Psychodynamic Therapists in Goffstown, NH

Photo of Adele V Bradley, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Adele V Bradley
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goffstown, NH 03045
I integrate the psychodynamic, relational and cognitive-behavioral models, creating an approach wherein the therapeutic relationship is as important as goals are to healing & creating change.
I am committed to helping people resolve whatever issues they may bring to counseling. Together, we may journey into the past or stay firmly rooted in the present, confronting & transforming old behaviors, memories, or areas of less than optimal functioning. Since no one technique serves all, I offer a multidisciplinary approach. I often employ the expressive arts and an environmental connection with the spiritual, when appropriate and suitable for each of my individual clients. This results in a greater vitality, creativity, satisfaction, self-knowledge, clarity of expression, and holistic healing for most people.
I integrate the psychodynamic, relational and cognitive-behavioral models, creating an approach wherein the therapeutic relationship is as important as goals are to healing & creating change.
I am committed to helping people resolve whatever issues they may bring to counseling. Together, we may journey into the past or stay firmly rooted in the present, confronting & transforming old behaviors, memories, or areas of less than optimal functioning. Since no one technique serves all, I offer a multidisciplinary approach. I often employ the expressive arts and an environmental connection with the spiritual, when appropriate and suitable for each of my individual clients. This results in a greater vitality, creativity, satisfaction, self-knowledge, clarity of expression, and holistic healing for most people.
(603) 601-4292 View (603) 601-4292
Photo of Ellen Papanikolaou, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Ellen Papanikolaou
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Goffstown, NH 03045
As a licensed therapist I offer counseling and consultation services to individuals, couples and families using Cognitive Behavioral, Family Systems, Psychodynamic and Solution Focused techniques. My treatment approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help clients resolve current problems and long-standing patterns.
As a licensed therapist I offer counseling and consultation services to individuals, couples and families using Cognitive Behavioral, Family Systems, Psychodynamic and Solution Focused techniques. My treatment approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help clients resolve current problems and long-standing patterns.
(603) 769-4131 View (603) 769-4131
Photo of Bonnie Cote, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Bonnie Cote
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Goffstown, NH 03045
Bonnie is Psychotherapist whose goal is to promote wellness of the whole individual- Mind, Body, and Spirit. She works with Adults and Adolescents along their journey of personal growth and self exploration treating a variety of issues including, Anxiety, Depression, Grief/Loss, Trauma and Eating Disorders. Additionally, she treats individuals experiencing Life transitions due to physical illness and has a unique understanding of it's impact on family members and caregivers.
Bonnie is Psychotherapist whose goal is to promote wellness of the whole individual- Mind, Body, and Spirit. She works with Adults and Adolescents along their journey of personal growth and self exploration treating a variety of issues including, Anxiety, Depression, Grief/Loss, Trauma and Eating Disorders. Additionally, she treats individuals experiencing Life transitions due to physical illness and has a unique understanding of it's impact on family members and caregivers.
(603) 319-1473 View (603) 319-1473
Photo of Erin E Gilligan, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin E Gilligan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Goffstown, NH 03045  (Online Only)
Effective therapy requires a dynamic approach which is unique to every individual. Therapy should not be a "one size fits all" model. Gaining insight and having a deeper understanding of how your biological, sociological and psychological makeup (from birth to present day) has impacted you and how you specifically operate in this world can provide growth and change in many different areas of life. Having the ability to identify where our specific thoughts, beliefs, feelings, emotions, perceptions and patterns stem from and can significantly reduce areas that are impairing your overall quality of everyday life.
Effective therapy requires a dynamic approach which is unique to every individual. Therapy should not be a "one size fits all" model. Gaining insight and having a deeper understanding of how your biological, sociological and psychological makeup (from birth to present day) has impacted you and how you specifically operate in this world can provide growth and change in many different areas of life. Having the ability to identify where our specific thoughts, beliefs, feelings, emotions, perceptions and patterns stem from and can significantly reduce areas that are impairing your overall quality of everyday life.
