Psychodynamic Therapists in Concord, NH

Photo of Pamela L. Sinotte, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pamela L. Sinotte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
My therapeutic style is eclectic, incorporating elements of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness.
Are you or your adolescent suffering from anxiety or depression, or are you feeling the need to talk with a compassionate professional about the stressors in your life? Are your adolescent's emotional or behavioral problems impacting him/her/them negatively in school or at home? Is your transgender teen needing extra support? A knowledgeable and experienced, yet down-to-earth, therapist, I treat adults, adolescents, and families presenting with a wide range of issues. In my practice, you will be treated with respect by a non-judgmental and collaborative therapist, in an environment that is supportive and nurturing. Self-pay only.
My therapeutic style is eclectic, incorporating elements of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness.
Are you or your adolescent suffering from anxiety or depression, or are you feeling the need to talk with a compassionate professional about the stressors in your life? Are your adolescent's emotional or behavioral problems impacting him/her/them negatively in school or at home? Is your transgender teen needing extra support? A knowledgeable and experienced, yet down-to-earth, therapist, I treat adults, adolescents, and families presenting with a wide range of issues. In my practice, you will be treated with respect by a non-judgmental and collaborative therapist, in an environment that is supportive and nurturing. Self-pay only.
(617) 237-6406 View (617) 237-6406
Photo of Cooper Dubuque, CMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cooper Dubuque
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
Our collaboration within therapy will strive to encourage development that engages distress or suffering as a catalyst for healing to transform challenges into opportunities for growth. I am a Jungian oriented therapist that provides a evidence-based psychodynamic approach to wellbeing within a safe, inclusive, and non-judgmental space. Through our work together, we will support self-awareness and genuine ways of relating to your experience, ensuring therapy unfolds to empower you in creating your own life path. This encompasses the exploration of both conscious and unconscious influences on our lives.
Our collaboration within therapy will strive to encourage development that engages distress or suffering as a catalyst for healing to transform challenges into opportunities for growth. I am a Jungian oriented therapist that provides a evidence-based psychodynamic approach to wellbeing within a safe, inclusive, and non-judgmental space. Through our work together, we will support self-awareness and genuine ways of relating to your experience, ensuring therapy unfolds to empower you in creating your own life path. This encompasses the exploration of both conscious and unconscious influences on our lives.
(603) 261-2213 x711 View (603) 261-2213 x711
Photo of Sarah Capozzi, MA, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Capozzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
I identify my approach to therapy as generally psychodynamic in nature, however I also utilize TEAM Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness & empathetic, solution-focused techniques.
My name is Sarah Capozzi and I am a New England-based Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) and Psychotherapist with over 12 years of experience in counseling and therapy. I have skills primarily in emotional issues, such as depression and anxiety, as well as in treating issues surrounding self-esteem, stress, boundaries, self-care, and family/relationship dynamics. I specialize in areas of cultivating self worth and healing from childhood relational trauma, with a focus on helping adult children of narcissistic or other personality disordered parents heal, develop new narratives and feel whole and worthy.
I identify my approach to therapy as generally psychodynamic in nature, however I also utilize TEAM Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness & empathetic, solution-focused techniques.
My name is Sarah Capozzi and I am a New England-based Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) and Psychotherapist with over 12 years of experience in counseling and therapy. I have skills primarily in emotional issues, such as depression and anxiety, as well as in treating issues surrounding self-esteem, stress, boundaries, self-care, and family/relationship dynamics. I specialize in areas of cultivating self worth and healing from childhood relational trauma, with a focus on helping adult children of narcissistic or other personality disordered parents heal, develop new narratives and feel whole and worthy.
(833) 511-1571 View (833) 511-1571
Photo of Lisa A Rutherford, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa A Rutherford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Waitlist for new clients
I use different modalities of therapy which include psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, solution-focused therapy, trauma focused cognitive-behavior therapy and gentle reprocessing.
Do you often feel weighed down by feelings of stress, anxiety and depression? We all experience these symptoms at different times in our lives. Together we will work on strategies that allow you to address the root causes of your difficulties and build a sense of calm, acceptance, and wellbeing. In addition to working with stress, anxiety and depression, I also enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with grief and loss. Together we will move through the pain of loss and begin to find peace and clarity.
I use different modalities of therapy which include psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, solution-focused therapy, trauma focused cognitive-behavior therapy and gentle reprocessing.
