Depression Therapists in Spencerport, NY
![Photo of Tracy L Gillette, PhD, LMHC, MS, MA, NCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c4af75c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
Tracy L Gillette
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, MS, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Spencerport, NY 14559 (Online Only)
I will help you identify your strengths in order to address your issues and concerns. Positive psychology is practiced here. Specialities are treatment for depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, and weight issues. Additional areas include anger management, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, chronic pain, inner-child healing, and binge eating. I use empirically supported, traditional talk therapy, plus expressive arts, and movement. Approaches include cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, client-centered therapy, experiential-Gestalt, mindfulness techniques and more.
I will help you identify your strengths in order to address your issues and concerns. Positive psychology is practiced here. Specialities are treatment for depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, and weight issues. Additional areas include anger management, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, chronic pain, inner-child healing, and binge eating. I use empirically supported, traditional talk therapy, plus expressive arts, and movement. Approaches include cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, client-centered therapy, experiential-Gestalt, mindfulness techniques and more.
![Photo of Amy J Brogan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1aca5b85-18a7-4b84-a6c1-3b24568ad724/1/320x400.jpeg)
I have experience working with individuals suffering from anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and Autism.
Has the journey of life thrown you unexpected twists and turns presenting you with challenging circumstances, barriers and painful experiences? Your challenges can cause you to feel overwhelmed and out of balance. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I would be honored to work with you and or your family member to achieve your goals.
I have experience working with individuals suffering from anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and Autism.
Has the journey of life thrown you unexpected twists and turns presenting you with challenging circumstances, barriers and painful experiences? Your challenges can cause you to feel overwhelmed and out of balance. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I would be honored to work with you and or your family member to achieve your goals.
![Photo of Andrea Marron, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3d47ee08-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
I have a passion to help those suffering from depression and/or anxiety as we all have high and low points in our lives.
There are times in each of our lives when we seek clarity on life and issues surrounding us. Whether you need support, guidance, assistance with problems and/or issues or help with setting goals for yourself, I am here to assist you by offering reality feedback and talk therapy in a comfortable and inviting setting. I offer therapy for individuals, couples, adolescents and older adults. I am here to assist you in seeing how past events and current stressors impact the person you are today.
I have a passion to help those suffering from depression and/or anxiety as we all have high and low points in our lives.
There are times in each of our lives when we seek clarity on life and issues surrounding us. Whether you need support, guidance, assistance with problems and/or issues or help with setting goals for yourself, I am here to assist you by offering reality feedback and talk therapy in a comfortable and inviting setting. I offer therapy for individuals, couples, adolescents and older adults. I am here to assist you in seeing how past events and current stressors impact the person you are today.
![Photo of Mary Coyle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e6e0392c-2a28-4366-bba5-e87e53f909bc/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am most comfortable treating clients who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and bereavement.
Hello! I'm Mary, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Hempstead, New York, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. Life can be challenging sometimes. In my work, I try to provide a safe space where those challenges can be explored, and new possibilities can be discovered. I work collaboratively with you to help you re-discover your strengths and to use these to help you deal more effectively with your struggles. I have found that my style and approach are a good fit for adults and seniors who are experiencing life transitions and are having difficulty coping with grief and loss.
I am most comfortable treating clients who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and bereavement.
Hello! I'm Mary, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Hempstead, New York, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. Life can be challenging sometimes. In my work, I try to provide a safe space where those challenges can be explored, and new possibilities can be discovered. I work collaboratively with you to help you re-discover your strengths and to use these to help you deal more effectively with your struggles. I have found that my style and approach are a good fit for adults and seniors who are experiencing life transitions and are having difficulty coping with grief and loss.
![Photo of Emily Rein, LMHC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b224a075-9ad6-4c6a-aee0-9e6b0cb913ef/2/320x400.jpeg)
While I would say that I mostly specialize in anxiety disorders and depression, I have worked with clients on issues such as: trauma, relationship conflicts, grief/loss, motherhood/fertility issues and more.
