Biofeedback Therapists in Columbus, OH

Photo of Shealynne Baus, PsyD, Psychologist
Shealynne Baus
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
I am certified in Clinical Hypnotherapy and Heartmath Biofeedback Training, treatment options for overcoming obstacles and promoting lasting emotional and psychological wellness and improved performance.
Are you stressed? Anxious? Overwhelmed? Not performing well? Therapy is an opportunity for change. Whether you are a high school student, college student, parent, young adult facing a new career or an executive, the demands of everyday life can be challenging. We often lose our perspective and suffer emotionally, psychologically, and even physically. Whether you are struggling with your everyday demands or you are confronting unique life challenges, I am here to help you reestablish your strengths and empower you with the confidence you need to achieve your personal goals.
I am certified in Clinical Hypnotherapy and Heartmath Biofeedback Training, treatment options for overcoming obstacles and promoting lasting emotional and psychological wellness and improved performance.
Are you stressed? Anxious? Overwhelmed? Not performing well? Therapy is an opportunity for change. Whether you are a high school student, college student, parent, young adult facing a new career or an executive, the demands of everyday life can be challenging. We often lose our perspective and suffer emotionally, psychologically, and even physically. Whether you are struggling with your everyday demands or you are confronting unique life challenges, I am here to help you reestablish your strengths and empower you with the confidence you need to achieve your personal goals.
(614) 808-2085 View (614) 808-2085
Photo of Richard Davis, PhD, BCN, Psychologist
Richard Davis
Psychologist, PhD, BCN
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
I have been training for more than 25 years in the field of EEG- Biofeedback or Neurofeedback which is based on the newer brain sciences.
I love my work. I have really enjoyed getting to know my clients over the past 35 years. Although I consult with adults, adolescents & children, I also see many couples and families. My clients are never the problem, they have problems and need solutions and strategies to get "unstuck" or make changes in their lives. I have also found personal, business and career coaching helpful to many clients. I am the owner of a large practice with psychologists & counselors. If my hours or approach does not fit your needs I will find someone who can assist you.
I have been training for more than 25 years in the field of EEG- Biofeedback or Neurofeedback which is based on the newer brain sciences.
I love my work. I have really enjoyed getting to know my clients over the past 35 years. Although I consult with adults, adolescents & children, I also see many couples and families. My clients are never the problem, they have problems and need solutions and strategies to get "unstuck" or make changes in their lives. I have also found personal, business and career coaching helpful to many clients. I am the owner of a large practice with psychologists & counselors. If my hours or approach does not fit your needs I will find someone who can assist you.
(614) 524-4949 View (614) 524-4949
Photo of Ashley Critelli, LISW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashley Critelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43085
I combine EMDR, IFS, Biofeedback, and Polyvagal Theory to harness your natural healing ability, addressing trauma, fostering inner harmony, and managing body responses for safety and connection.
Trained in EMDR and Attachment-Focused Trauma Therapy for Adults, IFS-informed (parts work). If you're feeling stuck, weighed down by past traumas, or struggling with anxiety, depression, or feelings of disconnection, know that there's hope. I'm Ashley Critelli, and my approach is all about understanding you deeply and providing support that resonates with your unique experience. We'll work together to uncover the root of your challenges and embark on a journey toward healing, self-discovery, and empowerment. My aim is for you to forge stronger connections with yourself and others, reclaiming a life filled with purpose and peace.
I combine EMDR, IFS, Biofeedback, and Polyvagal Theory to harness your natural healing ability, addressing trauma, fostering inner harmony, and managing body responses for safety and connection.
Trained in EMDR and Attachment-Focused Trauma Therapy for Adults, IFS-informed (parts work). If you're feeling stuck, weighed down by past traumas, or struggling with anxiety, depression, or feelings of disconnection, know that there's hope. I'm Ashley Critelli, and my approach is all about understanding you deeply and providing support that resonates with your unique experience. We'll work together to uncover the root of your challenges and embark on a journey toward healing, self-discovery, and empowerment. My aim is for you to forge stronger connections with yourself and others, reclaiming a life filled with purpose and peace.
(419) 451-4271 View (419) 451-4271
Photo of Angel Lacey, LPCC
Angel Lacey
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43230  (Online Only)
There are many reasons people seek counseling. In general, clients are looking for an enhanced sense of self- understanding and acceptance. This process includes understanding of how past experiences have shaped the way you view yourself as well as your understanding of how you relate to others. Therapy provides a safe place to explore reactions, thoughts, and feelings about people in your life as well as yourself. It allows you the opportunity to practice new ways of interacting and, when ready, to try these in other relationships. Counseling is a chance for you to work on achieving healthy emotional and psychological wellbeing.
There are many reasons people seek counseling. In general, clients are looking for an enhanced sense of self- understanding and acceptance. This process includes understanding of how past experiences have shaped the way you view yourself as well as your understanding of how you relate to others. Therapy provides a safe place to explore reactions, thoughts, and feelings about people in your life as well as yourself. It allows you the opportunity to practice new ways of interacting and, when ready, to try these in other relationships. Counseling is a chance for you to work on achieving healthy emotional and psychological wellbeing.
(380) 226-5465 View (380) 226-5465
Photo of Christine Gemberling, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Gemberling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43224
Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW) with over ten years of experience working with clients on various issues. Such issues include Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Behavioral Issues, Career Counseling, Coping Skills, Elderly Persons Disorders, Emotional Disturbance, Family Conflict, Grief, Life Transitions, Mood Disorders, Panic Attacks, and Stress. A few modalities I utilize are Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Family Systems, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), and Supportive therapy. I believe that establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship is key to success in treatment.
Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW) with over ten years of experience working with clients on various issues. Such issues include Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Behavioral Issues, Career Counseling, Coping Skills, Elderly Persons Disorders, Emotional Disturbance, Family Conflict, Grief, Life Transitions, Mood Disorders, Panic Attacks, and Stress. A few modalities I utilize are Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Family Systems, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), and Supportive therapy. I believe that establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship is key to success in treatment.
(216) 616-2048 View (216) 616-2048
Photo of Brandy L Brown, MA, LPCC-S, Counselor
Brandy L Brown
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220
It’s amazing how different life can look when we shift our focus. A fresh perspective and a change of perception can go a long way for old habits and patterns of thinking. Renewing our minds is transformative! Whether this a tough season for you or you feel like you’ve been in the wilderness all of your life, change can happen. Truth be told, counseling is hard work. Showing up for yourself is hard and confronting areas you need to change is hard. Staying the same is hard…to all of that, we do our best to "choose our hard"! You don't have to do this alone! Relationship concerns? Anxiety? Depression? Divorce, etc? All of the above?
It’s amazing how different life can look when we shift our focus. A fresh perspective and a change of perception can go a long way for old habits and patterns of thinking. Renewing our minds is transformative! Whether this a tough season for you or you feel like you’ve been in the wilderness all of your life, change can happen. Truth be told, counseling is hard work. Showing up for yourself is hard and confronting areas you need to change is hard. Staying the same is hard…to all of that, we do our best to "choose our hard"! You don't have to do this alone! Relationship concerns? Anxiety? Depression? Divorce, etc? All of the above?
(740) 205-8262 View (740) 205-8262
Photo of The Empowering Space - The Empowering Space , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
The Empowering Space
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43085
I am a Licensed Social Worker. I have earned my Masters of Social Work from Rutgers University and brings more than 6 years of clinical experience and expertise working with queer folks, adolescents, couples, and families. I specialize in the treatment of adolescents and young adults who are struggling to cope with anxiety, mood, trauma, sexual issues, and relationship issues. I also have experience in working with the queer community on an array of issues and concerns.
I am a Licensed Social Worker. I have earned my Masters of Social Work from Rutgers University and brings more than 6 years of clinical experience and expertise working with queer folks, adolescents, couples, and families. I specialize in the treatment of adolescents and young adults who are struggling to cope with anxiety, mood, trauma, sexual issues, and relationship issues. I also have experience in working with the queer community on an array of issues and concerns.
(614) 618-4978 View (614) 618-4978
Photo of Amanda Smith - WellQor , PsyD, Psychologist
WellQor
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43240  (Online Only)
WellQor is a new model in online therapy marrying the best of traditional and innovative approaches. We’re a full service psychology practice accessible online with a uniquely collaborative approach to care. This means your personal therapist works with a PsyD Clinical Director to review your care plan and and adjust your treatment to ensure you’re on the fastest path to living your best life. Whether it’s anxiety, depression, burnout, major life changes, or just finding a sense of purpose, our multi-specialty team of therapists is here to help.
WellQor is a new model in online therapy marrying the best of traditional and innovative approaches. We’re a full service psychology practice accessible online with a uniquely collaborative approach to care. This means your personal therapist works with a PsyD Clinical Director to review your care plan and and adjust your treatment to ensure you’re on the fastest path to living your best life. Whether it’s anxiety, depression, burnout, major life changes, or just finding a sense of purpose, our multi-specialty team of therapists is here to help.
(614) 954-8818 View (614) 954-8818
Photo of Andrew Kruppa, LISW, LICDC, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew Kruppa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, LICDC, MSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221  (Online Only)
One More Light Wellness specifies in achieving goals related to mental health, trauma, and addiction. We treat adults looking for individualized and personalized treatment specified to their needs. Our practice accels at creating an empathetic, empowering, and innovative environment that gives the client a voice and active role in their treatment. Book with us now by clicking on our website.
One More Light Wellness specifies in achieving goals related to mental health, trauma, and addiction. We treat adults looking for individualized and personalized treatment specified to their needs. Our practice accels at creating an empathetic, empowering, and innovative environment that gives the client a voice and active role in their treatment. Book with us now by clicking on our website.
(380) 225-5832 View (380) 225-5832
Photo of Craig Fitzgerald, LPCC
Craig Fitzgerald
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43219
Craig Fitzgerald is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology/Secondary Education from Mount Union College, an MS in Clinical Counseling from the University of Dayton, and an MS ED/Secondary Education/Play Therapy Certificate Program from the University of Mississippi. Outside of work, Craig likes to roller skate and watch OSU football.
Craig Fitzgerald is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology/Secondary Education from Mount Union College, an MS in Clinical Counseling from the University of Dayton, and an MS ED/Secondary Education/Play Therapy Certificate Program from the University of Mississippi. Outside of work, Craig likes to roller skate and watch OSU football.
