listen and give new perspectives when you get stuck or are struggling with a problem in your life. We have the best therapists in the area and have a strong reputation for quality, professional care.
We offer EMDR, telehealth, CBT, neurofeedback, and many other options to help you improve your life.
Life can be difficult at times. If you are in need of someone to listen and help you get through the hard parts of life, please call us. It can really help if you have someone to listen and give new perspectives when you get stuck or are struggling with a problem in your life. We have the best therapists in the area and have a strong reputation for quality, professional care.
(937) 719-0612 View (937) 719-0612
Photo of Danielle Northcutt, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danielle Northcutt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Centerville, OH 45459  (Online Only)
Over 5 years of experience helping others heal in various mental health settings. I worked with children and their parents in hospitals, schools, non-profit institutions, and foster care organizations. My mental health focus has been postpartum depression, depression, anxiety, and poor self-esteem in both youth and adults. I thrive to help others manage and develop coping strategies, self-esteem, self-confidence, reduce stress, and build resilience. I use a strength based and cognitive restructuring approach.
Over 5 years of experience helping others heal in various mental health settings. I worked with children and their parents in hospitals, schools, non-profit institutions, and foster care organizations. My mental health focus has been postpartum depression, depression, anxiety, and poor self-esteem in both youth and adults. I thrive to help others manage and develop coping strategies, self-esteem, self-confidence, reduce stress, and build resilience. I use a strength based and cognitive restructuring approach.
(937) 365-9728 View (937) 365-9728
Photo of Danielle Denise Younge, MSW, LCSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danielle Denise Younge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45440  (Online Only)
I provide comprehensive, caring and professional therapuetic services with a specialization in mental health, trauma, adoption issues as well as individual/family counseling. My services enhance self esteem while providing coping skills and fostering resilience and empowerment to make positive change.
I provide comprehensive, caring and professional therapuetic services with a specialization in mental health, trauma, adoption issues as well as individual/family counseling. My services enhance self esteem while providing coping skills and fostering resilience and empowerment to make positive change.
(937) 379-8912 View (937) 379-8912
Photo of Santosh Kamealoha, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Santosh Kamealoha
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45402  (Online Only)
I specialize in treatment of anxiety, depression, chemical dependency, ADHD, trauma, and adjustment disorders for children, adolescents, and adults alike. I utilize a holistic approach to therapy with the goal of treating each person as an individual with their own unique needs.
I specialize in treatment of anxiety, depression, chemical dependency, ADHD, trauma, and adjustment disorders for children, adolescents, and adults alike. I utilize a holistic approach to therapy with the goal of treating each person as an individual with their own unique needs.
(937) 588-6516 View (937) 588-6516
Photo of James Manuel, PsyD, Psychologist
James Manuel
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45440
Greetings. I am a general practitioner with 20 years of experience providing psychological services. My training and practice covers the human life span. Individuals, couples, and Families are welcome. I use a unique, innovative, culturally appropriate approach that is based on best practices derived from empirical and qualitative research. With all my clients, I seek to help them pursue the full unfolding of their true self, and close the gap between their present reality and their ideal. Making changes can be difficult, but I want to congratulate you on taking the first step.
Greetings. I am a general practitioner with 20 years of experience providing psychological services. My training and practice covers the human life span. Individuals, couples, and Families are welcome. I use a unique, innovative, culturally appropriate approach that is based on best practices derived from empirical and qualitative research. With all my clients, I seek to help them pursue the full unfolding of their true self, and close the gap between their present reality and their ideal. Making changes can be difficult, but I want to congratulate you on taking the first step.
(469) 300-5087 View (469) 300-5087
Photo of Centerville Mindfully - Mindfully - Centerville, LPCC, LISW, LMFT, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mindfully - Centerville
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPCC, LISW, LMFT, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45458
At Mindfully, we are dedicated to helping our clients heal, grow, and thrive. We focus on matching clients with providers who specialize in the challenges they are facing. By providing the best fit from the start, we help our clients meet their goals with greater success and our providers find deeper fulfillment in their work.
At Mindfully, we are dedicated to helping our clients heal, grow, and thrive. We focus on matching clients with providers who specialize in the challenges they are facing. By providing the best fit from the start, we help our clients meet their goals with greater success and our providers find deeper fulfillment in their work.
(937) 787-5913 View (937) 787-5913
Photo of Holly St. Pierre, MSEd, LPCC, SUPV, Counselor
Holly St. Pierre
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC, SUPV
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45429
Lebanon Availability on Tuesdays & Thursdays 9-5pm Our counselors utilize different therapy styles (talk & neuro-based therapies) with clients from the age of 4 to adult to empower them to work through their struggles in partnership with respect, encouragement, and integrity. They will equip and support you with skills to be utilized in your daily lives to reach your full potential all at your pace.