Good fit is so important when choosing a counselor. Here are some things to know about me: I want to understand where you've been and where you want to go. I will not judge your life choices. I genuinely care about my clients and I'm a therapist because helping others is fulfilling and meaningful to me. I am a very approachable, available and responsive counselor, both during and outside of sessions. Please contact me for a free consultation so we can start to get to know one another!
While I would say that I mostly specialize in anxiety disorders and depression, I have worked with clients on issues such as: trauma, relationship conflicts, grief/loss, motherhood/fertility issues and more.
Good fit is so important when choosing a counselor. Here are some things to know about me: I want to understand where you've been and where you want to go. I will not judge your life choices. I genuinely care about my clients and I'm a therapist because helping others is fulfilling and meaningful to me. I am a very approachable, available and responsive counselor, both during and outside of sessions. Please contact me for a free consultation so we can start to get to know one another!
![Photo of Christina Lacey - Chris Lacey Counseling , LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c4d479fa-04d7-4024-b5d7-6a5194e17434/1/320x400.jpeg)
Chris Lacey Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spencerport, NY 14559
Stress, anxiety, sadness & depression can make our lives difficult & sometimes we need to talk about it. We may need to learn to talk & communicate more effectively to understand each other & relate. As individuals in a relationship or not, we have factors that can contribute & affect our lives that we may not realize. When we make changes to ourselves or changes happen in our lives, it not only affects you, but those around us. Identifying these factors can help bring clarity to you & your family. Changes and life transitions can be tough & can cause depression, anxiety and problems between people. Talking helps change.
Stress, anxiety, sadness & depression can make our lives difficult & sometimes we need to talk about it. We may need to learn to talk & communicate more effectively to understand each other & relate. As individuals in a relationship or not, we have factors that can contribute & affect our lives that we may not realize. When we make changes to ourselves or changes happen in our lives, it not only affects you, but those around us. Identifying these factors can help bring clarity to you & your family. Changes and life transitions can be tough & can cause depression, anxiety and problems between people. Talking helps change.
![Photo of Denise Suncin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6346f858-084e-49cf-8c79-963b50e5b314/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hello and welcome! My name is Denise Alejandra Suncin and I am an LCSW practicing in New York. I strive to be person-centered while also thinking outside of the box in my therapy sessions; my areas of practice range from ABA with children under 3 and severe mental health issues in adults. I am open to working with individuals 21 and over with any wide arrange of issues. My particular strong points are around mental health, trauma, addiction, loss, grief, and many others! I would say that I am not your typical or conventional therapist.
Hello and welcome! My name is Denise Alejandra Suncin and I am an LCSW practicing in New York. I strive to be person-centered while also thinking outside of the box in my therapy sessions; my areas of practice range from ABA with children under 3 and severe mental health issues in adults. I am open to working with individuals 21 and over with any wide arrange of issues. My particular strong points are around mental health, trauma, addiction, loss, grief, and many others! I would say that I am not your typical or conventional therapist.
![Photo of Tracey E Reed, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50fb06c2-af4d-41a0-8c1e-d15c976182d3/3/320x400.jpeg)
People seek out therapy for many different reasons. Unexpected changes in our lives can be overwhelming and stressful. Perhaps you are feeling alone, confused, misunderstood. Maybe you find yourself at a crossroad in your life and don’t know what direction to take. It takes courage to ask for help. Therapy is a pathway for hope, growth and healing. As a therapist for over 20 years, I have worked with a large age range of people with a multitude of mental health disorders. I honor and respect your individuality, life story and the unique circumstances that brought you here. I welcome the opportunity to guide you on this journey.
People seek out therapy for many different reasons. Unexpected changes in our lives can be overwhelming and stressful. Perhaps you are feeling alone, confused, misunderstood. Maybe you find yourself at a crossroad in your life and don’t know what direction to take. It takes courage to ask for help. Therapy is a pathway for hope, growth and healing. As a therapist for over 20 years, I have worked with a large age range of people with a multitude of mental health disorders. I honor and respect your individuality, life story and the unique circumstances that brought you here. I welcome the opportunity to guide you on this journey.
