Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Woodhaven, NY

Photo of Erika Soto, MA, MSEd, LPC Intern
Erika Soto
LPC Intern, MA, MSEd
Verified Verified
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
Through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques, clients learn about how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors operate together, and apply this information to understand the choices we have to manage difficult situations.
I work to help clients to process their difficulties and challenges while building an understanding and working towards acceptance. Ideal clients are curious how our past can impact our present and are committed to building a happier and healthier future for themselves. To get the most of our time together, I encourage you to be ready to explore (be curious!), reflect (see yourself then and now), be accountable (what is your role in all this), learn to practice boundary setting (have healthier relationships).
Through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques, clients learn about how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors operate together, and apply this information to understand the choices we have to manage difficult situations.
I work to help clients to process their difficulties and challenges while building an understanding and working towards acceptance. Ideal clients are curious how our past can impact our present and are committed to building a happier and healthier future for themselves. To get the most of our time together, I encourage you to be ready to explore (be curious!), reflect (see yourself then and now), be accountable (what is your role in all this), learn to practice boundary setting (have healthier relationships).
(929) 822-5860 View (929) 822-5860
Photo of Siddiqur Rahman, LMHC
Siddiqur Rahman
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
My clinical approach is in Cognitive Behavior Therapy where we will look at how your thoughts impact your current experience.
Depression, and anxiety are often the least talked about items in an immigrant household. Misconception and the stigma of mental illness run rampant in the household as generational trauma cycles into everyone’s life as people start turning to the substances to learn to cope. Some people go through their lives thinking that their anxiety will never get better or they can't change. It takes one step to break the cycle but with that step starts a journey of rediscovering yourself where many different roads will appear. It will be an honor to be your tour guide in the beginning parts of your journey.
My clinical approach is in Cognitive Behavior Therapy where we will look at how your thoughts impact your current experience.
Depression, and anxiety are often the least talked about items in an immigrant household. Misconception and the stigma of mental illness run rampant in the household as generational trauma cycles into everyone’s life as people start turning to the substances to learn to cope. Some people go through their lives thinking that their anxiety will never get better or they can't change. It takes one step to break the cycle but with that step starts a journey of rediscovering yourself where many different roads will appear. It will be an honor to be your tour guide in the beginning parts of your journey.
(718) 550-5376 View (718) 550-5376
Photo of Pamela Pucci, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pamela Pucci
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodhaven, NY 11421
Hello! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of counseling experience. My specialties include working with depression, anxiety, substance use, mood disorders, bipolar and borderline personality disorders, and more. My top modalities are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and motivational interviewing. My behavioral health background includes case management, vocational case management, and social work for individuals with mental health and or substance use diagnosis. I use a person-centered, strengths-based approach to support you in making your desired changes.
Hello! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of counseling experience. My specialties include working with depression, anxiety, substance use, mood disorders, bipolar and borderline personality disorders, and more. My top modalities are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and motivational interviewing. My behavioral health background includes case management, vocational case management, and social work for individuals with mental health and or substance use diagnosis. I use a person-centered, strengths-based approach to support you in making your desired changes.
(716) 466-0449 View (716) 466-0449
Photo of Nadine T. George, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nadine T. George
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
In my therapeutic practice, I integrate modalities such as CBT, DBT, and solution-focused therapy to address mental health symptoms.
In times of difficulty, reaching out for help can be overwhelming. If you’re looking for a new perspective, new to therapy or unsure of where to go next, I’m here for you. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in New York, I provide a safe and supportive space. Together, we can navigate challenges, improve communication, boost self-esteem, and develop effective coping strategies. My focus is on understanding and addressing issues like anxiety, depression, and trauma. Let’s work together to shift your perspective, uncover your values, and take meaningful steps towards your life goals.
In my therapeutic practice, I integrate modalities such as CBT, DBT, and solution-focused therapy to address mental health symptoms.
In times of difficulty, reaching out for help can be overwhelming. If you’re looking for a new perspective, new to therapy or unsure of where to go next, I’m here for you. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in New York, I provide a safe and supportive space. Together, we can navigate challenges, improve communication, boost self-esteem, and develop effective coping strategies. My focus is on understanding and addressing issues like anxiety, depression, and trauma. Let’s work together to shift your perspective, uncover your values, and take meaningful steps towards your life goals.
