Photo of Chloe L Colosimo, LPC, LCADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chloe L Colosimo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Princeton Junction, NJ 08550
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor with over 25 years of experience specializing in addictions and trauma. I works primarily with individuals ages 13 and over facing challenges related to depression, anxiety/panic disorder, mood and personality disorders, interpersonal problems, self esteem, PTSD, trauma, grief, life transition, adjustment issues, stress management and substance abuse.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor with over 25 years of experience specializing in addictions and trauma. I works primarily with individuals ages 13 and over facing challenges related to depression, anxiety/panic disorder, mood and personality disorders, interpersonal problems, self esteem, PTSD, trauma, grief, life transition, adjustment issues, stress management and substance abuse.
(609) 375-0989 View (609) 375-0989
Photo of Tia Baranosky, MS, LPC, CCTP, NCC, Counselor
Tia Baranosky
Counselor, MS, LPC, CCTP, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Princeton Junction, NJ 08550  (Online Only)
I work best with individuals in which are internally motivated for change, looking to work collaboratively alongside the individual to explore depression, anxiety, PTSD/trauma, substance abuse, and much more. My approach to therapy is person-centered, focused on offering a compassionate, yet straightforward approach to growth, which encourages individuals to think deeper and build connections that will assist them with a better understanding of the underlying issues. I believe in creating and modeling a healthy human connection to make those feel safe as possible in a time for many that can feel vulnerable.
I work best with individuals in which are internally motivated for change, looking to work collaboratively alongside the individual to explore depression, anxiety, PTSD/trauma, substance abuse, and much more. My approach to therapy is person-centered, focused on offering a compassionate, yet straightforward approach to growth, which encourages individuals to think deeper and build connections that will assist them with a better understanding of the underlying issues. I believe in creating and modeling a healthy human connection to make those feel safe as possible in a time for many that can feel vulnerable.
(856) 712-9520 View (856) 712-9520