![Photo of Tami Sullivan - Unified Counseling Services, PLLC, PhD, LMHC, RPT-S, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0dc67e32-2325-4856-896b-946705bc2827/2/320x400.jpeg)
Unified Counseling Services, PLLC
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Spencerport, NY 14559
Are you ready for change? You have found the right place. At Unified Counseling Services, we provide counseling to bring hope and peace to you. Counseling provides the opportunity to explore and discover life's challenges in a safe and accepting environment. Together we can find healthier solutions for the areas you struggle in. We provide holistic, heart-centered professional counseling grounded in cutting edge science. We are the experts in children and families. Our counselors have been helping clients live the life they truly want to live for more than 20 years in school, community and clinic settings.
Are you ready for change? You have found the right place. At Unified Counseling Services, we provide counseling to bring hope and peace to you. Counseling provides the opportunity to explore and discover life's challenges in a safe and accepting environment. Together we can find healthier solutions for the areas you struggle in. We provide holistic, heart-centered professional counseling grounded in cutting edge science. We are the experts in children and families. Our counselors have been helping clients live the life they truly want to live for more than 20 years in school, community and clinic settings.
![Photo of Jamie DiMarco - Brain Works ROC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f4500509-4b03-4347-844e-9b9342ad8b0f/1/320x400.jpeg)
At Brain Works ROC, we're big believers of the "it's always darkest before dawn," philosophy. We emphasis solution focused therapies that provide opportunities to turn painful experiences into wisdom and strength, so you can achieve your goals, feel great about you and not just feel as though you're muddling through.
At Brain Works ROC, we're big believers of the "it's always darkest before dawn," philosophy. We emphasis solution focused therapies that provide opportunities to turn painful experiences into wisdom and strength, so you can achieve your goals, feel great about you and not just feel as though you're muddling through.
![Photo of Jamie DiMarco - American Elder Care Mental Health Services, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/54519c10-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
American Elder Care Mental Health Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Spencerport, NY 14559
Getting older is part of every person's journey, and it comes with many rewards. But, we recognize that aging can bring unwanted burdens - new limitations, medical concerns, feeling overwhelmed and worried about day to day tasks. Maybe you're caregiving for a loved one, or maybe you are a loved one frustrated with the challenges aging can bring. At American Elder Care, we listen, we work to create realistic goals that improve mood, decrease anxiousness and sadness, while focusing on creating improved quality of life and connection, giving peace of mind.
Getting older is part of every person's journey, and it comes with many rewards. But, we recognize that aging can bring unwanted burdens - new limitations, medical concerns, feeling overwhelmed and worried about day to day tasks. Maybe you're caregiving for a loved one, or maybe you are a loved one frustrated with the challenges aging can bring. At American Elder Care, we listen, we work to create realistic goals that improve mood, decrease anxiousness and sadness, while focusing on creating improved quality of life and connection, giving peace of mind.
![Photo of Jeffery D Snarr, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5173c959-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
My down-to-earth, humor-filled, and practical therapeutic approach enables me to form a strong alliance with my patients. I am passionate about enabling and empowering my patients to maximize joy and minimize suffering in life by identifying and living by your deepest values. Therapy with me will not merely consist of you recounting the events of your week while I nod my head and tell you that I know you can figure out how to change, improve, or handle it. I am not just a “paid friend;” rather, my patients need me to (a) understand their suffering and then (b) teach them HOW to make things better.
My down-to-earth, humor-filled, and practical therapeutic approach enables me to form a strong alliance with my patients. I am passionate about enabling and empowering my patients to maximize joy and minimize suffering in life by identifying and living by your deepest values. Therapy with me will not merely consist of you recounting the events of your week while I nod my head and tell you that I know you can figure out how to change, improve, or handle it. I am not just a “paid friend;” rather, my patients need me to (a) understand their suffering and then (b) teach them HOW to make things better.