(929) 810-4326 View (929) 810-4326
Photo of Roxanne Arthur-Shittu, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Roxanne Arthur-Shittu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
Using trauma-informed cognitive behavior therapy, individuals can gain insight into the connection between their thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
My name is Roxanne Arthur-Shittu. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker practicing as a psychotherapist. I work with individuals experiencing problems related to anxiety, depression and life transitions. I have witnessed the benefits of cultivating self-awareness through mindfulness and meditation with children, adolescents and adults. By incorporating these techniques into sessions it allows individuals to yield the full expression of their inner peace, strength and abilities.
Using trauma-informed cognitive behavior therapy, individuals can gain insight into the connection between their thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
My name is Roxanne Arthur-Shittu. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker practicing as a psychotherapist. I work with individuals experiencing problems related to anxiety, depression and life transitions. I have witnessed the benefits of cultivating self-awareness through mindfulness and meditation with children, adolescents and adults. By incorporating these techniques into sessions it allows individuals to yield the full expression of their inner peace, strength and abilities.
(469) 382-1954 View (469) 382-1954
Photo of Foyzul Ahmed, MSW, LCSW-R, R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Foyzul Ahmed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-R, R
Verified Verified
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
Trained and certified in CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) for Psychosis, Panic Disorder, and Anger Management, IPT (Inter Personal Psychotherapy) for Depression.
Often our mental health issues are triggered by the highly demanding lifestyle in a stressful environment. We are not able to process all the issues we face all by ourselves. We need professional perspectives of our issues. In therapy I help patients analyze their issues in a scientific manner. My approach is holistic: health, body, mind, spirit, biology, and the environmental factors. Every human being has potentials to overcome their problems through time, patience, insight, using proper resources, and applying their inner strengths. I have faith in my patience. My motto: Educate. Empower. Evolve. I am inspired by what I see!
Trained and certified in CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) for Psychosis, Panic Disorder, and Anger Management, IPT (Inter Personal Psychotherapy) for Depression.
Often our mental health issues are triggered by the highly demanding lifestyle in a stressful environment. We are not able to process all the issues we face all by ourselves. We need professional perspectives of our issues. In therapy I help patients analyze their issues in a scientific manner. My approach is holistic: health, body, mind, spirit, biology, and the environmental factors. Every human being has potentials to overcome their problems through time, patience, insight, using proper resources, and applying their inner strengths. I have faith in my patience. My motto: Educate. Empower. Evolve. I am inspired by what I see!
(929) 416-0315 View (929) 416-0315
Photo of Matthew Koziolek, LMHC, Counselor
Matthew Koziolek
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Woodhaven, NY 11421
Now offering same day video and phone appointments
Now offering same day video and phone appointments
(718) 690-3233 View (718) 690-3233
Photo of Luz M. Oviedo - Creative Care Group, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Creative Care Group
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodhaven, NY 11421
At Creative Care Group we strongly believe that in order to be the best versions of ourselves it starts by practicing self love and self-compassion.
At Creative Care Group we strongly believe that in order to be the best versions of ourselves it starts by practicing self love and self-compassion.
(718) 841-0586 View (718) 841-0586
Photo of Dr. Vanessa Persaud, PhD, NCC, LMHC, Counselor
Dr. Vanessa Persaud
Counselor, PhD, NCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with low self-esteem? Have you lost a loved one and are unsure how to move on without them? I believe that everyone has a unique story and experience in life. My goal is to allow you to openly share your stressors, gain awareness, and assist you in building the confidence to find the solutions to your struggles. I will assist you in exploring your thought process and emotional patterns by using a series of techniques from various approaches. And I will create a secure atmosphere where you will feel appreciated and will obtain the highest quality of care while working towards achieving emotional independence.