More Therapists Nearby

Judith Ferlise
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
My primary model of treatment is based on Internal Family Systems therapy (developed by Richard Schwartz, PHD).
I have over 30 years of expertise in working with clients of all ages and with a variety of issues. My goal is to teach you how to get in touch with your innate ability to heal yourself. Once you become centered in your core self you will develop coping skills that will provide you with the ability to handle the multitude of challenges that we all face in our lives.
My primary model of treatment is based on Internal Family Systems therapy (developed by Richard Schwartz, PHD).
I have over 30 years of expertise in working with clients of all ages and with a variety of issues. My goal is to teach you how to get in touch with your innate ability to heal yourself. Once you become centered in your core self you will develop coping skills that will provide you with the ability to handle the multitude of challenges that we all face in our lives.
(609) 997-3091 View (609) 997-3091
Photo of Safe Place Therapy, LPC, NCC, LCADC, LCSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Safe Place Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, LCADC, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Skillman, NJ 08558
Our specialties are trauma-informed therapy, CBT, DBT, Internal Family Systems, and medication management.
At our practice, you will be supported by a dedicated team of compassionate and caring therapists. We are a trauma-informed, community-oriented practice that only uses evidence and research-based treatment modalities for depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, and other life challenges and transitions. We believe in mind/body connection, so body-oriented skills are taught and incorporated into our therapy sessions. We will teach you/work with you on integrating mindfulness, meditation, grounding, and other effective coping skills to address emotional distress, change behavioral patterns and enhance relationships. All are welcome.
Our specialties are trauma-informed therapy, CBT, DBT, Internal Family Systems, and medication management.
At our practice, you will be supported by a dedicated team of compassionate and caring therapists. We are a trauma-informed, community-oriented practice that only uses evidence and research-based treatment modalities for depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, and other life challenges and transitions. We believe in mind/body connection, so body-oriented skills are taught and incorporated into our therapy sessions. We will teach you/work with you on integrating mindfulness, meditation, grounding, and other effective coping skills to address emotional distress, change behavioral patterns and enhance relationships. All are welcome.
(609) 375-0135 View (609) 375-0135
Photo of Carolyn Smiley, LCSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carolyn Smiley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Princeton, NJ 08540
With an eye on holistic healing practices I draw from IFS, Compassionate Inquiry, MBSR, Sensorimotor, and CBT.
We all experience times in our lives when we feel that life is out of balance. Perhaps there is sadness, or longing. Something doesn't feel quite right. Or Maybe we experience the effects of past or present trauma and feel disconnected from ourselves or others. With presence and warmth my goal is to provide a nurturing environment where you can explore, process, and develop insight into why life feels the way it does. I'll strive to help you find sure footing as you navigate the uncertainties of life, and develop a deeper connection with yourself and others.
With an eye on holistic healing practices I draw from IFS, Compassionate Inquiry, MBSR, Sensorimotor, and CBT.
We all experience times in our lives when we feel that life is out of balance. Perhaps there is sadness, or longing. Something doesn't feel quite right. Or Maybe we experience the effects of past or present trauma and feel disconnected from ourselves or others. With presence and warmth my goal is to provide a nurturing environment where you can explore, process, and develop insight into why life feels the way it does. I'll strive to help you find sure footing as you navigate the uncertainties of life, and develop a deeper connection with yourself and others.
(908) 948-8935 View (908) 948-8935
Photo of Melissa Cramutolo, LCSW, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Cramutolo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
I am trained in many trauma focused therapies that facilitate this deeper healing process - EMDR, Internal Family Systems, NARM, Somatic Experiencing-but above all consider myself to be a relational and relatable therapist who prioritizes the relationship with my clients as the primary healing agent.
Are you tired of experiencing the same patterns and want to heal at the root of your symptoms? I specialize in treating trauma, addictions, and self esteem issues - in particularly with women and teenagers. When my clients first come in, their lives are overrun by fear and insecurities. They carry around deep shame about who they are and never feel quite “good enough”. They want to be confident and heal the patterns that are holding them back but do not know where to start.
I am trained in many trauma focused therapies that facilitate this deeper healing process - EMDR, Internal Family Systems, NARM, Somatic Experiencing-but above all consider myself to be a relational and relatable therapist who prioritizes the relationship with my clients as the primary healing agent.
Are you tired of experiencing the same patterns and want to heal at the root of your symptoms? I specialize in treating trauma, addictions, and self esteem issues - in particularly with women and teenagers. When my clients first come in, their lives are overrun by fear and insecurities. They carry around deep shame about who they are and never feel quite “good enough”. They want to be confident and heal the patterns that are holding them back but do not know where to start.
(640) 224-9809 View (640) 224-9809
Photo of Mark Ludwig, MA, LMFT, MS, CAADC, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mark Ludwig
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MS, CAADC, CCTP
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Princeton, NJ 08540
Immediate appointments available. I specialize in working with children, teen and adult individuals as well as family systems being impacted by depression, anxiety, ADHD, substance abuse, eating disorders, LGBTQ+ topics, trauma processing/PTSD, relational challenges and behavioral disorders. Drawing from a variety of treatment approaches including Experiential, Acceptance and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (one of the most effective treatments for many chronic, recurring, and challenging mental health conditions), I foster connection and the emotional experience, authenticity, empathic understanding and compassion.
Immediate appointments available. I specialize in working with children, teen and adult individuals as well as family systems being impacted by depression, anxiety, ADHD, substance abuse, eating disorders, LGBTQ+ topics, trauma processing/PTSD, relational challenges and behavioral disorders. Drawing from a variety of treatment approaches including Experiential, Acceptance and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (one of the most effective treatments for many chronic, recurring, and challenging mental health conditions), I foster connection and the emotional experience, authenticity, empathic understanding and compassion.
(215) 883-8354 View (215) 883-8354
Photo of Kimberly Warne, MEd, LCADC, CAADC, CCTP-II, EMDR-T, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Kimberly Warne
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MEd, LCADC, CAADC, CCTP-II, EMDR-T
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, NJ 08619
Waitlist for new clients