Lebanon Availability on Tuesdays & Thursdays 9-5pm Our counselors utilize different therapy styles (talk & neuro-based therapies) with clients from the age of 4 to adult to empower them to work through their struggles in partnership with respect, encouragement, and integrity. They will equip and support you with skills to be utilized in your daily lives to reach your full potential all at your pace.
(937) 675-0128 View (937) 675-0128
Photo of Megan A. Pera, MA, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan A. Pera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Miamisburg, OH 45342
Not accepting new clients
My integrative style incorporates evidence-based treatments, including mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
I believe that healing results from addressing the whole person so approach therapy from a strengths-based perspective, highlighting individuals' resilience and awakening their own ability to heal. I value a strong creative, collaborative relationship.
My integrative style incorporates evidence-based treatments, including mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
I believe that healing results from addressing the whole person so approach therapy from a strengths-based perspective, highlighting individuals' resilience and awakening their own ability to heal. I value a strong creative, collaborative relationship.
(937) 634-1905 View (937) 634-1905

Online Therapists

Photo of Derek Stegner, LPCC
Derek Stegner
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Mason, OH 45040  (Online Only)
I have many years of experience working with early childhood trauma and severe, persistent mental illness, varying from ages of 5 years to 70+. My goal is to empower and advocate for positive change within you, as the individual, and the system as a whole. The place that we will create together is a safe and judgement free space. I work through an Existential foundation, to help those I work with seek meaning and purpose, with skills built from experience with Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, all within the context of a trauma-informed approach.
I have many years of experience working with early childhood trauma and severe, persistent mental illness, varying from ages of 5 years to 70+. My goal is to empower and advocate for positive change within you, as the individual, and the system as a whole. The place that we will create together is a safe and judgement free space. I work through an Existential foundation, to help those I work with seek meaning and purpose, with skills built from experience with Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, all within the context of a trauma-informed approach.
(513) 796-5883 View (513) 796-5883
Photo of Richard Clayton Davis - Comprehensive Services Inc, PhD, BCN, Psychologist
Comprehensive Services Inc
Psychologist, PhD, BCN
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Experiential, Gestalt and a variety of approaches to fit each client's need for change.
I love my work. I have really enjoyed getting to know my clients over the past 35 years. Although I consult with adults, adolescents & children, I also see many couples and families. My clients are never the problem, they have problems and need solutions and strategies to get "unstuck" or make changes in their lives. I have also found personal, business and career coaching helpful to many clients. I am the owner of a large practice with psychologists & counselors. If my hours or approach does not fit your needs I will find someone who can assist you.
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Experiential, Gestalt and a variety of approaches to fit each client's need for change.
I love my work. I have really enjoyed getting to know my clients over the past 35 years. Although I consult with adults, adolescents & children, I also see many couples and families. My clients are never the problem, they have problems and need solutions and strategies to get "unstuck" or make changes in their lives. I have also found personal, business and career coaching helpful to many clients. I am the owner of a large practice with psychologists & counselors. If my hours or approach does not fit your needs I will find someone who can assist you.
(614) 524-4949 View (614) 524-4949
Photo of Brenton Ryan Beckley - Circleville Community Counseling, MA, LPCC-S
Circleville Community Counseling
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Circleville, OH 43113  (Online Only)
I work from a multi-modal style of counseling and believe that one size does not fit al! I've been trained in trauma informed care, cognitive behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, play therapy, and person centered therapy.
Stressed? Feeling down and depressed? Overwhelmed at changes in your life? Counselors function to address some of life’s biggest challenges and these are just some of the most common ones that all people will experience at some point in their lives. While all people may experience these same problems, every person will experience them differently. We will begin by meeting once a week to work on addressing the challenges associated with your problem and will most likely be assigned a form of “homework” to assist in addressing your goals. Obtaining a sense of peace and freedom takes time but it is one that you will not regret!
I work from a multi-modal style of counseling and believe that one size does not fit al! I've been trained in trauma informed care, cognitive behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, play therapy, and person centered therapy.
Stressed? Feeling down and depressed? Overwhelmed at changes in your life? Counselors function to address some of life’s biggest challenges and these are just some of the most common ones that all people will experience at some point in their lives. While all people may experience these same problems, every person will experience them differently. We will begin by meeting once a week to work on addressing the challenges associated with your problem and will most likely be assigned a form of “homework” to assist in addressing your goals. Obtaining a sense of peace and freedom takes time but it is one that you will not regret!