Are you struggling with low self-esteem? Have you lost a loved one and are unsure how to move on without them? I believe that everyone has a unique story and experience in life. My goal is to allow you to openly share your stressors, gain awareness, and assist you in building the confidence to find the solutions to your struggles. I will assist you in exploring your thought process and emotional patterns by using a series of techniques from various approaches. And I will create a secure atmosphere where you will feel appreciated and will obtain the highest quality of care while working towards achieving emotional independence.
(631) 212-9256 View (631) 212-9256
Photo of Desiree A. Linton, LMHC, LPC, Counselor
Desiree A. Linton
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
I work with individuals struggling with mood disorders, anxiety, depression, interpersonal relationships, infertility and adjustment disorder/life transitions. Sessions are unstructured and are focused on supporting you to accomplish your goals. The therapy space is empathetic and nonjudgmental to safely explore thoughts, emotions, behavior and relationships. I am a compassionate listener and aim to be a supportive guide. My experiences have given me a variety of resources and techniques to utilize throughout sessions.
I work with individuals struggling with mood disorders, anxiety, depression, interpersonal relationships, infertility and adjustment disorder/life transitions. Sessions are unstructured and are focused on supporting you to accomplish your goals. The therapy space is empathetic and nonjudgmental to safely explore thoughts, emotions, behavior and relationships. I am a compassionate listener and aim to be a supportive guide. My experiences have given me a variety of resources and techniques to utilize throughout sessions.
(646) 362-1105 View (646) 362-1105
Photo of Ignacia Carmen Urena, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ignacia Carmen Urena
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodhaven, NY 11421  (Online Only)
(929) 284-2894 View (929) 284-2894

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Glorianny Guzman, MPS, LCAT , Art Therapist
Glorianny Guzman
Art Therapist, MPS, LCAT
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I specialize in art therapy, CBT, solution focus, parent-child counseling, mindfulness, life coaching, trauma focus and person centered approach.
Are you a young adult looking to reduce anxiety? Of color? Struggling with goals? family college? financial stress? Pregnancy/Postpartum ? increase self-esteem? gain coping skills? Etc.. Then I am the therapist for you! My goal is to help people grow, heal, obtain their goals and have overall positive experience within a safe space. We can make art or just talk in therapy or focus on life coaching.
I specialize in art therapy, CBT, solution focus, parent-child counseling, mindfulness, life coaching, trauma focus and person centered approach.
Are you a young adult looking to reduce anxiety? Of color? Struggling with goals? family college? financial stress? Pregnancy/Postpartum ? increase self-esteem? gain coping skills? Etc.. Then I am the therapist for you! My goal is to help people grow, heal, obtain their goals and have overall positive experience within a safe space. We can make art or just talk in therapy or focus on life coaching.
(347) 934-6868 View (347) 934-6868
Photo of Emily Sharp, MA, LCAT, ATR-BC, RYT, BC-TMH, Art Therapist
Emily Sharp
Art Therapist, MA, LCAT, ATR-BC, RYT, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NY 11385
In sessions, we can incorporate CBT and Mindfulness tools, so that you can feel supported, calmer, and able to address anxious thoughts and feelings in between sessions.
Are you looking to make changes in your life but are feeling stuck? I help people recognize old patterns and move toward their future goals. I specialize in working with Adults who are struggling with anxiety of all kinds, life transitions, relationship issues, low mood, and those looking to build confidence, set effective boundaries, manage overwhelm, and take action to make noticeable life improvements. My hope is that you leave feeling more calm, confident, and motivated. Are you looking for a therapist who is active in conversations, non-judgmental, collaborative, encouraging, and invested? Then we could be a good fit.
In sessions, we can incorporate CBT and Mindfulness tools, so that you can feel supported, calmer, and able to address anxious thoughts and feelings in between sessions.
Are you looking to make changes in your life but are feeling stuck? I help people recognize old patterns and move toward their future goals. I specialize in working with Adults who are struggling with anxiety of all kinds, life transitions, relationship issues, low mood, and those looking to build confidence, set effective boundaries, manage overwhelm, and take action to make noticeable life improvements. My hope is that you leave feeling more calm, confident, and motivated. Are you looking for a therapist who is active in conversations, non-judgmental, collaborative, encouraging, and invested? Then we could be a good fit.
