Therapists in Andover, MA

Photo of Michael Levy - Michael Levy, Ph.D., PhD, Psychologist
Michael Levy, Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
It is intimidating to begin therapy. When seeing a therapist, you must feel comfortable and understood. Over the years, I have worked in many different settings and am able to connect with most anyone who seeks therapy. I believe that you will feel at ease with me and will safe to explore yourself. I work with adolescents, their families, adults, and couples. I will help you to figure out what keeps you stuck and how to get un-stuck so that you can lead a more satisfying life. I am trained in many approaches, I love what I do, and bring passion to my work.
It is intimidating to begin therapy. When seeing a therapist, you must feel comfortable and understood. Over the years, I have worked in many different settings and am able to connect with most anyone who seeks therapy. I believe that you will feel at ease with me and will safe to explore yourself. I work with adolescents, their families, adults, and couples. I will help you to figure out what keeps you stuck and how to get un-stuck so that you can lead a more satisfying life. I am trained in many approaches, I love what I do, and bring passion to my work.
(978) 965-2753 View (978) 965-2753
Photo of Courtney G Vareschi, PhD, Psychologist
Courtney G Vareschi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I've been described by clients as a therapist who uses warmth and humor to empathically challenge and precipitate change. In my view, therapy is a safe place to explore your experiences with an objective and empathic professional. Therapy is useful when you feel "stuck" and when self-image, relationships, and success in school or work are compromised. Present-focused strategies may help you to become "unstuck". Delving into history, thereby gaining insight into the origins of your struggles may precipitate further development. As a therapist, I collaborate with my client to create a process that is healing and promotes development.
I've been described by clients as a therapist who uses warmth and humor to empathically challenge and precipitate change. In my view, therapy is a safe place to explore your experiences with an objective and empathic professional. Therapy is useful when you feel "stuck" and when self-image, relationships, and success in school or work are compromised. Present-focused strategies may help you to become "unstuck". Delving into history, thereby gaining insight into the origins of your struggles may precipitate further development. As a therapist, I collaborate with my client to create a process that is healing and promotes development.
(781) 333-8914 View (781) 333-8914
Photo of Liz Van Buren, MS, ATR-BC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Liz Van Buren
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810
Hi and welcome! The clients that I help may be starting to undo their inner people-pleasers. They have been taught that they are not enough, or are too much. That their needs somehow don’t matter as much. They get in their own way, don’t live in accordance to their values, and ruminate on every perceived mistake. They worry about being a burden or an inconvenience to others. They have a wounded inner child. Many of my clients are survivors of narcissistic abuse, struggle with addictions or self-harm, and struggle with just being nice to themselves. Sound familiar? You may not see it now, but you are worthy of the life you dream of!
Hi and welcome! The clients that I help may be starting to undo their inner people-pleasers. They have been taught that they are not enough, or are too much. That their needs somehow don’t matter as much. They get in their own way, don’t live in accordance to their values, and ruminate on every perceived mistake. They worry about being a burden or an inconvenience to others. They have a wounded inner child. Many of my clients are survivors of narcissistic abuse, struggle with addictions or self-harm, and struggle with just being nice to themselves. Sound familiar? You may not see it now, but you are worthy of the life you dream of!
(508) 794-8388 View (508) 794-8388
Photo of Virginia Early, LMHC, Counselor
Virginia Early
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I am a trauma informed therapist working with adults and teens. I use a variety of modalities to tailor therapy unique to the individual. Are you struggling with change, transition, grief, having a new baby, past traumas, feeling stuck, or divorce? I can teach you skills to make decisions in your best interest. Life is meant to be happy and not lived in fear. Planting seeds can make a big impact on your future. Learn tools to help you navigate depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. The most important relationship we have is the one with ourselves. If you can nurture your mental health that is key to success.
I am a trauma informed therapist working with adults and teens. I use a variety of modalities to tailor therapy unique to the individual. Are you struggling with change, transition, grief, having a new baby, past traumas, feeling stuck, or divorce? I can teach you skills to make decisions in your best interest. Life is meant to be happy and not lived in fear. Planting seeds can make a big impact on your future. Learn tools to help you navigate depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. The most important relationship we have is the one with ourselves. If you can nurture your mental health that is key to success.
(617) 401-0308 View (617) 401-0308
Photo of Brad Eardley, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brad Eardley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810  (Online Only)
You are sick and tired of being sick and tired whether in your relationship, at work, or in life...you need a space where you can speak honestly, feel heard, and receive feedback...you desire healing and transformation...you are ready to invest in your relationship, yourself, and your future...you seek growth, bravery, courage, and decisiveness...you are my ideal client.