(877) 618-8843 View (877) 618-8843
Photo of Erica Goodman - Novus Vita Counseling, PLLC, Psychologist
Novus Vita Counseling, PLLC
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Goffstown, NH 03045
Our mission is to offer an Integrated Approach to Mental Health, and our treatment team is varied in their ability to provide clinical advice, support and practical feedback to help clients resolve current problems and long-standing patterns. Our treatment team works with clients to find solutions to a wide range of life challenges and psychological issues. Blending conventional and alternative approaches, we draw on a variety of styles and techniques to incorporate what will be most helpful for each client. We will work with clients to help them build on their strengths in order to identify and achieve life goals.
Our mission is to offer an Integrated Approach to Mental Health, and our treatment team is varied in their ability to provide clinical advice, support and practical feedback to help clients resolve current problems and long-standing patterns. Our treatment team works with clients to find solutions to a wide range of life challenges and psychological issues. Blending conventional and alternative approaches, we draw on a variety of styles and techniques to incorporate what will be most helpful for each client. We will work with clients to help them build on their strengths in order to identify and achieve life goals.
(603) 952-3092 View (603) 952-3092
Photo of Natalie Clark, MA, MT-BC, LCMHC, CCTP-2, Counselor
Natalie Clark
Counselor, MA, MT-BC, LCMHC, CCTP-2
Verified Verified
Goffstown, NH 03045
Not accepting new clients
I work with late teens, and adults primarily. I have experience treating depression, anxiety, PTSD, complex trauma, sexual trauma, gender dysphoria, and life transitions. I have additional training in complex trauma, sexual trauma, and EMDR. My general goal for clients is creating a safe space where clients can develop coping skills, heal relational trauma, and heal. I work in the LGBTQIA+ community quite a bit, and have experience with issues specific to that community. I engage clients in music therapy if it's appropriate to their treatment, and interests.
I work with late teens, and adults primarily. I have experience treating depression, anxiety, PTSD, complex trauma, sexual trauma, gender dysphoria, and life transitions. I have additional training in complex trauma, sexual trauma, and EMDR. My general goal for clients is creating a safe space where clients can develop coping skills, heal relational trauma, and heal. I work in the LGBTQIA+ community quite a bit, and have experience with issues specific to that community. I engage clients in music therapy if it's appropriate to their treatment, and interests.
(978) 393-1474 View (978) 393-1474

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Ezra K Post, MSW, LCSW, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ezra K Post
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03103
I use Somatic Experiencing and somatic attachment techniques, as well as an array of psychodynamic methods, to bring healing and lasting change.
I am a somatic psychotherapist and clinical supervisor, who enjoys working with people from all human backgrounds. I have been in practice 13 years. I specialize in trauma and attachment resolution, and the various mental/emotional/relational difficulties that can stem from trauma and attachment wounding. I also have a great passion and skill for working out patterns of oppression in the body. Aliveness, strength, respect, laughter, kindness, humility… these are all qualities central to the work I do. Together we will create an alliance to discover the true and beautiful health that exists inside you, and let your truest self shine!
I use Somatic Experiencing and somatic attachment techniques, as well as an array of psychodynamic methods, to bring healing and lasting change.
I am a somatic psychotherapist and clinical supervisor, who enjoys working with people from all human backgrounds. I have been in practice 13 years. I specialize in trauma and attachment resolution, and the various mental/emotional/relational difficulties that can stem from trauma and attachment wounding. I also have a great passion and skill for working out patterns of oppression in the body. Aliveness, strength, respect, laughter, kindness, humility… these are all qualities central to the work I do. Together we will create an alliance to discover the true and beautiful health that exists inside you, and let your truest self shine!
(828) 554-7937 View (828) 554-7937
Photo of Darryl A Stewart, MA, CMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Darryl A Stewart
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Manchester, NH 03101  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
In addition to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy, I use a person-centered approach with a mix of psychodynamic treatment modalities, Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
I believe the one of the most important parts of a successful and positive experience in therapy is the therapuetic relationship. Starting off my first priority is to make you feel comfortable being yourself, in a judgement free space. It would be my pleasure to walk with you as you pursue your mental health goals, and help you work toward overcoming any obstacles preventing you from living the life you want to live.