(332) 244-4058 View (332) 244-4058
Photo of Andrew I Frank
Andrew I Frank
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
I am a certified personal coach specializing in the areas of career transition, work/life balance, and executive management. I utilize a practical goals based approach supported by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Positive Psychology models. Most of my clients work with me for a short amount of time ranging from three to twelve sessions over three to six months. During this time 90% of my clients accomplish their goals and improve their lives. I can meet in person but also via video calls which often allow for more convenient scheduling.
I am a certified personal coach specializing in the areas of career transition, work/life balance, and executive management. I utilize a practical goals based approach supported by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Positive Psychology models. Most of my clients work with me for a short amount of time ranging from three to twelve sessions over three to six months. During this time 90% of my clients accomplish their goals and improve their lives. I can meet in person but also via video calls which often allow for more convenient scheduling.
(646) 849-2156 View (646) 849-2156
Photo of Katherine Ramirez - Canela Counseling PLLC, LMHC, Counselor
Canela Counseling PLLC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11208  (Online Only)
I use an eclectic approach including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Internal Family Systems to treat concerns such as anxiety, phobias, and trauma-related conditions in an empathic and effective manner.
Welcome to Canela Counseling, where compassionate care meets professional expertise! I'm Katherine Ramirez, a bilingual licensed mental health counselor providing virtual care in New York. I help children, teens, and adults overcome anxieties and build stronger senses of selves. I founded Canela Counseling in 2024 to provide trauma-informed and culturally responsive care to underrepresented communities across New York.
I use an eclectic approach including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Internal Family Systems to treat concerns such as anxiety, phobias, and trauma-related conditions in an empathic and effective manner.
Welcome to Canela Counseling, where compassionate care meets professional expertise! I'm Katherine Ramirez, a bilingual licensed mental health counselor providing virtual care in New York. I help children, teens, and adults overcome anxieties and build stronger senses of selves. I founded Canela Counseling in 2024 to provide trauma-informed and culturally responsive care to underrepresented communities across New York.
(929) 470-4096 View (929) 470-4096
Photo of Nino Tevdorashvili, LMHC, CASAC, Counselor
Nino Tevdorashvili
Counselor, LMHC, CASAC
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NY 11385
I provide counseling for individuals, couples, and families by creating a positive and caring treatment environment based on specific needs of each client. Using integrative, psychodynamic, CBT and interactive therapeutic methods, I help the client overcome the existing problem, implement behavioral changes, and explore his/her potential more effectively in everyday life. I am working in two locations: in Queens and Manhattan. My both offices is conveniently located in NY and it is easily accessible by public transportation. I have flexible working hours and I am open to scheduling counseling sessions on the weekends and late evenings, as well as any emergency appointments, if needed.
I provide counseling for individuals, couples, and families by creating a positive and caring treatment environment based on specific needs of each client. Using integrative, psychodynamic, CBT and interactive therapeutic methods, I help the client overcome the existing problem, implement behavioral changes, and explore his/her potential more effectively in everyday life. I am working in two locations: in Queens and Manhattan. My both offices is conveniently located in NY and it is easily accessible by public transportation. I have flexible working hours and I am open to scheduling counseling sessions on the weekends and late evenings, as well as any emergency appointments, if needed.
(917) 720-4334 View (917) 720-4334
Photo of Seda Ayata - New Start Psychotherapy, Counselor
New Start Psychotherapy
Counselor
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375
Our team at New Start Mental Health offers various approaches to psychotherapy, including CBT, Psychoanalytic, Problem Solving, and Person-Centered therapy.
If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, and unsure what to do next, it's time to seek help. Together, we can transform your pain and uncertainty into growth you never thought possible. Discussing issues like loss, grief, emotional pain, and stress with a non-judgmental therapist can help you navigate these challenges in a healthy way while feeling supported. You might initially hesitate to seek help for personal matters, but taking that courageous first step can lead you to a better place and a better version of yourself.
Our team at New Start Mental Health offers various approaches to psychotherapy, including CBT, Psychoanalytic, Problem Solving, and Person-Centered therapy.
