Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Forest Hills, NY

Photo of Glorianny Guzman, MPS, LCAT , Art Therapist
Glorianny Guzman
Art Therapist, MPS, LCAT
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I specialize in art therapy, CBT, solution focus, mindfulness, life coaching, trauma focus and person centered approach.
Are you looking to reduce anxiety?Struggling with goals? family dynamics? college? financial stress? Pregnancy/Postpartum ? increase self-esteem? gain coping skills? Etc.. Then I am the therapist for you! My goal is to help people grow, heal, obtain their goals and have overall positive outlook in life within a safe space. We can make art or just talk in therapy whatever fits your needs!
I specialize in art therapy, CBT, solution focus, mindfulness, life coaching, trauma focus and person centered approach.
Are you looking to reduce anxiety?Struggling with goals? family dynamics? college? financial stress? Pregnancy/Postpartum ? increase self-esteem? gain coping skills? Etc.. Then I am the therapist for you! My goal is to help people grow, heal, obtain their goals and have overall positive outlook in life within a safe space. We can make art or just talk in therapy whatever fits your needs!
(347) 934-6868 View (347) 934-6868
Photo of Lisa M Hoffman, PhD, Psychologist
Lisa M Hoffman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375
My expertise is in Cognitive Remediation and working with families and individuals suffering from severe mental illness.
I believe that therapy should be both a comforting yet challenging experience for individuals. This type of environment is essential for individuals to feel both secure enough and able to tackle major life stressors. A meaningful, genuine therapeutic experience is what I strive to provide for my patients, as well as a safe place where you will be treated with respect regardless of your difficulties.
My expertise is in Cognitive Remediation and working with families and individuals suffering from severe mental illness.
I believe that therapy should be both a comforting yet challenging experience for individuals. This type of environment is essential for individuals to feel both secure enough and able to tackle major life stressors. A meaningful, genuine therapeutic experience is what I strive to provide for my patients, as well as a safe place where you will be treated with respect regardless of your difficulties.
(917) 791-3237 View (917) 791-3237
Photo of Hena Ali-Bernard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hena Ali-Bernard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
With expertise in trauma-informed care, CBT, family systems therapy, and strength-based approaches, I offer culturally sensitive, personalized treatment tailored to each client's needs.
Life can be overwhelming, often leading to struggles with confidence, mood, and navigating personal or professional challenges. If you’re feeling stuck or uncertain, finding a therapist you can trust is essential for healing. I offer a supportive, non-judgmental space where we can address your unique needs, whether you’re seeking relief from anxiety, improving self-esteem, or working through life transitions. Together, we’ll form a partnership, with you as the expert in your own life. My role is to support your growth, helping you use your strengths and insights to achieve your goals and thrive.
With expertise in trauma-informed care, CBT, family systems therapy, and strength-based approaches, I offer culturally sensitive, personalized treatment tailored to each client's needs.
Life can be overwhelming, often leading to struggles with confidence, mood, and navigating personal or professional challenges. If you’re feeling stuck or uncertain, finding a therapist you can trust is essential for healing. I offer a supportive, non-judgmental space where we can address your unique needs, whether you’re seeking relief from anxiety, improving self-esteem, or working through life transitions. Together, we’ll form a partnership, with you as the expert in your own life. My role is to support your growth, helping you use your strengths and insights to achieve your goals and thrive.
(646) 798-5259 View (646) 798-5259
Photo of Mery Acosta, MHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mery Acosta
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is integrative, drawing on cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT), which focuses on helping individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors, empowering them to make positive changes in their lives.
Your present circumstances don't determine where you can go; they merely determine where you start. – Nido Qubein. This quote resonates deeply with me because I believe in the power of growth and transformation. In therapy, we start from where you are, acknowledging your unique experiences and challenges, and work together towards your goals. Hello! I'm Mery, and I was born and raised in the vibrant country of Venezuela.
My approach to therapy is integrative, drawing on cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT), which focuses on helping individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors, empowering them to make positive changes in their lives.