You are sick and tired of being sick and tired whether in your relationship, at work, or in life...you need a space where you can speak honestly, feel heard, and receive feedback...you desire healing and transformation...you are ready to invest in your relationship, yourself, and your future...you seek growth, bravery, courage, and decisiveness...you are my ideal client.
(978) 296-4148 View (978) 296-4148
Photo of Nancy K Phillips, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy K Phillips
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I believe that everyone's journey to therapy is unique. Whether you seek help for anxiety, depression, relationship issues, personal growth, life changes, or any other concern, I am here to support you. We will work together to explore the reasons that led you to therapy and address them in a personalized and effective manner. Your well-being and empowerment is paramount. I have created a safe and secure therapeutic environment where you can freely express yourself, knowing that your words and feelings are protected.
I believe that everyone's journey to therapy is unique. Whether you seek help for anxiety, depression, relationship issues, personal growth, life changes, or any other concern, I am here to support you. We will work together to explore the reasons that led you to therapy and address them in a personalized and effective manner. Your well-being and empowerment is paramount. I have created a safe and secure therapeutic environment where you can freely express yourself, knowing that your words and feelings are protected.
(978) 627-4215 View (978) 627-4215
Photo of Jill Sergeant, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jill Sergeant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810
Not accepting new clients
Listening closely to each person's reason for seeking counseling I work to help people identify thinking patterns that are not serving them well. Most people know what would help them, but struggle to shift their thinking patterns to allow for change. My job is to help each person identify where their thinking is not supporting their goals.
Listening closely to each person's reason for seeking counseling I work to help people identify thinking patterns that are not serving them well. Most people know what would help them, but struggle to shift their thinking patterns to allow for change. My job is to help each person identify where their thinking is not supporting their goals.
(978) 296-7578 View (978) 296-7578
Photo of Valerie Lavacca, LMHC, Counselor
Valerie Lavacca
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I’m honored to offer a safe, non-judgemental, and supportive space for growth/healing & self-exploration. On our life’s path we all have highs and lows. We experience various emotions, some more difficult than others. It can be hard to know what to do with our feelings; how to have them, how to show & share them or simply how to acknowledge them. Emotions can be heavy yet fragile & deserve to be treated with the utmost respect. Using tools & techniques, I help people to observe, describe, experience & participate in the full spectrum of emotions along their life’s path in a non-judgemental way.
I’m honored to offer a safe, non-judgemental, and supportive space for growth/healing & self-exploration. On our life’s path we all have highs and lows. We experience various emotions, some more difficult than others. It can be hard to know what to do with our feelings; how to have them, how to show & share them or simply how to acknowledge them. Emotions can be heavy yet fragile & deserve to be treated with the utmost respect. Using tools & techniques, I help people to observe, describe, experience & participate in the full spectrum of emotions along their life’s path in a non-judgemental way.
(508) 680-7266 View (508) 680-7266
Photo of Allie Danner, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Allie Danner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I work with children and adolescents from ages 5 to 21, and their parents. I am a psychodynamic, trauma-informed therapist who believes that understanding the “why” behind a child’s behaviors and emotions is a significant step in helping the child to overcome and cope with their emotions. When working with children and adolescents, I take a holistic approach to ensure all aspects of the child’s life are being supported, including providing support to parents or guardians. I strive to foster a safe and compassionate environment for each session where I take a collaborative approach and meet each client where they are at in treatment.
I work with children and adolescents from ages 5 to 21, and their parents. I am a psychodynamic, trauma-informed therapist who believes that understanding the “why” behind a child’s behaviors and emotions is a significant step in helping the child to overcome and cope with their emotions. When working with children and adolescents, I take a holistic approach to ensure all aspects of the child’s life are being supported, including providing support to parents or guardians. I strive to foster a safe and compassionate environment for each session where I take a collaborative approach and meet each client where they are at in treatment.
(508) 258-4251 View (508) 258-4251
Photo of Shane MacDonald - OCD Specialist, Shane MacDonald, LICSW , LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
OCD Specialist, Shane MacDonald, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810  (Online Only)
Our broad goal––of course––is “the end of unnecessary suffering.” Sound about right? While we all strive for this, I specialize in helping folks with a very-unique kind of suffering: OCD. I can tell you that few people understand the pain and complexity of OCD—(even most therapists). I will listen intently to your unique story. Just know that I can introduce you to an arsenal of tools that can help: mindfulness, ERP (exposure and response prevention) and on and on. Yes, thoughts can be “sticky.” But––with hard work––if (or when) those thoughts come back around…they can be as quiet & as harmless as a yellow post-it.