If you would like to explore "bottom-up" approaches such as EMDR, Brainspotting, and Internal Family Systems (IFS)/Parts Work to decrease the intensity of your current symptoms and to establish that re-connection to Self, I look forward to our work together.
Therapy is about establishing re-connection. Re-connection to others (friends, family, partners, etc) of course, but primarily re-connection to Self...our feelings, our thoughts, our beliefs, and a sense of safety in our bodies. If you struggle with depression, anxiety, dissociation, substance abuse, self-harming, or other self-sabotaging behaviors you just may be trying your best to survive intolerable circumstances as you move through this world. Without a safe connection to Self, relationships to others are inevitably disrupted.
If you would like to explore "bottom-up" approaches such as EMDR, Brainspotting, and Internal Family Systems (IFS)/Parts Work to decrease the intensity of your current symptoms and to establish that re-connection to Self, I look forward to our work together.
Therapy is about establishing re-connection. Re-connection to others (friends, family, partners, etc) of course, but primarily re-connection to Self...our feelings, our thoughts, our beliefs, and a sense of safety in our bodies. If you struggle with depression, anxiety, dissociation, substance abuse, self-harming, or other self-sabotaging behaviors you just may be trying your best to survive intolerable circumstances as you move through this world. Without a safe connection to Self, relationships to others are inevitably disrupted.
(267) 458-2788 View (267) 458-2788
Photo of Eva Ostrowsky, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eva Ostrowsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Princeton, NJ 08540  (Online Only)
As an LCSW and Level 2 IFS Therapist, I walk with clients through life's stressors, embracing all of their identities.
Many of us feel like we are stuck in the same old patterns that no longer serve us. Or like we are “doing it all” while feeling overwhelmed and unfulfilled. In working together, we will explore the challenges that come with finding balance in life. You wear so many different hats! Lets work together to discover how you can disrupt the cycles (including intergenerational ones) that keep you feeling stuck.
As an LCSW and Level 2 IFS Therapist, I walk with clients through life's stressors, embracing all of their identities.
Many of us feel like we are stuck in the same old patterns that no longer serve us. Or like we are “doing it all” while feeling overwhelmed and unfulfilled. In working together, we will explore the challenges that come with finding balance in life. You wear so many different hats! Lets work together to discover how you can disrupt the cycles (including intergenerational ones) that keep you feeling stuck.
(609) 757-9518 View (609) 757-9518
Photo of Melissa Cramutolo, LCSW, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Cramutolo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Lawrence, NJ 08648
I am trained in many trauma focused therapies that facilitate this deeper healing process - EMDR, Internal Family Systems, NARM, Somatic Experiencing-but above all consider myself to be a relational and relatable therapist who prioritizes the relationship with my clients as the primary healing agent.
Are you tired of experiencing the same patterns and want to heal at the root of your symptoms? I specialize in treating trauma, addictions, and self esteem issues - in particularly with women and teenagers. When my clients first come in, their lives are overrun by fear and insecurities. They carry around deep shame about who they are and never feel quite “good enough”. They want to be confident and heal the patterns that are holding them back but do not know where to start.
I am trained in many trauma focused therapies that facilitate this deeper healing process - EMDR, Internal Family Systems, NARM, Somatic Experiencing-but above all consider myself to be a relational and relatable therapist who prioritizes the relationship with my clients as the primary healing agent.
Are you tired of experiencing the same patterns and want to heal at the root of your symptoms? I specialize in treating trauma, addictions, and self esteem issues - in particularly with women and teenagers. When my clients first come in, their lives are overrun by fear and insecurities. They carry around deep shame about who they are and never feel quite “good enough”. They want to be confident and heal the patterns that are holding them back but do not know where to start.
(640) 223-7159 View (640) 223-7159
Photo of Ariel K Merillat, MA, LAC, Counselor
Ariel K Merillat
Counselor, MA, LAC
Verified Verified
Princeton, NJ 08540  (Online Only)
I utilize interventions such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Interpersonal Family Systems (IFS), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
It is no secret that life can test us at any given moment. One minute we can be living our best lives and the next we can be dealing with a challenge we thought we would never have to face. As humans, during times of anguish and heartache, we tend to focus on the negatives instead of the positives. Questions like, “why is this happening to me?”, “is this ever going to get better?”, and “why is it always one thing after another?” tend to fill our minds, making it seem impossible to be happy again. My goal as your therapist is to ensure you get back to living your best life!
I utilize interventions such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Interpersonal Family Systems (IFS), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
It is no secret that life can test us at any given moment. One minute we can be living our best lives and the next we can be dealing with a challenge we thought we would never have to face. As humans, during times of anguish and heartache, we tend to focus on the negatives instead of the positives. Questions like, “why is this happening to me?”, “is this ever going to get better?”, and “why is it always one thing after another?” tend to fill our minds, making it seem impossible to be happy again. My goal as your therapist is to ensure you get back to living your best life!
(973) 298-0938 View (973) 298-0938
Photo of Aimee Page, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Aimee Page
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Princeton, NJ 08540
I draw from evidence-based practices such as CBT, Accelerated Resolution Therapy, Internal Family Systems, and 12 step principles.
Welcome to my practice, where I specialize in providing comprehensive support for those struggling with substance abuse, anxiety and/or trauma. Whether you are contemplating sobriety, navigating early or extended recovery, or impacted by someone else’s drinking, I am here to assist you on your healing journey. I have extensive expertise in substance abuse, ACOA concerns, 12 step programs and trauma counseling and I am well-prepared to address your needs. Over the years, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse clientele, including CEOs, vice presidents, law enforcement, military and medical professionals.
I draw from evidence-based practices such as CBT, Accelerated Resolution Therapy, Internal Family Systems, and 12 step principles.
Welcome to my practice, where I specialize in providing comprehensive support for those struggling with substance abuse, anxiety and/or trauma. Whether you are contemplating sobriety, navigating early or extended recovery, or impacted by someone else’s drinking, I am here to assist you on your healing journey. I have extensive expertise in substance abuse, ACOA concerns, 12 step programs and trauma counseling and I am well-prepared to address your needs. Over the years, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse clientele, including CEOs, vice presidents, law enforcement, military and medical professionals.
(215) 918-7449 View (215) 918-7449
Photo of Diana Cofsky, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Diana Cofsky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
East Windsor, NJ 08520
My approach to therapy is client centered, using a variety of modalities including CBT, DBT and family systems therapy.