(740) 674-3463 View (740) 674-3463
Photo of Megan Kochheiser, MSW, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Kochheiser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43235  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker with over 6 years of experience partnering with youth, adolescent, and adult clients toward their personal goals. I truly believe that each and every person has immense value and strength, and I see it as an honor to come alongside you in your path toward mental and emotional wellness. Specific areas of concern that I have experience with include: general life stressors, grief/loss, anxiety, panic, depression, emotional dysregulation, school performance, trauma, and self-harm.
Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker with over 6 years of experience partnering with youth, adolescent, and adult clients toward their personal goals. I truly believe that each and every person has immense value and strength, and I see it as an honor to come alongside you in your path toward mental and emotional wellness. Specific areas of concern that I have experience with include: general life stressors, grief/loss, anxiety, panic, depression, emotional dysregulation, school performance, trauma, and self-harm.
(614) 739-9990 View (614) 739-9990
Photo of Ana Hincapie Rippey, MSW, LSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ana Hincapie Rippey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43230
Ana believes that healing is a collaborative endeavor guided by authentic connection. The therapeutic relationship requires honest caring without judgment, and Ana cooperatively assists her clients in clarifying their goals for treatment through diverse approaches. Rather than adopting one methodology for all individuals and issues, Ana draws from a variety of methods to create a tailored approach for each individual and situation. Ana is trained in EMDR, Gottman Couples Therapy, and DBT. As a therapist, Ana is warm, open, encouraging, and direct.
Ana believes that healing is a collaborative endeavor guided by authentic connection. The therapeutic relationship requires honest caring without judgment, and Ana cooperatively assists her clients in clarifying their goals for treatment through diverse approaches. Rather than adopting one methodology for all individuals and issues, Ana draws from a variety of methods to create a tailored approach for each individual and situation. Ana is trained in EMDR, Gottman Couples Therapy, and DBT. As a therapist, Ana is warm, open, encouraging, and direct.
(740) 279-3327 View (740) 279-3327
Photo of Krista Stanescu Seasons Counseling Services, MSEd, LPCC, NCC, Counselor
Krista Stanescu Seasons Counseling Services
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43235
I strongly believe in the strength, courage, and power of each individual to reach their fullest potential. My passion is to help those with Weight Mgmt., Self-Esteem/Social Anxiety, or Anxiety/Trauma and are seeking a better way to cope. We have many tools that can be utilized including Accelerated Resolution Therapy (A.R.T.) (similar to EMDR), Clinical Hypnosis, and CBT. If you are not familiar with A.R.T., please check it out! It is a fast brain rewiring intervention that allows us to heal from trauma and many other issues in ways that talk therapy alone often cannot reach.
I strongly believe in the strength, courage, and power of each individual to reach their fullest potential. My passion is to help those with Weight Mgmt., Self-Esteem/Social Anxiety, or Anxiety/Trauma and are seeking a better way to cope. We have many tools that can be utilized including Accelerated Resolution Therapy (A.R.T.) (similar to EMDR), Clinical Hypnosis, and CBT. If you are not familiar with A.R.T., please check it out! It is a fast brain rewiring intervention that allows us to heal from trauma and many other issues in ways that talk therapy alone often cannot reach.
(614) 929-6966 x728 View (614) 929-6966 x728
Photo of Winter Houser, LPCC, Counselor
Winter Houser
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212  (Online Only)
Winter Houser is certified by the Ohio Counselor Social Worker and Marriage and Family Board as well as the Ohio Chemical Dependency Professional Board. She specializes in trauma and uses EMDR. Winter also specializes in depression, anxiety, addictions, life stressors, and relationship issues. Her goal is to help others see their full potential and help them heal from their barriers in life.
Winter Houser is certified by the Ohio Counselor Social Worker and Marriage and Family Board as well as the Ohio Chemical Dependency Professional Board. She specializes in trauma and uses EMDR. Winter also specializes in depression, anxiety, addictions, life stressors, and relationship issues. Her goal is to help others see their full potential and help them heal from their barriers in life.
(614) 820-8236 View (614) 820-8236
Photo of Cecilia Siegel, LPCC, Counselor
Cecilia Siegel
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212  (Online Only)
Cecilia Siegel is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), who has dedicated her personal and professional commitments towards helping others find a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Cecilia works with individuals to address concerns specific to depression, anxiety, relationships, and work-related stress. Cecilia focuses on utilizing an eclectic approach of various psychological interventions, counseling therapies, and counseling techniques, such as, but not limited to cognitive behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, Adlerian therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions.
Cecilia Siegel is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), who has dedicated her personal and professional commitments towards helping others find a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Cecilia works with individuals to address concerns specific to depression, anxiety, relationships, and work-related stress. Cecilia focuses on utilizing an eclectic approach of various psychological interventions, counseling therapies, and counseling techniques, such as, but not limited to cognitive behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, Adlerian therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions.
(614) 916-8211 View (614) 916-8211
Photo of Kimberly Foreman, LISWS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kimberly Foreman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISWS
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