![Photo of M Norlund, LMHC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50c58fd5-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Change begins with the realization that the way you are experiencing life is not in alignment with your values and vision for yourself. For change to continue, this awareness needs to inspire the willingness to leave unhelpful beliefs and actions behind and build new strengths and supports. I meet clients at wherever they are in the process of developing a life that is balanced, inspiring, fulfilling, and genuine to their own goals.
Change begins with the realization that the way you are experiencing life is not in alignment with your values and vision for yourself. For change to continue, this awareness needs to inspire the willingness to leave unhelpful beliefs and actions behind and build new strengths and supports. I meet clients at wherever they are in the process of developing a life that is balanced, inspiring, fulfilling, and genuine to their own goals.
![Photo of Philip J. Monte Verde, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a7dcf5dd-eee3-4eae-9dc3-ed5790b556e8/1/320x400.jpeg)
You can't just 'get rid' of anxiety. Anxiety is a smoke alarm. It scans our environment, our body, and our mind for signs of trouble. When it finds trouble, it sets off the alarm. So we need to address the fire, not the alarm. If you want to explore what it is that anxiety is trying to tell you, then I may just be the therapist for you!
You can't just 'get rid' of anxiety. Anxiety is a smoke alarm. It scans our environment, our body, and our mind for signs of trouble. When it finds trouble, it sets off the alarm. So we need to address the fire, not the alarm. If you want to explore what it is that anxiety is trying to tell you, then I may just be the therapist for you!
![Photo of Patrice Gregorek Goodrich, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3bdb2d77-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Patrice Gregorek Goodrich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Spencerport, NY 14559
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling frustrated, overwhelmed, stuck? Is negativity and/or anger undermining your relationships? Does your past history cloud present life circumstances? It is possible to change the negative patterns. Your life does not have to be ruled by fear, depression, and anxiety. Are you in the middle of a life transition or a crisis and need someone to talk with to sort things through?
Are you feeling frustrated, overwhelmed, stuck? Is negativity and/or anger undermining your relationships? Does your past history cloud present life circumstances? It is possible to change the negative patterns. Your life does not have to be ruled by fear, depression, and anxiety. Are you in the middle of a life transition or a crisis and need someone to talk with to sort things through?
![Photo of Carly St. John, LMHC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9eaa385a-8152-4c60-bbc6-0688f7c0f73e/1/320x400.jpeg)
My primary areas of focus are working with clients struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, relationship problems, and spiritual concerns.
Who am I? What is important to me? What do I believe in? What do I want out of life? I know firsthand what it is like to face these questions, especially when rebuilding after disappointment, trauma, and loss. In my own experience and in my experience working with clients, I have found that the most difficult times of our lives can be the catalyst to our greatest growth, and eventually, a sense of peace we had not thought possible.
My primary areas of focus are working with clients struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, relationship problems, and spiritual concerns.
Who am I? What is important to me? What do I believe in? What do I want out of life? I know firsthand what it is like to face these questions, especially when rebuilding after disappointment, trauma, and loss. In my own experience and in my experience working with clients, I have found that the most difficult times of our lives can be the catalyst to our greatest growth, and eventually, a sense of peace we had not thought possible.
![Photo of Meaghan Kathleen Barry, MS, LMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6053b3de-1cba-40cf-a127-10a25c036a7d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Meaghan Kathleen Barry
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Spencerport, NY 14559 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Meaghan Barry (she/her) earned her Master’s of Science in Mental Health Counseling from St. John Fisher University. Her person-centered counseling style and humanistic theoretical orientation mean that her clients can expect a clinician who constantly believes in them and their growth process. She has a warm, encouraging, and empathic approach. She regularly collaborates with client family members to create systems of support in her clients’ lives. Meaghan uses a multicultural lens and takes an affirming stance as an ally to LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC persons.