Your present circumstances don't determine where you can go; they merely determine where you start. – Nido Qubein. This quote resonates deeply with me because I believe in the power of growth and transformation. In therapy, we start from where you are, acknowledging your unique experiences and challenges, and work together towards your goals. Hello! I'm Mery, and I was born and raised in the vibrant country of Venezuela.
(929) 543-5960 View (929) 543-5960
Photo of Erin Healy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Healy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I utilize a combination of theoretical approaches including motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and relational therapy.
Throughout my career treating those with substance abuse and mental health issues, I have learned that one of therapy's most healing aspects is the relationship and trust we build with one another. I strive to create a space where you can be your authentic self without judgment because when that is possible the work of healing can begin.
I utilize a combination of theoretical approaches including motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and relational therapy.
Throughout my career treating those with substance abuse and mental health issues, I have learned that one of therapy's most healing aspects is the relationship and trust we build with one another. I strive to create a space where you can be your authentic self without judgment because when that is possible the work of healing can begin.
(646) 849-6876 View (646) 849-6876
Photo of Sam L Sobel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sam L Sobel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
If you are anxious, depressed, have memories or experiences that haunt you, I can help you. I use a variety of approaches, including psychodynamic, cognitive, EMDR and hypnosis. Patients have told me that I am supportive, a good listener, genuine, energetic and determined. I am easy to get along with and you will feel comfortable the first session. In addition, I effectively treat couples in crisis, career issues and relationship problems. I am affordable and accept most insurance.
If you are anxious, depressed, have memories or experiences that haunt you, I can help you. I use a variety of approaches, including psychodynamic, cognitive, EMDR and hypnosis. Patients have told me that I am supportive, a good listener, genuine, energetic and determined. I am easy to get along with and you will feel comfortable the first session. In addition, I effectively treat couples in crisis, career issues and relationship problems. I am affordable and accept most insurance.
(718) 569-8347 View (718) 569-8347
Photo of Robert B Hendel, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Robert B Hendel
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I use an eclectic style, rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, solution focused, & trauma sensitive techniques to support meaningful change & personal growth.
The decision to begin therapy takes courage and careful consideration. I am here to give support and encouragement to help you process and overcome difficulties that contribute to anxiety, depression, and any other challenges. I work to build a trusting, reliable, and judgment-free relationship to help you explore your feelings. You will find compassion, empathy, and respect as I work collabortively with you, to help you realize your potential.
I use an eclectic style, rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, solution focused, & trauma sensitive techniques to support meaningful change & personal growth.
The decision to begin therapy takes courage and careful consideration. I am here to give support and encouragement to help you process and overcome difficulties that contribute to anxiety, depression, and any other challenges. I work to build a trusting, reliable, and judgment-free relationship to help you explore your feelings. You will find compassion, empathy, and respect as I work collabortively with you, to help you realize your potential.
(347) 836-5369 View (347) 836-5369
Photo of Diane Garfinkle, PsyD, Psychologist
Diane Garfinkle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
I use a blend of therapies, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and solution focused, depending on your issues.
My goal is to help, while making you feel comfortable. Each person comes in with their own unique life experience and problems. I try to work with compassion so that you will feel supported as we explore your thoughts and feelings about your past and present situations. Together we will examine ways in which you can find solutions to current probIems. Some of the most common problems I see include relationship and career issues, depression, anxiety, parenting, infertility, grief, chronic illnesses (including cancer), and elder care.
I use a blend of therapies, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and solution focused, depending on your issues.
My goal is to help, while making you feel comfortable. Each person comes in with their own unique life experience and problems. I try to work with compassion so that you will feel supported as we explore your thoughts and feelings about your past and present situations. Together we will examine ways in which you can find solutions to current probIems. Some of the most common problems I see include relationship and career issues, depression, anxiety, parenting, infertility, grief, chronic illnesses (including cancer), and elder care.
(516) 962-2999 View (516) 962-2999
Photo of Kelly Yu, PsyD, Psychologist
Kelly Yu
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I also integrate psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral ( CBT, DBT), and relational approaches to meet the needs of individuals, couples, and families.