My ideal client is ready to do the hard work of making real change in their life. Sometimes, people think change has to be big to start therapeutic services; it doesn’t. Sometimes, learning to breathe, decrease anxiety, and be more mindful of your strengths can become a great asset. Therapy doesn’t have to be forever; sometimes, you just need help getting through the now. I help individuals & families dealing with chronic illnesses and end of life. At times like those, crises often happen: medical conflict, spiritual conflict, familial conflict, financial concerns, housing and food insecurity.
My ideal client is ready to do the hard work of making real change in their life. Sometimes, people think change has to be big to start therapeutic services; it doesn’t. Sometimes, learning to breathe, decrease anxiety, and be more mindful of your strengths can become a great asset. Therapy doesn’t have to be forever; sometimes, you just need help getting through the now. I help individuals & families dealing with chronic illnesses and end of life. At times like those, crises often happen: medical conflict, spiritual conflict, familial conflict, financial concerns, housing and food insecurity.
(380) 333-5808 View (380) 333-5808
Photo of Olivia Hare, MSE, LPCC
Olivia Hare
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , MSE, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220  (Online Only)
If you're here, it means you've already taken a big step in seeking support; congrats and welcome! Life can be so exciting and rewarding, and other times can feel exhausting and overwhelming; sometimes we have the tools and resources to heal on our own, and other times we need a guide to walk with us as we heal and develop our toolkit. That’s where I come in! I aim to create an environment of compassion and curiosity so clients feel seen, heard, understood, and respected throughout our work together. My goal is to help you better understand and trust yourself while empowering you to confidently cope with life's inevitable stressors.
If you're here, it means you've already taken a big step in seeking support; congrats and welcome! Life can be so exciting and rewarding, and other times can feel exhausting and overwhelming; sometimes we have the tools and resources to heal on our own, and other times we need a guide to walk with us as we heal and develop our toolkit. That’s where I come in! I aim to create an environment of compassion and curiosity so clients feel seen, heard, understood, and respected throughout our work together. My goal is to help you better understand and trust yourself while empowering you to confidently cope with life's inevitable stressors.
(614) 858-3335 View (614) 858-3335
Photo of Dr. Tim K. Wallace, EdD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Tim K. Wallace
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43085  (Online Only)
Do you know what one of the most powerful desires in the world is? To feel heard. My ideal client desires to feel heard, seeks no judgment, and wants to learn how to develop self-compassion. As a former athlete turned therapist, I recognize that life IS performance. And although it helps to have a voice to help with high-performance demands, sometimes it's hard to ask for that voice. As a proud blerd (black and a nerd), I can also help those willing to use aspects of their culture, or pop culture, or any movie, television show, anime, video game, or piece of music that allows one to reflect and try to embrace life uniquely.
Do you know what one of the most powerful desires in the world is? To feel heard. My ideal client desires to feel heard, seeks no judgment, and wants to learn how to develop self-compassion. As a former athlete turned therapist, I recognize that life IS performance. And although it helps to have a voice to help with high-performance demands, sometimes it's hard to ask for that voice. As a proud blerd (black and a nerd), I can also help those willing to use aspects of their culture, or pop culture, or any movie, television show, anime, video game, or piece of music that allows one to reflect and try to embrace life uniquely.
(614) 992-7895 View (614) 992-7895
Photo of Sara Grace Bates, MSW, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sara Grace Bates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43228  (Online Only)
Ms. Sara Bates is a Licensed Independent Social Worker with Supervision Designation  trained in Trauma-Informed Care for All, Family Therapy, Perinatal Therapy, Sex-Positive Therapy, Pleasure Education and Intimacy Coaching, Couples Counseling, CBT, DBT, and IFS; treating both adolescents and adult populations.  Her clinical approach is to meet the clients where they are, by building on personal strengths and supporting them through life’s difficult challenges. She provides EAP services as a contractor, for local and federal law enforcement agencies. Reiki Master/Teacher certified, for stress relief practices and coping strategies.
Ms. Sara Bates is a Licensed Independent Social Worker with Supervision Designation  trained in Trauma-Informed Care for All, Family Therapy, Perinatal Therapy, Sex-Positive Therapy, Pleasure Education and Intimacy Coaching, Couples Counseling, CBT, DBT, and IFS; treating both adolescents and adult populations.  Her clinical approach is to meet the clients where they are, by building on personal strengths and supporting them through life’s difficult challenges. She provides EAP services as a contractor, for local and federal law enforcement agencies. Reiki Master/Teacher certified, for stress relief practices and coping strategies.
(380) 204-9817 View (380) 204-9817
Photo of Kristen Pal, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristen Pal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235  (Online Only)
I have been working in this field for over a decade in various different roles. I have started my career as working with physically disabled youth in college. I then moved on to working with developmentally disabled adults. I then moved into a role as a case manager who specialized in working with transistional aged youth (teenagers who are becoming adults). After spending a little over five years in that position, I obtained my master's degreee in social work and became a licensed clinical social worker.
I have been working in this field for over a decade in various different roles. I have started my career as working with physically disabled youth in college. I then moved on to working with developmentally disabled adults. I then moved into a role as a case manager who specialized in working with transistional aged youth (teenagers who are becoming adults). After spending a little over five years in that position, I obtained my master's degreee in social work and became a licensed clinical social worker.
(513) 998-5035 View (513) 998-5035
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Biofeedback Therapists