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
My approach to therapy is client centered, using a variety of modalities including CBT, DBT and family systems therapy.
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
(848) 289-1840 View (848) 289-1840
Photo of Jean M Robinson, LPC, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jean M Robinson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Skillman, NJ 08558
I create a supportive, non-judgmental, compassionate environment for client's to feel safe, respected and free to discuss any topic brought to counseling. My approach to counseling is client-centered & integrates various modalities using Internal Family Systems Therapy (IFS). I provide counseling that is direct and goal oriented, yet compassionate, focusing on strengths and building on success. I enjoy working with teens/parents & couples to facilitate conscious communication which enhances their intimate relationships. I help connect clients with their own inner wisdom, enhance their clarity & decision making so that they can experience real transformation in their lives.
I create a supportive, non-judgmental, compassionate environment for client's to feel safe, respected and free to discuss any topic brought to counseling. My approach to counseling is client-centered & integrates various modalities using Internal Family Systems Therapy (IFS). I provide counseling that is direct and goal oriented, yet compassionate, focusing on strengths and building on success. I enjoy working with teens/parents & couples to facilitate conscious communication which enhances their intimate relationships. I help connect clients with their own inner wisdom, enhance their clarity & decision making so that they can experience real transformation in their lives.
(609) 375-8260 View (609) 375-8260
Photo of Diana Cofsky, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Diana Cofsky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Plainsboro, NJ 08536
My approach to therapy is client centered, using a variety of modalities including CBT, DBT and family systems therapy.
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
My approach to therapy is client centered, using a variety of modalities including CBT, DBT and family systems therapy.
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
(908) 895-6991 View (908) 895-6991
Photo of Melissa Higgins - Center for Therapy and Counseling Services LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Center for Therapy and Counseling Services LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Princeton, NJ 08540
You have the power to change your story. Your past does not dictate your future. Be your own editor and rewrite your narrative. We welcome all people and invite you to join us in this journey towards healthier living. Our focus is on your unique possibilities and using your strengths to overcome challenges and change your path. You don’t have to face the difficulties of life alone. We provide a vast array of services and are ready to work with you in your personal journey towards a more confident, healthier and resilient future. Ready to take charge of your story?
You have the power to change your story. Your past does not dictate your future. Be your own editor and rewrite your narrative. We welcome all people and invite you to join us in this journey towards healthier living. Our focus is on your unique possibilities and using your strengths to overcome challenges and change your path. You don’t have to face the difficulties of life alone. We provide a vast array of services and are ready to work with you in your personal journey towards a more confident, healthier and resilient future. Ready to take charge of your story?
(732) 487-3390 View (732) 487-3390
Photo of Dr. Widian Nicola, DSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Widian Nicola
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Princeton, NJ 08540
Loving and loving well takes courage, but even the most courageous couples don't have it all figured out. That’s why I’m here: to support couples as they take greater risks to develop (and re-develop) trust, gain understanding, deepen intimacy, and restore connection. I understand the unique challenges of relationships and know how deep hurt and regret impact connection. I also know the long-lasting positive impacts that therapy can have on couples deciding whether to stay together, how to get unstuck, what to do to stop fighting, and how to forgive.
Loving and loving well takes courage, but even the most courageous couples don't have it all figured out. That’s why I’m here: to support couples as they take greater risks to develop (and re-develop) trust, gain understanding, deepen intimacy, and restore connection. I understand the unique challenges of relationships and know how deep hurt and regret impact connection. I also know the long-lasting positive impacts that therapy can have on couples deciding whether to stay together, how to get unstuck, what to do to stop fighting, and how to forgive.
(360) 464-1251 View (360) 464-1251
Photo of Nick Wohlschlegel, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nick Wohlschlegel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Princeton, NJ 08540  (Online Only)
Welcome, thank you for taking the first step in your journey of self-love. In an ever-changing world filled with twists, turns, and unexpected outcomes it can be challenging to develop a self-care routine that promotes a strong sense of both, self-esteem and self-love. During our work together we will share a safe, confidential, and nonjudgemental space for you to tell your story, as we embark on this journey of discovery and self-love. Collectively we'll work towards developing a deeper understanding of who you are and what it looks like for you to share your story.
Welcome, thank you for taking the first step in your journey of self-love. In an ever-changing world filled with twists, turns, and unexpected outcomes it can be challenging to develop a self-care routine that promotes a strong sense of both, self-esteem and self-love. During our work together we will share a safe, confidential, and nonjudgemental space for you to tell your story, as we embark on this journey of discovery and self-love. Collectively we'll work towards developing a deeper understanding of who you are and what it looks like for you to share your story.
(732) 479-8938 View (732) 479-8938
Photo of Felicia Mainiero, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Felicia Mainiero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Princeton, NJ 08540  (Online Only)
The ideal client is anyone who is ready to talk. Just by starting the search for a therapist is setting off on the right foot. My goal is to work with you, build a healthy working relationship, establish your goals and work towards them together. You are not in this alone!
The ideal client is anyone who is ready to talk. Just by starting the search for a therapist is setting off on the right foot. My goal is to work with you, build a healthy working relationship, establish your goals and work towards them together. You are not in this alone!
(856) 754-5302 View (856) 754-5302
Photo of Louise Doucette - Village Counseling Services, DO, PhD, DrNP, LCSW, LPC
Village Counseling Services
DO, PhD, DrNP, LCSW, LPC
Verified Verified
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Village Counseling Services is a professional group that provides support services to the independently licensed psychologists, psychotherapists and board-certified psychiatrists, who have been providing client-centered, evidence-based treatment to the greater Lawrenceville/Princeton community since 1996.
Village Counseling Services is a professional group that provides support services to the independently licensed psychologists, psychotherapists and board-certified psychiatrists, who have been providing client-centered, evidence-based treatment to the greater Lawrenceville/Princeton community since 1996.
(609) 844-0452 x713 View (609) 844-0452 x713