In addition to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy, I use a person-centered approach with a mix of psychodynamic treatment modalities, Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
I believe the one of the most important parts of a successful and positive experience in therapy is the therapuetic relationship. Starting off my first priority is to make you feel comfortable being yourself, in a judgement free space. It would be my pleasure to walk with you as you pursue your mental health goals, and help you work toward overcoming any obstacles preventing you from living the life you want to live.
(603) 270-9181 View (603) 270-9181
Photo of Erin J Moskun, Intern , Pre-Licensed Professional
Erin J Moskun
Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03101
I blend psychodynamic theory with evidence-based practices to meet the needs of each client.
I believe that all individuals have the capacity to heal from trauma, learn new skills to help them face challenges, build better relationships with themselves and others, and live healthy, fulfilling lives. I take a holistic view of my clients and see emotional wellness as an integral part of overall health. I weave in my background of nutrition and athletics with a way of building self-esteem and resilience. I respect each individual's cultural history and believe that our differences make us more interesting.
I blend psychodynamic theory with evidence-based practices to meet the needs of each client.
I believe that all individuals have the capacity to heal from trauma, learn new skills to help them face challenges, build better relationships with themselves and others, and live healthy, fulfilling lives. I take a holistic view of my clients and see emotional wellness as an integral part of overall health. I weave in my background of nutrition and athletics with a way of building self-esteem and resilience. I respect each individual's cultural history and believe that our differences make us more interesting.
Photo of David Ball, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
David Ball
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03101  (Online Only)
My practice focuses on the treatment of depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and complex trauma. My approach weaves together western psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT, and eastern mindfulness-based approaches rooted in trauma-informed, neurodiverse-friendly, intersectional, and anti-oppression frameworks.
My practice focuses on the treatment of depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and complex trauma. My approach weaves together western psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT, and eastern mindfulness-based approaches rooted in trauma-informed, neurodiverse-friendly, intersectional, and anti-oppression frameworks.
(603) 932-5910 View (603) 932-5910
Photo of Fredrick Woodard, DCH, PhD, Psychologist
Fredrick Woodard
Psychologist, DCH, PhD
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03104
He uses hypnotherapeutic, psychodynamic, transpersonal, humanistic, and cognitive behavioral techniques when needed.
Dr. Woodard emphasizes individual empowerment and sets his judgements and beliefs aside as he assists clients reaching their goals and self realization. In today's society, much stress and worry are often externally caused. Your inner resources can heal with an expanding knowledge and awareness. Dr. Woodard sees clients sharing their problems as a cherished opportunity to help. Please go to his home page for more information. Dr. Woodard has extensinve training in psychology and hypnotherapy with three masters degrees in different areas of psychology and a doctorate. (woodardhypnosisandpsychotherapy.org)
He uses hypnotherapeutic, psychodynamic, transpersonal, humanistic, and cognitive behavioral techniques when needed.
Dr. Woodard emphasizes individual empowerment and sets his judgements and beliefs aside as he assists clients reaching their goals and self realization. In today's society, much stress and worry are often externally caused. Your inner resources can heal with an expanding knowledge and awareness. Dr. Woodard sees clients sharing their problems as a cherished opportunity to help. Please go to his home page for more information. Dr. Woodard has extensinve training in psychology and hypnotherapy with three masters degrees in different areas of psychology and a doctorate. (woodardhypnosisandpsychotherapy.org)
(603) 673-2582 View (603) 673-2582
Sophia Dongas
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Bedford, NH 03110
I practice CBT, DBT, psychodynamic therapy, multicultural counseling, strength-based therapy, solution-focused therapy, as well as play, art and music therapies.