Meaghan Barry (she/her) earned her Master’s of Science in Mental Health Counseling from St. John Fisher University. Her person-centered counseling style and humanistic theoretical orientation mean that her clients can expect a clinician who constantly believes in them and their growth process. She has a warm, encouraging, and empathic approach. She regularly collaborates with client family members to create systems of support in her clients’ lives. Meaghan uses a multicultural lens and takes an affirming stance as an ally to LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC persons.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Samantha G. Stringer, MS, LMHC, NCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5e30881c-ed8e-44a8-9ebb-75b0389109f3/2/320x400.jpeg)
On life’s journey we are constantly growing and developing. Whether young or old, life is a journey that usually entail efforts of trying to understand divine will. We often question our purpose in life, especially during challenging times. To keep it real, in many cultures/communities, such as the African American (Black) community, we might have been taught to either “pray” about our situations, issues, and emotions or “suck it up and keep it moving.” This can create negative energies such as anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, and other mental health issues that need to be addressed in a healthy manner.
On life’s journey we are constantly growing and developing. Whether young or old, life is a journey that usually entail efforts of trying to understand divine will. We often question our purpose in life, especially during challenging times. To keep it real, in many cultures/communities, such as the African American (Black) community, we might have been taught to either “pray” about our situations, issues, and emotions or “suck it up and keep it moving.” This can create negative energies such as anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, and other mental health issues that need to be addressed in a healthy manner.
![Photo of Kaleb Colosimo, MS, MHC-LP, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/80fa0223-fbd5-4ee2-af7f-e03c78e802d8/2/320x400.jpeg)
I have worked with individuals ranging from teenagers to seniors dealing with issues including depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, self-harm and more.
Welcome - I'm so glad you're here! I know finding a therapist can be daunting, but it is so worth it when you find someone you can trust. Whether you are navigating a new challenge life has thrown at you or are choosing to tackle a longstanding problem, I would be honored to be part of your team. Clients from all walks of life are welcome. I value clients' diversity and aim to treat each individual as holistically as possible. If you are looking to grow yourself and your relationships into the best that they can be, I would love to meet with you and accompany you on that journey.
I have worked with individuals ranging from teenagers to seniors dealing with issues including depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, self-harm and more.
Welcome - I'm so glad you're here! I know finding a therapist can be daunting, but it is so worth it when you find someone you can trust. Whether you are navigating a new challenge life has thrown at you or are choosing to tackle a longstanding problem, I would be honored to be part of your team. Clients from all walks of life are welcome. I value clients' diversity and aim to treat each individual as holistically as possible. If you are looking to grow yourself and your relationships into the best that they can be, I would love to meet with you and accompany you on that journey.
![Photo of Amy Jones, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c3819615-4897-4db1-a35c-f51602e34c5f/1/320x400.png)
My name is Amy Lucia Jones, LCSW. I have experience dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, sexual abuse, trauma, relationship concerns, anger management, and loss. I am trained in CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Dialectical Behavioral Skills, Trauma Informed Care, and a wide range of other modalities. My treatment style is eclectic and utilizes a broad spectrum of various styles and skills. I enjoy working with clients ages 13 and up, individuals and couples. I am also LGBTQ+-affirming.
My name is Amy Lucia Jones, LCSW. I have experience dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, sexual abuse, trauma, relationship concerns, anger management, and loss. I am trained in CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Dialectical Behavioral Skills, Trauma Informed Care, and a wide range of other modalities. My treatment style is eclectic and utilizes a broad spectrum of various styles and skills. I enjoy working with clients ages 13 and up, individuals and couples. I am also LGBTQ+-affirming.
See more therapy options for Spencerport
Nearby Depression Therapists Searches for Spencerport
- Brighton
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- Henrietta
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Depression Therapists
What is the goal of therapy for depression?
Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.
What happens in therapy for depression?
Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.
What therapy types help with depression?
Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.
Can therapy for depression be done online?
Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.
How effective is therapy for depression?
Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.