I am a clinical psychologist specializing in trauma, stress, depression, anxiety, and couples therapy with partners who identify within the BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ community. In therapy, I work to build confidence, resilience, and copings skills. We can talk about the multidimensionality of your identity to navigate the impact of societal stress and discover ways to feel your feelings in an increasingly difficult world.
I also integrate psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral ( CBT, DBT), and relational approaches to meet the needs of individuals, couples, and families.
I am a clinical psychologist specializing in trauma, stress, depression, anxiety, and couples therapy with partners who identify within the BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ community. In therapy, I work to build confidence, resilience, and copings skills. We can talk about the multidimensionality of your identity to navigate the impact of societal stress and discover ways to feel your feelings in an increasingly difficult world.
(929) 930-3500 View (929) 930-3500
Photo of Lisa Decker, MA, MHC-LP
Lisa Decker
MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I pull resources from a variety of therapeutic modalities including integrative cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, person-centered therapy, solutions-focused therapy, narrative therapy, and mindfulness practices.
My clients are typically adults from all cultural and religious backgrounds. They come to me with a variety of experiences that need attention; depression, anxiety, panic disorder, grief, obsessive compulsive disorder, stress, attention deficit disorder, vocational issues, difficulty finding meaning or purpose, trauma, women's health, men's health, LGTBQ+, body and self-image, cultural intersectionality issues, and social justice issues to name a few. Most often however, my clients thrive when they feel seen, heard, and validated within their experience. I work collaboratively with clients to ensure good pacing, trust, and comfort.
I pull resources from a variety of therapeutic modalities including integrative cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, person-centered therapy, solutions-focused therapy, narrative therapy, and mindfulness practices.
My clients are typically adults from all cultural and religious backgrounds. They come to me with a variety of experiences that need attention; depression, anxiety, panic disorder, grief, obsessive compulsive disorder, stress, attention deficit disorder, vocational issues, difficulty finding meaning or purpose, trauma, women's health, men's health, LGTBQ+, body and self-image, cultural intersectionality issues, and social justice issues to name a few. Most often however, my clients thrive when they feel seen, heard, and validated within their experience. I work collaboratively with clients to ensure good pacing, trust, and comfort.
(347) 983-6372 View (347) 983-6372
Photo of Virginia 'vigie' Ramos Rios - Sol Health, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sol Health
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I have an eclectic, person centered, trauma informed approach that draws from Cognitive & Dialectical Behavioral, and psychodynamic therapy traditions.
My clients come from all walks of life. They may be struggling with work, school, family, relationships, or simply the everyday trials and tribulations. They may know exactly what is triggering them and what they need help with or they may have no idea. For the most part they are folks who recognize they need some help and are looking for someone to go with them on their journey.
I have an eclectic, person centered, trauma informed approach that draws from Cognitive & Dialectical Behavioral, and psychodynamic therapy traditions.
My clients come from all walks of life. They may be struggling with work, school, family, relationships, or simply the everyday trials and tribulations. They may know exactly what is triggering them and what they need help with or they may have no idea. For the most part they are folks who recognize they need some help and are looking for someone to go with them on their journey.
(929) 528-5316 View (929) 528-5316
Photo of Stella Cook, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stella Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
Through a combination of theoretical approaches such as CBT, IFS, and Motivational Interviewing, body movement and heart connection, we’ll move you closer to the changes in your life you are seeking, always at a pace and with goals that you are comfortable with.
If you're struggling with an important decision in your life, seeking positive change in a negative behavior, or feeling stuck in a rut, I might be the therapist for you. I offer a supportive space to help you navigate this season of your life. We will focus on realistic goals, learning new skills, and building a strong foundation of self-compassion that can carry you successfully through life's inevitable challenges in the future.
Through a combination of theoretical approaches such as CBT, IFS, and Motivational Interviewing, body movement and heart connection, we’ll move you closer to the changes in your life you are seeking, always at a pace and with goals that you are comfortable with.
If you're struggling with an important decision in your life, seeking positive change in a negative behavior, or feeling stuck in a rut, I might be the therapist for you. I offer a supportive space to help you navigate this season of your life. We will focus on realistic goals, learning new skills, and building a strong foundation of self-compassion that can carry you successfully through life's inevitable challenges in the future.
