Therapists in Galloway, OH

Photo of Sara Davis, LPCC, Counselor
Sara Davis
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Galloway, OH 43119  (Online Only)
My name is Sara Davis. I am licensed in Ohio with 14 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, lgbtqia2s+ related issues, coping with grief and loss, & depression. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support you in that process.
My name is Sara Davis. I am licensed in Ohio with 14 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, lgbtqia2s+ related issues, coping with grief and loss, & depression. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support you in that process.
(614) 756-6343 View (614) 756-6343
Photo of Casey Sleppy - Calm Waters Counseling, MEd, LPCC-S, Counselor
Calm Waters Counseling
Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Galloway, OH 43119  (Online Only)
Do you feel like your cup is empty? Like you are taking care of everyone and everything else around you but no one is taking care of you? You cannot fill someone else's cup if yours is empty. It's just like when you're on a plane, the flight attendants always tell you to put your oxygen mask on first before you can help others put their masks on. That is why I stress self-care and wellness practices to increase coping strategies in life.
Do you feel like your cup is empty? Like you are taking care of everyone and everything else around you but no one is taking care of you? You cannot fill someone else's cup if yours is empty. It's just like when you're on a plane, the flight attendants always tell you to put your oxygen mask on first before you can help others put their masks on. That is why I stress self-care and wellness practices to increase coping strategies in life.
(614) 858-8001 View (614) 858-8001
Photo of Haley Ritchie, MAEd, IMFT, LPC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Haley Ritchie
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAEd, IMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Galloway, OH 43119  (Online Only)
I specialize in helping relationships heal and thrive. I work with both couples and individuals in healing from trauma, working towards well-being, and finding inner peace so that they can show up more authentically in their relationships with themselves and others. Therapy is a space for self reflection and growth, which can be very uncomfortable and vulnerable. I hope to provide you a safe and deeply present therapeutic experience in order to support you in your healing and empower you toward courageous, open-hearted connection with yourself and in your relationships.
I specialize in helping relationships heal and thrive. I work with both couples and individuals in healing from trauma, working towards well-being, and finding inner peace so that they can show up more authentically in their relationships with themselves and others. Therapy is a space for self reflection and growth, which can be very uncomfortable and vulnerable. I hope to provide you a safe and deeply present therapeutic experience in order to support you in your healing and empower you toward courageous, open-hearted connection with yourself and in your relationships.
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Photo of Deborah Susan Green-Lauber, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deborah Susan Green-Lauber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Galloway, OH 43119
I have been a psychotherapist for over 25 years, helping people survive and thrive during life's transitions. If you are experiencing stress in your relationship, a change in your work situation, loss, parenting struggles, difficulty making decisions, or other stressful situations, I can help you through this difficult time. Now offering Teletherapy sessions as well as in-person sessions.
I have been a psychotherapist for over 25 years, helping people survive and thrive during life's transitions. If you are experiencing stress in your relationship, a change in your work situation, loss, parenting struggles, difficulty making decisions, or other stressful situations, I can help you through this difficult time. Now offering Teletherapy sessions as well as in-person sessions.
(614) 914-4802 View (614) 914-4802
Photo of Daniel Maust - Darby Creek Counseling, MEd, LPCC-S, Counselor
Darby Creek Counseling
Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Galloway, OH 43119
We provide trauma-informed mental health therapy for children, adolescents, and adults. We work with our clients from our first interaction to make sure their treatment is individualized to meet their mental health needs and personal goals. Our staff of over 30 diverse and skilled therapists provide the highest quality care to serve diverse communities with respect to their spiritual, cultural, and individual differences. Our offices in Hilliard, Ohio and London, Ohio are available to work in-person with community members in Central, Ohio or we are available for Telehealth services throughout the State.
We provide trauma-informed mental health therapy for children, adolescents, and adults. We work with our clients from our first interaction to make sure their treatment is individualized to meet their mental health needs and personal goals. Our staff of over 30 diverse and skilled therapists provide the highest quality care to serve diverse communities with respect to their spiritual, cultural, and individual differences. Our offices in Hilliard, Ohio and London, Ohio are available to work in-person with community members in Central, Ohio or we are available for Telehealth services throughout the State.
(740) 845-8652 View (740) 845-8652
Photo of Abigail Hall, MSEd, LPCC
Abigail Hall
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Galloway, OH 43119
I enjoy working with adults and adolescents from diverse backgrounds. I have a background in school counseling with years of experience working with older children and adolescents. I currently work with clients of any age who are looking for help to improve their mental and emotional wellness. My goal is to create a safe and supportive environment.
I enjoy working with adults and adolescents from diverse backgrounds. I have a background in school counseling with years of experience working with older children and adolescents. I currently work with clients of any age who are looking for help to improve their mental and emotional wellness. My goal is to create a safe and supportive environment.
(380) 204-9111 View (380) 204-9111
Photo of Megan Elizabeth Garvey - Fenix Recovery Center, LCSW, MCAP, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Fenix Recovery Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MCAP, EMDR
Verified Verified
Galloway, OH 43119
I am dedicated to building programs that support individuals grappling with mental health and addiction issues, helping them discover new ways to live meaningful and fulfilling lives. My mission is to empower clients to embrace their true selves, standing beside them as they heal from trauma and navigate the challenges of addiction. I endeavor to be the unwavering support they can rely on, believing in their potential until they find the strength to believe in themselves.
I am dedicated to building programs that support individuals grappling with mental health and addiction issues, helping them discover new ways to live meaningful and fulfilling lives. My mission is to empower clients to embrace their true selves, standing beside them as they heal from trauma and navigate the challenges of addiction. I endeavor to be the unwavering support they can rely on, believing in their potential until they find the strength to believe in themselves.
(754) 297-6755 View (754) 297-6755