(740) 276-2833 View (740) 276-2833
Photo of Megan Roesch, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Roesch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43212
I focus on blending of various modalities such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), and more.
Do you find that mental health tends to rule your life? Do you feel like you have no control over your own thoughts and feelings? Maybe you find yourself struggling to get through the day or are terrified to communicate your own needs. Trauma has the ugly power to influence these aspects of daily living and many others. If this sounds like you, let's talk! I have over 6 years of experience in supporting those living with the effects of traumatic events, difficult life transitions, anxiety and depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and substance use.
I focus on blending of various modalities such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), and more.
Do you find that mental health tends to rule your life? Do you feel like you have no control over your own thoughts and feelings? Maybe you find yourself struggling to get through the day or are terrified to communicate your own needs. Trauma has the ugly power to influence these aspects of daily living and many others. If this sounds like you, let's talk! I have over 6 years of experience in supporting those living with the effects of traumatic events, difficult life transitions, anxiety and depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and substance use.
(614) 618-3844 View (614) 618-3844
Photo of Heather Lynn Coulson - Heather Lynn Coulson Counseling, LPCC, MS, Counselor
Heather Lynn Coulson Counseling
Counselor, LPCC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45212
I combine CBT, Motivational Interviewing, DBT, Humanistic Approach and all other modalities to find a unique fit for each clients needs.
I believe in a holistic approach, meaning that mental, emotional and physical health should be addressed in order to help an individual heal. I am solution focused, and believe my role is to help assist you in working through the issues that will allow you to becoming healthier and happier, achieving a fulfilling life that has purpose and meaning. I am extremely passionate about people and relationships. I have been working as a therapist since 2007, when I completed my graduate degree. My undergraduate degree was obtained in 1997 from San Diego State University in Health Education.
I combine CBT, Motivational Interviewing, DBT, Humanistic Approach and all other modalities to find a unique fit for each clients needs.
I believe in a holistic approach, meaning that mental, emotional and physical health should be addressed in order to help an individual heal. I am solution focused, and believe my role is to help assist you in working through the issues that will allow you to becoming healthier and happier, achieving a fulfilling life that has purpose and meaning. I am extremely passionate about people and relationships. I have been working as a therapist since 2007, when I completed my graduate degree. My undergraduate degree was obtained in 1997 from San Diego State University in Health Education.
(435) 580-8103 View (435) 580-8103
Photo of Nicole Savage, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Savage
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Delaware, OH 43015
Waitlist for new clients
I have training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT); Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT); EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and reprocessing) and Motivational Interviewing (MI).
Though we may not always wish it to be so, we are human before we are anything else. We are human before we are therapists, employees, parents, or family members, and with that being said, we experience challenges and faults. As your individual therapist, I look forward to connecting with you, human to human. This way, you can feel better supported and understood. I have worked with clients from a variety backgrounds and life experiences; My approach is to be down-to-earth and professional to earn your trust and best help you grow. I look forward to learning through working with you and supporting you.
I have training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT); Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT); EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and reprocessing) and Motivational Interviewing (MI).
Though we may not always wish it to be so, we are human before we are anything else. We are human before we are therapists, employees, parents, or family members, and with that being said, we experience challenges and faults. As your individual therapist, I look forward to connecting with you, human to human. This way, you can feel better supported and understood. I have worked with clients from a variety backgrounds and life experiences; My approach is to be down-to-earth and professional to earn your trust and best help you grow. I look forward to learning through working with you and supporting you.
(614) 683-5496 View (614) 683-5496
Photo of Kelli R Ott - Thrive Therapeutics, LLC, MSW, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Thrive Therapeutics, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Englewood, OH 45322
Treatments used include Motivational Interviewing, EMDR, DBT and CBT.
Thrive-Therapeutics has a diverse team of Master's prepared counselors who work with all types of people in need of help with life's challenges. We have immediate openings for counseling services. We are interested in understanding your specific needs and working to help you find relief and hope. We have experience working with adults and adolescents dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma history, anger issues and, various other challenges. Our therapists are DJ Gingrich, MSW, LSW; Kyrsten McGuinness, MSW, LSW, Cara Graham, MSW, LSW,Rachel Lanham, MSW student intern (Case Western Reserve). Englewood, OH or via telehealth.
Treatments used include Motivational Interviewing, EMDR, DBT and CBT.