(973) 490-4748 View (973) 490-4748
Photo of Lara Guida, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lara Guida
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
In my practice, I utilize various aspects of CBT, DBT skills, motivational interviewing, and narrative modalities.
My name is Lara Guida, LMSW (she/her/hers). I offer telehealth/virtual sessions for Wellness Psychotherapy Services. In my practice, I provide a safe, compassionate, non-judgmental space for clients to unpack and understand what they are experiencing, and empower them to discover their strengths and recognize the tools they have that will help them achieve their potential. I focus on getting to know you as an individual, and in doing so, ensuring that the work we do together will utilize the right approach for you. I will best highlight your strengths and assist you in reaching your specific, unique goals.
In my practice, I utilize various aspects of CBT, DBT skills, motivational interviewing, and narrative modalities.
My name is Lara Guida, LMSW (she/her/hers). I offer telehealth/virtual sessions for Wellness Psychotherapy Services. In my practice, I provide a safe, compassionate, non-judgmental space for clients to unpack and understand what they are experiencing, and empower them to discover their strengths and recognize the tools they have that will help them achieve their potential. I focus on getting to know you as an individual, and in doing so, ensuring that the work we do together will utilize the right approach for you. I will best highlight your strengths and assist you in reaching your specific, unique goals.
(347) 321-8386 View (347) 321-8386
Photo of Judith Sason, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Judith Sason
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
As a licensed clinical therapist for over 5 years, my goal is to assist my clients in obtaining insight into their daily functioning in order to live a healthy meaningful life. Using evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Grief Counseling, Trauma Informed Care, and Supportive Counseling, I empower my clients to develop healthy coping techniques and skills to manage their mental health.
As a licensed clinical therapist for over 5 years, my goal is to assist my clients in obtaining insight into their daily functioning in order to live a healthy meaningful life. Using evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Grief Counseling, Trauma Informed Care, and Supportive Counseling, I empower my clients to develop healthy coping techniques and skills to manage their mental health.
(646) 759-9704 View (646) 759-9704
Photo of Gwen Alter, PhD, Psychologist
Gwen Alter
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
LET'S TALK. Ever since psychotherapy (the talking cure) was conceived over 100 years ago it has grown and evolved. But one thing remains constant: talking with someone about the things that bother you, in a safe and empathic environment is curative. It is the first step to changing the way you think, feel and act. In more than 20 years of practice, I have studied and mastered various techniques of psychotherapy ( cognitive behavioral, relational, psychodynamic) and will utilize these in our work together.
LET'S TALK. Ever since psychotherapy (the talking cure) was conceived over 100 years ago it has grown and evolved. But one thing remains constant: talking with someone about the things that bother you, in a safe and empathic environment is curative. It is the first step to changing the way you think, feel and act. In more than 20 years of practice, I have studied and mastered various techniques of psychotherapy ( cognitive behavioral, relational, psychodynamic) and will utilize these in our work together.
(718) 673-2730 View (718) 673-2730
Photo of Magdalena Samuel, LMHC, CASAC-T, Counselor
Magdalena Samuel
Counselor, LMHC, CASAC-T
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is integrative, drawing from evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Mindfulness-based techniques, and Solution-focused therapy.
Welcome! I'm passionate about helping individuals navigate life's challenges and discover their inner strengths. With a warm and empathetic approach, I create a safe space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. Together, we'll work collaboratively to identify your goals and develop practical strategies to enhance your well-being.Taking the first step towards seeking support is a courageous decision, and I'm here to support you every step of the way. If you're ready to embark on a journey towards greater mental and emotional well-being, I invite you to reach out and schedule a session.
My therapeutic approach is integrative, drawing from evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Mindfulness-based techniques, and Solution-focused therapy.
Welcome! I'm passionate about helping individuals navigate life's challenges and discover their inner strengths. With a warm and empathetic approach, I create a safe space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. Together, we'll work collaboratively to identify your goals and develop practical strategies to enhance your well-being.Taking the first step towards seeking support is a courageous decision, and I'm here to support you every step of the way. If you're ready to embark on a journey towards greater mental and emotional well-being, I invite you to reach out and schedule a session.