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Amy Gaspard, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Gaspard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212
Not accepting new clients
You’re reading this because there’s a part of yourself that you don’t want to live with anymore. You’re ready to change but feel stuck and haven’t been able to figure out how to do things differently. Or maybe you’re a parent who has been exhausting yourself trying to help your child or teen be the person they say they want to be, and it feels like you’re spinning your wheels. It's time to do something differently, and I can help.
You’re reading this because there’s a part of yourself that you don’t want to live with anymore. You’re ready to change but feel stuck and haven’t been able to figure out how to do things differently. Or maybe you’re a parent who has been exhausting yourself trying to help your child or teen be the person they say they want to be, and it feels like you’re spinning your wheels. It's time to do something differently, and I can help.
(614) 618-4523 View (614) 618-4523
Photo of Marco Peterson, MDiv, MACM, LPCC-S
Marco Peterson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MDiv, MACM, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43212  (Online Only)
Counseling, therapy, or treatment, whatever term you prefer can be a rewarding experience when you are able to find the right person to work with. I have experience working with people whom have faced small life challenges to a severe life crisis. I believe it takes courage to look in the mirror and admit something needs to change. That change can take place quicker when one reaches out for assistance from someone who is willing to join in the process of moving towards positive change.
Counseling, therapy, or treatment, whatever term you prefer can be a rewarding experience when you are able to find the right person to work with. I have experience working with people whom have faced small life challenges to a severe life crisis. I believe it takes courage to look in the mirror and admit something needs to change. That change can take place quicker when one reaches out for assistance from someone who is willing to join in the process of moving towards positive change.
(614) 826-6710 View (614) 826-6710
Photo of Jay VanLandingham, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jay VanLandingham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43215  (Online Only)
Everyone struggles with acceptance. Accepting ourselves, accepting others, accepting life. If you are dealing with anxiety, grief, low self-esteem, low confidence, issues around gender identity and/or identifying as LGBTQ+ and are looking for an accepting therapist to help you find a sense of peace, you've come to the right place. I am a licensed independent social worker (LISW) in the state of Ohio. I identify as trans and have twenty years experience in the LGBTQ community. My experience as a social worker ranges from work in the HIV/AIDS community to those living with cancer.
Everyone struggles with acceptance. Accepting ourselves, accepting others, accepting life. If you are dealing with anxiety, grief, low self-esteem, low confidence, issues around gender identity and/or identifying as LGBTQ+ and are looking for an accepting therapist to help you find a sense of peace, you've come to the right place. I am a licensed independent social worker (LISW) in the state of Ohio. I identify as trans and have twenty years experience in the LGBTQ community. My experience as a social worker ranges from work in the HIV/AIDS community to those living with cancer.
(513) 452-6744 View (513) 452-6744
Photo of Rebecca Austin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Grove City, OH 43123
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
(614) 924-8343 View (614) 924-8343
Photo of Tiffany Pressley, MSW, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tiffany Pressley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43207
Welcome! Making the decision to seek support takes courage, and I commend you for taking this step towards change. You may be feeling overwhelmed, lost, or uncertain about where to turn - rest assured, you're not alone. Whether it's battling with cultural expectations, societal pressures, or personal hardships, I'm here to provide a safe space where you can feel seen, heard, and supported. I believe in meeting you where you are and honoring your journey. Together, we'll work at your pace, exploring your experiences and gently challenging you when needed.
Welcome! Making the decision to seek support takes courage, and I commend you for taking this step towards change. You may be feeling overwhelmed, lost, or uncertain about where to turn - rest assured, you're not alone. Whether it's battling with cultural expectations, societal pressures, or personal hardships, I'm here to provide a safe space where you can feel seen, heard, and supported. I believe in meeting you where you are and honoring your journey. Together, we'll work at your pace, exploring your experiences and gently challenging you when needed.
(614) 285-7803 View (614) 285-7803