See more therapy options for Princeton Junction

Internal Family Systems (IFS) Therapists

What is Internal Family Systems therapy?

Internal Family Systems (IFS) is a type of talk therapy that focuses on sub-personalities, or “families,” within a person, which may be made up of wounded parts and unpleasant emotions like anger and shame. These sub-personalities can come into conflict with each other and with an individual’s core Self, leaving the person feeling detached from positive traits such as the “8 C’s” of confidence, calmness, creativity, clarity, curiosity, courage, compassion, and connectedness. By healing a patient’s wounded parts, a therapist aims to restore balance and bring on positive change.

How does Internal Family Systems therapy work?

An IFS therapist will work with a patient to identify their particular sub-personalities, recognize the emotions powering them, and release them. By doing so, the patient should become more able to address any underlying problems their sub-personalities may have been trying to protect them from. Ultimately, a patient discovers ways to manage internal and external conflicts on their own, through techniques such as relaxation exercises, journaling, and making charts depicting the relationships between their core Self and their distinct parts.

Does Internal Family Systems therapy work?

IFS therapy has been shown to help people address conditions such as depression, anxiety, panic, fears and phobias, trauma, and substance use disorders. Some research has also found that it can help individuals deal with symptoms of physical health conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, such as pain, everyday functioning, depressive feelings, and low self-compassion. There are some conditions for which IFS treatment, specifically discussions of one’s “parts,” may be less appropriate, such as schizophrenia or other states that involve psychosis or paranoia.

How long does Internal Family Systems therapy take?

As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for IFS therapy. After becoming comfortable with a therapist and the core concepts of IFS, some patients quickly make progress. While experiences vary, most will find that it is a relatively longer-term therapy, involving months and sometimes years of sessions.