Our broad goal––of course––is “the end of unnecessary suffering.” Sound about right? While we all strive for this, I specialize in helping folks with a very-unique kind of suffering: OCD. I can tell you that few people understand the pain and complexity of OCD—(even most therapists). I will listen intently to your unique story. Just know that I can introduce you to an arsenal of tools that can help: mindfulness, ERP (exposure and response prevention) and on and on. Yes, thoughts can be “sticky.” But––with hard work––if (or when) those thoughts come back around…they can be as quiet & as harmless as a yellow post-it.
(617) 675-2000 View (617) 675-2000
Photo of Traci Connor - Traci Connor-LMHC, LMHC, Counselor
Traci Connor-LMHC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810
Accepting new clients. In-person and telehealth sessions available. I am a licensed mental health therapist providing individual therapy at my private practice in Andover.
Accepting new clients. In-person and telehealth sessions available. I am a licensed mental health therapist providing individual therapy at my private practice in Andover.
(978) 558-4415 View (978) 558-4415
Photo of David Wilensky, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Wilensky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
My ideal client is anyone who wants to feel and function better and is willing to engage in therapeutic conversations about their life and experiences. Clients who work well with me are ready to reject shame. They describe feeling trapped or powerless, with a constant, withering, internal buzz-saw of self-criticism. They sometimes don't fit categories or want to. They get angry sometimes and aren't always nice. They're stronger than they know. All they need to do is talk. And therapy works.
My ideal client is anyone who wants to feel and function better and is willing to engage in therapeutic conversations about their life and experiences. Clients who work well with me are ready to reject shame. They describe feeling trapped or powerless, with a constant, withering, internal buzz-saw of self-criticism. They sometimes don't fit categories or want to. They get angry sometimes and aren't always nice. They're stronger than they know. All they need to do is talk. And therapy works.
(978) 487-5992 View (978) 487-5992
Photo of Jamie L King, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jamie L King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810
I am here and I am ready to help with change of all types. My ideal client will have an idea of what changes they want in their lives and are willing to put the hard work in to get there. I will cheer you on and support you every step of the way. I am currently licensed to practice in the following states: Massachusetts, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Tennessee. Please note, at this time there is a waitlist for people needing after school or evening sessions. Children under 15 can be seen in person only.
I am here and I am ready to help with change of all types. My ideal client will have an idea of what changes they want in their lives and are willing to put the hard work in to get there. I will cheer you on and support you every step of the way. I am currently licensed to practice in the following states: Massachusetts, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Tennessee. Please note, at this time there is a waitlist for people needing after school or evening sessions. Children under 15 can be seen in person only.
(508) 625-9413 View (508) 625-9413
Photo of Johanna Helwig, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Johanna Helwig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I am a clinical social worker with 28 years of experience helping people just like you navigate challenging times in their lives. Whether you struggle with lifelong anxiety or depression or are experiencing an everyday stressor causing a dip in your level of functioning, I'm here to provide support and guidance. My approach is collaborative and stems from a cognitive behavioral foundation. Life moves quickly and I feel it is important to seek and accept help. Too often we get stuck in unhealthy patterns and my clients benefit from my individualized approach to helping him/her out of the rut.
I am a clinical social worker with 28 years of experience helping people just like you navigate challenging times in their lives. Whether you struggle with lifelong anxiety or depression or are experiencing an everyday stressor causing a dip in your level of functioning, I'm here to provide support and guidance. My approach is collaborative and stems from a cognitive behavioral foundation. Life moves quickly and I feel it is important to seek and accept help. Too often we get stuck in unhealthy patterns and my clients benefit from my individualized approach to helping him/her out of the rut.
(508) 504-8972 View (508) 504-8972
Photo of Natalie Wombwell, LMHC, Counselor
Natalie Wombwell
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
Not accepting new clients
Drawing on my professional experience as a clinician, educator, and artist, I approach the therapeutic process from a holistic lens guided by the needs of the client. I work with adolescents, adults, families and couples, as well as individuals who identify within the LGBTQ+ community. It is important to me to approach our work together from a place of compassion and curiosity, utilizing therapeutic models ranging from person centered, CBT, emotion focused, ACT, Unified Protocol, mindfulness work, and relational cultural theory.
Drawing on my professional experience as a clinician, educator, and artist, I approach the therapeutic process from a holistic lens guided by the needs of the client. I work with adolescents, adults, families and couples, as well as individuals who identify within the LGBTQ+ community. It is important to me to approach our work together from a place of compassion and curiosity, utilizing therapeutic models ranging from person centered, CBT, emotion focused, ACT, Unified Protocol, mindfulness work, and relational cultural theory.