Photo of Emily Combes, MS, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Combes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
I believe great strides can be made through a strong therapeutic relationship. When you walk into my office you will be stepping into a judgement free space and met with compassion and support. Come as you are with everything you have. I have a passion for working with women throughout their journey to motherhood and parenting. Motherhood has been one of the most dramatic life transitions in my life. Whether you are trying to conceive, anxious during pregnancy, or walking through the throes of the fourth trimester (and beyond) I will walk by your side and help you to find who you are in this new stage of life.
I believe great strides can be made through a strong therapeutic relationship. When you walk into my office you will be stepping into a judgement free space and met with compassion and support. Come as you are with everything you have. I have a passion for working with women throughout their journey to motherhood and parenting. Motherhood has been one of the most dramatic life transitions in my life. Whether you are trying to conceive, anxious during pregnancy, or walking through the throes of the fourth trimester (and beyond) I will walk by your side and help you to find who you are in this new stage of life.
(380) 201-9689 View (380) 201-9689
Photo of Tom Spangler, MSW , LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tom Spangler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW , LSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
I have experience working with clients who suffer from a range of mental illnesses, including depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, and more. I take an approach that involves meeting clients where they are. I learn about their stories and assess what the right path is for their needs and goals. Having a client who is open and receptive to therapy is all a therapist could and should ask for.
I have experience working with clients who suffer from a range of mental illnesses, including depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, and more. I take an approach that involves meeting clients where they are. I learn about their stories and assess what the right path is for their needs and goals. Having a client who is open and receptive to therapy is all a therapist could and should ask for.
(380) 205-2653 View (380) 205-2653
Photo of Michelle V Corley, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle V Corley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220  (Online Only)
You are a woman who has been devastated by grief over pregnancy loss, infertility, or postpartum depression or anxiety. You desperately want to find someone to talk to about how alone and sad you feel. You feel heartbroken, ashamed, and angry lately. Your world has stopped while everyone else seems to be moving on without you. You find yourself having the same fights with your partner over and over again. Society glamorizes pregnancy and motherhood which can make you feel even more alone and misunderstood. If you see one more pregnancy announcement or social media post about the happiness of motherhood, you might lose it!
You are a woman who has been devastated by grief over pregnancy loss, infertility, or postpartum depression or anxiety. You desperately want to find someone to talk to about how alone and sad you feel. You feel heartbroken, ashamed, and angry lately. Your world has stopped while everyone else seems to be moving on without you. You find yourself having the same fights with your partner over and over again. Society glamorizes pregnancy and motherhood which can make you feel even more alone and misunderstood. If you see one more pregnancy announcement or social media post about the happiness of motherhood, you might lose it!
(614) 953-6411 View (614) 953-6411
Photo of Mark Rosenblum - The Online Insomnia Center with Dr. Rosenblum, PsyD, DBSM, Psychologist
The Online Insomnia Center with Dr. Rosenblum
Psychologist, PsyD, DBSM
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214  (Online Only)
Has sleeping turned into a struggle? Are you tossing and turning at night or having trouble falling or staying asleep? Are you a night owl who finds it hard to get to bed on time? Maybe your sleep issues are starting to affect your health, mood, or how you function during the day. Perhaps you hoped your sleep problems would go away this summer. Hi, I'm Dr. Mark Rosenblum, a Sleep Psychologist with nearly 20 years of experience. I provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), the gold standard for treating insomnia. If you'd like to know more about CBT-I and how I can help you sleep better, feel free to reach out to me.
Has sleeping turned into a struggle? Are you tossing and turning at night or having trouble falling or staying asleep? Are you a night owl who finds it hard to get to bed on time? Maybe your sleep issues are starting to affect your health, mood, or how you function during the day. Perhaps you hoped your sleep problems would go away this summer. Hi, I'm Dr. Mark Rosenblum, a Sleep Psychologist with nearly 20 years of experience. I provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), the gold standard for treating insomnia. If you'd like to know more about CBT-I and how I can help you sleep better, feel free to reach out to me.