(929) 732-7002 View (929) 732-7002
Photo of Cassandra Monalisa Rankine - Rankine's Psychotherapy Counseling Services, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rankine's Psychotherapy Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
My Name is Cassandra Rankine, I am a Clinical Social Worker that has been working with multiple populations for almost ten years, diagnosing and treating. I utilizing various modalities such as CBT, DBT, Behavioral Therapy, and Spiritual Therapy just to name a few. Very knowledgeable in working with the mentally ill, long or short-term therapy. I focus on the client's strengths, and cultural sensitivity. Worked with clients who are court and ACS-mandated My knowledge of multiple issues that people face on a daily basis or past trauma allows me to understand and develop a unique approach that best works with clients who seek help.
My Name is Cassandra Rankine, I am a Clinical Social Worker that has been working with multiple populations for almost ten years, diagnosing and treating. I utilizing various modalities such as CBT, DBT, Behavioral Therapy, and Spiritual Therapy just to name a few. Very knowledgeable in working with the mentally ill, long or short-term therapy. I focus on the client's strengths, and cultural sensitivity. Worked with clients who are court and ACS-mandated My knowledge of multiple issues that people face on a daily basis or past trauma allows me to understand and develop a unique approach that best works with clients who seek help.
(718) 795-2538 View (718) 795-2538
Photo of Despina Vougioukas, LMHC, Counselor
Despina Vougioukas
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Forest Hills, NY 11375  (Online Only)
I'm passionate about working with individuals who would like to work on self-care, vulnerability, and growth to live a more self-empowered and fulfilled life. My therapeutic approach is a combination of solution-focused, strength-based therapy using cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT), and motivational interviewing (MI). I believe in meeting where the client is and treating them with dignity, respect, and compassion.
I'm passionate about working with individuals who would like to work on self-care, vulnerability, and growth to live a more self-empowered and fulfilled life. My therapeutic approach is a combination of solution-focused, strength-based therapy using cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT), and motivational interviewing (MI). I believe in meeting where the client is and treating them with dignity, respect, and compassion.
(646) 941-8159 View (646) 941-8159
Photo of Yasmin Rahman, MFT-LP
Yasmin Rahman
MFT-LP
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I am dedicated to working with individuals, families, children. I have 15 + years of work experience working with individuals, children, families in professional settings, more recently, online/ in person for their psychotherapy. I am an advocate for self-care, improving coping skills and increasing self-esteem. I use CBT, DBT, Psychodynamic, and many other therapeutic modalities. I strive to offer my clients a peaceful, secure space to share their problems and fears with me. Working together on my clients’ issues, I help them achieve emotional relief, greater confidence and greater self-esteem.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I am dedicated to working with individuals, families, children. I have 15 + years of work experience working with individuals, children, families in professional settings, more recently, online/ in person for their psychotherapy. I am an advocate for self-care, improving coping skills and increasing self-esteem. I use CBT, DBT, Psychodynamic, and many other therapeutic modalities. I strive to offer my clients a peaceful, secure space to share their problems and fears with me. Working together on my clients’ issues, I help them achieve emotional relief, greater confidence and greater self-esteem.
(929) 493-5671 View (929) 493-5671
Photo of Margarita Elizabeth Cruz - Margarita E Cruz LCSW-R, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margarita E Cruz LCSW-R
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Forest Hills, NY 11375
I see myself as a psychotherapist who is there to help, guide, and support the exploration of emotional patterns. Employing an insight -oriented and cognitive behavioral approach, I work with a wide spectrum of emotional difficulties, ranging from brief crises in life to more ingrained longstanding problems such as self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, intimacy, and acculturation issues.
I see myself as a psychotherapist who is there to help, guide, and support the exploration of emotional patterns. Employing an insight -oriented and cognitive behavioral approach, I work with a wide spectrum of emotional difficulties, ranging from brief crises in life to more ingrained longstanding problems such as self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, intimacy, and acculturation issues.
(718) 682-7051 View (718) 682-7051
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Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.