I believe that therapy works best when a client is ready for change. Therapy should be a collaborative process between client and therapist. Client strengths, stressors, triggers, symptoms and environmental factors need to be explored in order to create insight. This insight, in turn, assists the client in establishing positive coping skills in order to create a happier and more fulfilling life. Change can be a difficult and intimidating process, but with the courage and strength of the client, anything is possible. Part of my role is to assist clients in understanding unhealthy patterns of behavior that can make them feel "stuck".
I practice CBT, DBT, psychodynamic therapy, multicultural counseling, strength-based therapy, solution-focused therapy, as well as play, art and music therapies.
I believe that therapy works best when a client is ready for change. Therapy should be a collaborative process between client and therapist. Client strengths, stressors, triggers, symptoms and environmental factors need to be explored in order to create insight. This insight, in turn, assists the client in establishing positive coping skills in order to create a happier and more fulfilling life. Change can be a difficult and intimidating process, but with the courage and strength of the client, anything is possible. Part of my role is to assist clients in understanding unhealthy patterns of behavior that can make them feel "stuck".
(603) 207-3978 View (603) 207-3978
Photo of Neisha T Gonzalez, MEd, Pre-Licensed Professional
Neisha T Gonzalez
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03103  (Online Only)
In addition to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy, I use a person-centered approach with a mix of psychodynamic treatment modalities, Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
Are you tired of battling trauma, anxiety, stress, or other mental health struggles? Healing can be a difficult journey to take with many unexpected turns. You may have tried the self-help healing journey and found that you need someone to help "see" the patterns and difficulties you don't easily see within yourself OR that you can't seem to figure out how to address them all. Whether you just started your journey or have been on it for years, I believe we can work together to get you on the best path for you and live the life you want to live. This is a judgment free space, we all start somewhere before healing & transformation.
In addition to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy, I use a person-centered approach with a mix of psychodynamic treatment modalities, Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
Are you tired of battling trauma, anxiety, stress, or other mental health struggles? Healing can be a difficult journey to take with many unexpected turns. You may have tried the self-help healing journey and found that you need someone to help "see" the patterns and difficulties you don't easily see within yourself OR that you can't seem to figure out how to address them all. Whether you just started your journey or have been on it for years, I believe we can work together to get you on the best path for you and live the life you want to live. This is a judgment free space, we all start somewhere before healing & transformation.
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Photo of Rose Carrigan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rose Carrigan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03101
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adults, especially those looking to heal from complex or childhood trauma, but welcome clients who have a variety of diagnoses and life circumstances they’re seeking support for. As a therapist with Autism and ADHD, I understand firsthand how trauma can be complicated by neurodivergence and why working with a professional who understands this is crucial to effective healing for those who are neurodivergent themselves. I have a special focus on the mind-body connection and offer both psychodynamic and somatic approaches.
I work with adults, especially those looking to heal from complex or childhood trauma, but welcome clients who have a variety of diagnoses and life circumstances they’re seeking support for. As a therapist with Autism and ADHD, I understand firsthand how trauma can be complicated by neurodivergence and why working with a professional who understands this is crucial to effective healing for those who are neurodivergent themselves. I have a special focus on the mind-body connection and offer both psychodynamic and somatic approaches.
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Photo of Nancy Foster Counselingnh, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Nancy Foster Counselingnh
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Manchester, NH 03101  (Online Only)
I work with clients from a Cognitive Behavioral, Psychodynamic and Relational Approach.
Not accepting new clients at this time. I provide compassionate, supportive and caring counseling treating depression, anxiety and trauma for adults. I understand and appreciate how difficult the decision can be to seek counseling services. My first goal is to help you to feel welcomed, comfortable and safe. I will work with you from a place of respect and trust that allows for self exploration and growth. We will work to process the issues, gain perspective and work toward helpful solutions . Contact my office or visit website and request an appointment. I look forward to meeting with you.
I work with clients from a Cognitive Behavioral, Psychodynamic and Relational Approach.