(508) 719-9654 View (508) 719-9654
Photo of Susan P O'Neil, LICSW, CADAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan P O'Neil
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CADAC
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
I have over 25 years experience in a variety of settings, helping clients who have struggled with substance abuse and/or mental health issues . What has, and continues to amaze me is the strength and resilience that these clients have despite their very difficult concerns. I feel my skill as a therapist is in helping clients to uncover and access their strengths, which can be challenging to do on one's own. I hold the belief that their situations and outlooks will improve, that life will get better, and I utilize therapeutic tools to assist me in helping to ensure that for them.
I have over 25 years experience in a variety of settings, helping clients who have struggled with substance abuse and/or mental health issues . What has, and continues to amaze me is the strength and resilience that these clients have despite their very difficult concerns. I feel my skill as a therapist is in helping clients to uncover and access their strengths, which can be challenging to do on one's own. I hold the belief that their situations and outlooks will improve, that life will get better, and I utilize therapeutic tools to assist me in helping to ensure that for them.
(978) 502-4514 View (978) 502-4514
Photo of Janelle Alabiso - Greenleaf Therapy, PhD, Psychologist
Greenleaf Therapy
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810
Greenleaf Therapy specializes in anxiety, OCD and depression in children, adolescents and adults using a combination of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), while also incorporating elements of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI). We offer individual therapy and group therapy, as well as an intensive outpatient program (IOP) for anxiety/OCD in children/adolescents.
Greenleaf Therapy specializes in anxiety, OCD and depression in children, adolescents and adults using a combination of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), while also incorporating elements of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI). We offer individual therapy and group therapy, as well as an intensive outpatient program (IOP) for anxiety/OCD in children/adolescents.
View
Photo of Tiffany Noonan, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tiffany Noonan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
Not accepting new clients
I meet each client with deep empathy and optimism, empowering clients to tap into inner strengths, learn new ways to overcome challenges, and feel better. If you are a trauma survivor, battling anxiety, or overwhelmed with life's challenges, my aim is to offer hope and a safe space to heal. I draw from many evidence-based approaches, such as mindfulness, trauma modalities (EMDR, body-based/somatic), CBT, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and DBT. In my 15th year in practice, am grateful for the opportunity to support each person's journey to wellness by partnering to create a relationship based on trust, transparency, and connection.
I meet each client with deep empathy and optimism, empowering clients to tap into inner strengths, learn new ways to overcome challenges, and feel better. If you are a trauma survivor, battling anxiety, or overwhelmed with life's challenges, my aim is to offer hope and a safe space to heal. I draw from many evidence-based approaches, such as mindfulness, trauma modalities (EMDR, body-based/somatic), CBT, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and DBT. In my 15th year in practice, am grateful for the opportunity to support each person's journey to wellness by partnering to create a relationship based on trust, transparency, and connection.
(508) 413-6578 View (508) 413-6578
Photo of Carmen Pepicelli, LMHC, Counselor
Carmen Pepicelli
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
Please note that I currently only have openings for upcoming groups, not individual therapy. I am an EMDR Certified Therapist and Consultant who specializes in the treatment of trauma and dissociation. I believe that healing from trauma is possible (as opposed to just learning how to cope with post-traumatic symptoms). I consider therapy a collaborative, creative process. Clinically, I am warm, active, innovative and data-driven. I incorporate clinical hypnosis, inner child work, ketamine assisted psychotherapy, TF-CBT, EFT, mindfulness, the FLASH technique and polyvagal exercises into EMDR therapy as needed.
Please note that I currently only have openings for upcoming groups, not individual therapy. I am an EMDR Certified Therapist and Consultant who specializes in the treatment of trauma and dissociation. I believe that healing from trauma is possible (as opposed to just learning how to cope with post-traumatic symptoms). I consider therapy a collaborative, creative process. Clinically, I am warm, active, innovative and data-driven. I incorporate clinical hypnosis, inner child work, ketamine assisted psychotherapy, TF-CBT, EFT, mindfulness, the FLASH technique and polyvagal exercises into EMDR therapy as needed.
(978) 237-4730 View (978) 237-4730
Photo of Robert Denney, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robert Denney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810
Currently accepting NEW Clients for weekday in person and telehealth appointments! At my practice, I work with people to navigate the many stressors and challenges that occur throughout the stages of adulthood.
Currently accepting NEW Clients for weekday in person and telehealth appointments! At my practice, I work with people to navigate the many stressors and challenges that occur throughout the stages of adulthood.
(978) 278-3905 x6 View (978) 278-3905 x6
1
...

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Andover, MA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Andover, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Coping Skills
74% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
72% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% Optum
73% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Andover, MA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Andover?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.