Thrive-Therapeutics has a diverse team of Master's prepared counselors who work with all types of people in need of help with life's challenges. We have immediate openings for counseling services. We are interested in understanding your specific needs and working to help you find relief and hope. We have experience working with adults and adolescents dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma history, anger issues and, various other challenges. Our therapists are DJ Gingrich, MSW, LSW; Kyrsten McGuinness, MSW, LSW, Cara Graham, MSW, LSW,Rachel Lanham, MSW student intern (Case Western Reserve). Englewood, OH or via telehealth.
(937) 971-4289 View (937) 971-4289
Photo of Cherie Mannino, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cherie Mannino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Powell, OH 43065
I have specialized training and experience in Somatic Mind/Body interventions, IMAGO Couples Therapy, Mindfullness Based and Cognitive/Behavioral interventions, Meditation, a certified Yoga instructor for Stress Management and Relaxation, and utilize various forms of Expressive Arts Therapy.
"We have more possibilities available in each moment than we realize." This quote by Thich Nhat Hanh expresses my belief. For over 20 years in the field of Mental Health, it has been my pleasure to accompany others on their journey, working with all issues including relationships, life transitions, stress managment, habits, health, nutrition, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, trauma and spirituality. My perspective is strength-based and views you, a whole person within your unique situation, rather than the typical pathology based medical model of care.
I have specialized training and experience in Somatic Mind/Body interventions, IMAGO Couples Therapy, Mindfullness Based and Cognitive/Behavioral interventions, Meditation, a certified Yoga instructor for Stress Management and Relaxation, and utilize various forms of Expressive Arts Therapy.
"We have more possibilities available in each moment than we realize." This quote by Thich Nhat Hanh expresses my belief. For over 20 years in the field of Mental Health, it has been my pleasure to accompany others on their journey, working with all issues including relationships, life transitions, stress managment, habits, health, nutrition, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, trauma and spirituality. My perspective is strength-based and views you, a whole person within your unique situation, rather than the typical pathology based medical model of care.
(614) 618-3564 View (614) 618-3564
Photo of Cynthia Heindel - Cynthia Heindel, M.Ed., LPCC-S, MEd, LPCC-S, Counselor
Cynthia Heindel, M.Ed., LPCC-S
Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Gahanna, OH 43230
I specialize in the treatment of individuals who are seeking to improve their lives by working on communication barriers, cognitive distortions, and destructive behaviors that are impacting their ability to move forward in their lives.
My therapy practice centers on the belief that all people have the capacity to improve their thinking and their behavior with the assistance of a kind and understanding ear. Therapy simply helps to to work through life's challenges and transitions with guidance and focus. My therapeutic approach includes Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Mindfulness strategies. I am passionate about psycho-education and utilize a strength-based, solution-focused approach to help clients to recognize their goals and work towards them in an effective way.
I specialize in the treatment of individuals who are seeking to improve their lives by working on communication barriers, cognitive distortions, and destructive behaviors that are impacting their ability to move forward in their lives.
My therapy practice centers on the belief that all people have the capacity to improve their thinking and their behavior with the assistance of a kind and understanding ear. Therapy simply helps to to work through life's challenges and transitions with guidance and focus. My therapeutic approach includes Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Mindfulness strategies. I am passionate about psycho-education and utilize a strength-based, solution-focused approach to help clients to recognize their goals and work towards them in an effective way.
(614) 972-1738 View (614) 972-1738
Photo of Adriana DeWitt, BSW, LSW, CDCA
Adriana DeWitt
Licensed Social Worker, BSW, LSW, CDCA
Verified Verified
Middletown, OH 45044
As a licensed social worker specializing in trauma, I’m dedicated to helping individuals heal from past wounds and reclaim their lives. With 6 years of field experience, I have worked extensively with clients who have faced significant emotional and psychological challenges, guiding them toward recovery with compassion, listening, believing, and validating their experiences. My approach to exploring one’s trauma is providing evidence-based treatment to help you process and overcome traumatic experiences. I use Internal Family Systems, ACT, CBT, DBT, narrative, creative therapy, etc. I tailor therapy to each individual’s need.
As a licensed social worker specializing in trauma, I’m dedicated to helping individuals heal from past wounds and reclaim their lives. With 6 years of field experience, I have worked extensively with clients who have faced significant emotional and psychological challenges, guiding them toward recovery with compassion, listening, believing, and validating their experiences. My approach to exploring one’s trauma is providing evidence-based treatment to help you process and overcome traumatic experiences. I use Internal Family Systems, ACT, CBT, DBT, narrative, creative therapy, etc. I tailor therapy to each individual’s need.
(937) 729-3659 View (937) 729-3659
Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.