Not accepting new clients at this time. I provide compassionate, supportive and caring counseling treating depression, anxiety and trauma for adults. I understand and appreciate how difficult the decision can be to seek counseling services. My first goal is to help you to feel welcomed, comfortable and safe. I will work with you from a place of respect and trust that allows for self exploration and growth. We will work to process the issues, gain perspective and work toward helpful solutions . Contact my office or visit website and request an appointment. I look forward to meeting with you.
(603) 819-4898 View (603) 819-4898
Photo of Debra LaMalfa - Debra A LaMalfa, MS, LCMHC
Debra A LaMalfa
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manchester, NH 03104
My approaches are informed by Psychodynamic therapy, Emotionally-Focused Therapy, Self-Psychology and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Techniques.
I realize that considering therapy may provoke all sorts of assumptions about the process. Reaching out can feel intimidating and you may put it off. I will provide you with an emotionally safe environment where you and I will explore your reasons for contacting me. You may be feeling sad most days or have experienced anxiety attacks that are preventing you from experiencing your best life. I understand the difficulties of trying to feel put together. We will explore the versions of what may be preventing you from experiencing inner peace while encouraging the emergence of your true self.
My approaches are informed by Psychodynamic therapy, Emotionally-Focused Therapy, Self-Psychology and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Techniques.
I realize that considering therapy may provoke all sorts of assumptions about the process. Reaching out can feel intimidating and you may put it off. I will provide you with an emotionally safe environment where you and I will explore your reasons for contacting me. You may be feeling sad most days or have experienced anxiety attacks that are preventing you from experiencing your best life. I understand the difficulties of trying to feel put together. We will explore the versions of what may be preventing you from experiencing inner peace while encouraging the emergence of your true self.
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Photo of Emily Robbins, LMHC, Counselor
Emily Robbins
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bedford, NH 03110  (Online Only)
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(833) 969-3119 View (833) 969-3119
Photo of Susan Murati, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Susan Murati
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bedford, NH 03110
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(857) 240-2881 View (857) 240-2881
Photo of Cooper Dubuque, CMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cooper Dubuque
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hooksett, NH 03106
Our collaboration within therapy will strive to encourage development that engages distress or suffering as a catalyst for healing to transform challenges into opportunities for growth. I am a Jungian oriented therapist that provides a evidence-based psychodynamic approach to wellbeing within a safe, inclusive, and non-judgmental space. Through our work together, we will support self-awareness and genuine ways of relating to your experience, ensuring therapy unfolds to empower you in creating your own life path. This encompasses the exploration of both conscious and unconscious influences on our lives.
Our collaboration within therapy will strive to encourage development that engages distress or suffering as a catalyst for healing to transform challenges into opportunities for growth. I am a Jungian oriented therapist that provides a evidence-based psychodynamic approach to wellbeing within a safe, inclusive, and non-judgmental space. Through our work together, we will support self-awareness and genuine ways of relating to your experience, ensuring therapy unfolds to empower you in creating your own life path. This encompasses the exploration of both conscious and unconscious influences on our lives.
(603) 261-2213 View (603) 261-2213
Photo of Alicia Brown, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alicia Brown
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manchester, NH 03101
It takes courage to show up to therapy and even more to engage in the work of ongoing introspection. As a psychodynamic influenced therapist, I seek to work in depth with clients examining both conscious and unconscious material to reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and/or other mental health disorders. It’s an honor to serve as guide and companion to the exploration of client’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The aim is to seek greater awareness in your life, clearing obstacles to your life goals and purpose. During our time together, I’ll meet your therapeutic efforts with acceptance, compassion, and kind regard.
It takes courage to show up to therapy and even more to engage in the work of ongoing introspection. As a psychodynamic influenced therapist, I seek to work in depth with clients examining both conscious and unconscious material to reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and/or other mental health disorders. It’s an honor to serve as guide and companion to the exploration of client’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The aim is to seek greater awareness in your life, clearing obstacles to your life goals and purpose. During our time together, I’ll meet your therapeutic efforts with acceptance, compassion, and kind regard.
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See more therapy options for Goffstown

Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.