Can biofeedback help with anxiety?

Biofeedback is often used to treat anxiety, including generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Anecdotal evidence and some research studies have found that it can improve symptoms of these disorders, sometimes significantly; however, studies on biofeedback have typically been small and researchers have cautioned that many have significant limitations, such as limited follow-up or a lack of a control group.

Is biofeedback evidence-based?

There is some evidence that biofeedback can effectively treat certain conditions; for example, its efficacy in treating headaches and urinary incontinence is generally thought to be well-established. There is also promising, but less conclusive, evidence that it can aid in stroke recovery or help someone manage a mental health disorder such as anxiety, depression, or ADHD.

What is the difference between biofeedback and neurofeedback?

Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback that measures brain activity specifically; it is typically used to treat psychological or neurodevelopmental concerns such as ADHD, depression, insomnia, or autism spectrum disorder. Biofeedback is a broader category that, in addition to neurofeedback, also includes electromyogram, heart rate variability, and thermal biofeedback, each of which measures a particular physiological function (muscle activity, heart rate, and skin temperature, respectively)

What are the limitations of biofeedback?

While biofeedback may be helpful for certain conditions, its efficacy is less assured for others, such as high blood pressure. People with certain health conditions such as heart arrhythmia may not be able to benefit from biofeedback because their condition may interfere with the machines’ readings. Biofeedback can also be time-consuming and costly, and may not be covered by health insurance.