If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, and unsure what to do next, it's time to seek help. Together, we can transform your pain and uncertainty into growth you never thought possible. Discussing issues like loss, grief, emotional pain, and stress with a non-judgmental therapist can help you navigate these challenges in a healthy way while feeling supported. You might initially hesitate to seek help for personal matters, but taking that courageous first step can lead you to a better place and a better version of yourself.
(347) 934-6794 View (347) 934-6794
Photo of Zbigniew Korczak, LCSW-R, CASAC, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Zbigniew Korczak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CASAC, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rego Park, NY 11374
Life is tough these days and we all need help, particularly with this new pandemic threat and the consequent anxiety and depression it has caused. My therapeutic practice is based on Buddhist compassion and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I work with alcohol and drug addiction as well as trauma and PTSD clients. I provide a traditional psychological perspective as well as a discovery of your life’s inner meaning, your strengths, your dreams, your creativity, your spirituality, and the socio-cultural context that surrounds you. I am able to create a nourishing, supportive environment that contributes to your healing and transformation.
Life is tough these days and we all need help, particularly with this new pandemic threat and the consequent anxiety and depression it has caused. My therapeutic practice is based on Buddhist compassion and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I work with alcohol and drug addiction as well as trauma and PTSD clients. I provide a traditional psychological perspective as well as a discovery of your life’s inner meaning, your strengths, your dreams, your creativity, your spirituality, and the socio-cultural context that surrounds you. I am able to create a nourishing, supportive environment that contributes to your healing and transformation.
(917) 540-3802 View (917) 540-3802
Photo of Kim Persico, LMHC, Counselor
Kim Persico
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rego Park, NY 11374
I utilize a psychodynamic, trauma-informed approach, with the use of various evidenced-based interventions, such as cognitive-behavorial techniques, to meet the unique needs of each client.
Hello! My name is Kim Persico and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I have experience working with individuals from various backgrounds and differing life circumstances. I seek to help my clients cultivate self-love and acceptance of oneself while assisting them in developing healthy strategies to better manage their mental health. My goal as a therapist is to help you achieve positive change within yourself and your relationships in order to live a more fulfilling life. I aim to have my clients feel heard, accepted, empowered, and understood. I can assure you that our sessions will be a safe place for you.
I utilize a psychodynamic, trauma-informed approach, with the use of various evidenced-based interventions, such as cognitive-behavorial techniques, to meet the unique needs of each client.
Hello! My name is Kim Persico and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I have experience working with individuals from various backgrounds and differing life circumstances. I seek to help my clients cultivate self-love and acceptance of oneself while assisting them in developing healthy strategies to better manage their mental health. My goal as a therapist is to help you achieve positive change within yourself and your relationships in order to live a more fulfilling life. I aim to have my clients feel heard, accepted, empowered, and understood. I can assure you that our sessions will be a safe place for you.
(516) 518-3314 View (516) 518-3314
Photo of Crystal Jo, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Crystal Jo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I utilize systemic approaches for all of my clients by combining Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Solution-focused therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psycho-education, and Sex Therapy to develop insight and cultivate healthier relational dynamics.
My utmost commitment to clients is providing therapeutic services with empathy and unconditional positive regard. By creating a safe space for open communication, I aim to help individuals, couples, and family members work towards healthier interpersonal relationships. I had the privilege of assisting clients through various stages of life – grief, pregnancy/postpartum, parenting issues, pre-marital counseling, marital/family issues, separation, divorce, recovery, affairs, sexual issues, mental health diagnoses – both in private practice and a New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports approved outpatient program.
I utilize systemic approaches for all of my clients by combining Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Solution-focused therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psycho-education, and Sex Therapy to develop insight and cultivate healthier relational dynamics.
My utmost commitment to clients is providing therapeutic services with empathy and unconditional positive regard. By creating a safe space for open communication, I aim to help individuals, couples, and family members work towards healthier interpersonal relationships. I had the privilege of assisting clients through various stages of life – grief, pregnancy/postpartum, parenting issues, pre-marital counseling, marital/family issues, separation, divorce, recovery, affairs, sexual issues, mental health diagnoses – both in private practice and a New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports approved outpatient program.
(917) 473-8869 View (917) 473-8869

See more therapy options for Woodhaven

Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.