(614) 963-2640 View (614) 963-2640
Photo of Peter Bogdanovic, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Peter Bogdanovic
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212  (Online Only)
I welcome anyone who wants to create a better life for themselves and become the best version of themselves that they can be.
I welcome anyone who wants to create a better life for themselves and become the best version of themselves that they can be.
(614) 662-1821 View (614) 662-1821
Photo of Lauryn Dant - Lauryn Dant - Dant Advocates, LLC, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauryn Dant - Dant Advocates, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43210  (Online Only)
Reaching out for therapeutic support is a courageous step. I am honored to support you in the next steps of your therapeutic journey. In our sessions together, you will have a confidential and compassionate space to process thoughts, feelings, concerns, and fears. I will work with you to identify measurable goals to create a clear and achievable path. Through this process, we will ease difficult feelings, while strengthening confidence and calm. My greatest reward as a therapist is supporting clients in finding their own process, recognizing their strengths, and looking forward to the future with confidence and hope.
Reaching out for therapeutic support is a courageous step. I am honored to support you in the next steps of your therapeutic journey. In our sessions together, you will have a confidential and compassionate space to process thoughts, feelings, concerns, and fears. I will work with you to identify measurable goals to create a clear and achievable path. Through this process, we will ease difficult feelings, while strengthening confidence and calm. My greatest reward as a therapist is supporting clients in finding their own process, recognizing their strengths, and looking forward to the future with confidence and hope.
(614) 954-7055 View (614) 954-7055
Photo of Darlene Herron, LPCC-S, Counselor
Darlene Herron
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Grove City, OH 43123
Are you struggling to keep up with the demands of life, feeling burnt out, overwhelmed, or stuck? Do you find yourself encountering the same issue over and over again? Experiencing trouble in your relationships with God or others? Having difficulty letting go of the past? I can help! I enjoy helping others overcoming trauma, anxiety, panic, depression, codependency, abuse, grief/loss, relationship concerns, spiritual/religious concerns. Having witnessed first hand the unique challenges that are faced in ministry, I have a passion for working with pastors, those in ministry, along with other counselors and helping professionals.
Are you struggling to keep up with the demands of life, feeling burnt out, overwhelmed, or stuck? Do you find yourself encountering the same issue over and over again? Experiencing trouble in your relationships with God or others? Having difficulty letting go of the past? I can help! I enjoy helping others overcoming trauma, anxiety, panic, depression, codependency, abuse, grief/loss, relationship concerns, spiritual/religious concerns. Having witnessed first hand the unique challenges that are faced in ministry, I have a passion for working with pastors, those in ministry, along with other counselors and helping professionals.
(740) 273-3437 View (740) 273-3437
Photo of Lauren Campen - Emotion Control, LISW-S, DBTNCAA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emotion Control
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, DBTNCAA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dublin, OH 43016
Welcome to Emotion Control! We see individuals with a variety of mental health concerns and specialize in Personality Disorders, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Mindfulness Training. We also work with people who are having short-term emotional or behavioral difficulties and those who just want to develop skills to improve their quality of life. We welcome you to visit out website and reach out to make an appointment and see how we can help you!
Welcome to Emotion Control! We see individuals with a variety of mental health concerns and specialize in Personality Disorders, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Mindfulness Training. We also work with people who are having short-term emotional or behavioral difficulties and those who just want to develop skills to improve their quality of life. We welcome you to visit out website and reach out to make an appointment and see how we can help you!
(917) 725-6974 View (917) 725-6974

See more therapy options for Galloway

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Galloway, OH

< 10

Therapists in Galloway, OH who prioritize treating:

86% Relationship Issues
86% Depression
86% Anxiety
86% Trauma and PTSD
86% Self Esteem
86% Women's Issues
71% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Galloway, OH see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Galloway?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.