Do you often feel weighed down by feelings of stress, anxiety and depression? We all experience these symptoms at different times in our lives. Together we will work on strategies that allow you to address the root causes of your difficulties and build a sense of calm, acceptance, and wellbeing. In addition to working with stress, anxiety and depression, I also enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with grief and loss. Together we will move through the pain of loss and begin to find peace and clarity.
(603) 228-7300 View (603) 228-7300
Photo of Jacky Siu, LCMHC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jacky Siu
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Having practiced as a therapist for over 8 years as well as having served various roles in the mental health field, I draw from eclectic therapeutic approaches including evidence-based practices such as CBT, DBT, ACT, and psychodynamic techniques.
Hello there, how are you? What brought you here? Are you're grappling with big changes, feeling the weight of everyday stressors, dealing with pesky relationship hiccups, or the need to untangle past events? – I'm here to help you make sense of it all. Picture me as your trusty co-pilot as we navigate the twists and turns of life together. In this collaborative journey, I bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise, with a sprinkle of humor, into our sessions as I serve as your dedicated ally to help you build meaningful relationships, and to live a fulfilled, authentic, and satisfying life. To be authentically you.
Having practiced as a therapist for over 8 years as well as having served various roles in the mental health field, I draw from eclectic therapeutic approaches including evidence-based practices such as CBT, DBT, ACT, and psychodynamic techniques.
Hello there, how are you? What brought you here? Are you're grappling with big changes, feeling the weight of everyday stressors, dealing with pesky relationship hiccups, or the need to untangle past events? – I'm here to help you make sense of it all. Picture me as your trusty co-pilot as we navigate the twists and turns of life together. In this collaborative journey, I bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise, with a sprinkle of humor, into our sessions as I serve as your dedicated ally to help you build meaningful relationships, and to live a fulfilled, authentic, and satisfying life. To be authentically you.
(603) 429-1999 x3 View (603) 429-1999 x3
Photo of David Ball, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
David Ball
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
My practice focuses on the treatment of depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and complex trauma. My approach weaves together western psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT, and eastern mindfulness-based approaches rooted in trauma-informed, neurodiverse-friendly, intersectional, and anti-oppression frameworks.
My practice focuses on the treatment of depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and complex trauma. My approach weaves together western psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT, and eastern mindfulness-based approaches rooted in trauma-informed, neurodiverse-friendly, intersectional, and anti-oppression frameworks.
(603) 932-5910 View (603) 932-5910
Photo of Adele V Bradley, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Adele V Bradley
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
I integrate the psychodynamic, relational and cognitive-behavioral models, creating an approach wherein the therapeutic relationship is as important as goals are to healing & creating change.
I am committed to helping people resolve whatever issues they may bring to counseling. Together, we may journey into the past or stay firmly rooted in the present, confronting & transforming old behaviors, memories, or areas of less than optimal functioning. Since no one technique serves all, I offer a multidisciplinary approach. I often employ the expressive arts and an environmental connection with the spiritual, when appropriate and suitable for each of my individual clients. This results in a greater vitality, creativity, satisfaction, self-knowledge, clarity of expression, and holistic healing for most people.
I integrate the psychodynamic, relational and cognitive-behavioral models, creating an approach wherein the therapeutic relationship is as important as goals are to healing & creating change.
I am committed to helping people resolve whatever issues they may bring to counseling. Together, we may journey into the past or stay firmly rooted in the present, confronting & transforming old behaviors, memories, or areas of less than optimal functioning. Since no one technique serves all, I offer a multidisciplinary approach. I often employ the expressive arts and an environmental connection with the spiritual, when appropriate and suitable for each of my individual clients. This results in a greater vitality, creativity, satisfaction, self-knowledge, clarity of expression, and holistic healing for most people.
(603) 601-4292 View (603) 601-4292
Photo of Nancy M Gill, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy M Gill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Do you feel stuck? Intention is the first step toward change. We will work together to develop both practical tools and a compassionate perspective to define and achieve your goals. A strengths-based approach underpins our work while incorporating aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic understanding, and expressive arts exercises.
Do you feel stuck? Intention is the first step toward change. We will work together to develop both practical tools and a compassionate perspective to define and achieve your goals. A strengths-based approach underpins our work while incorporating aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic understanding, and expressive arts exercises.
(603) 605-8166 View (603) 605-8166
Photo of Rose Carrigan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rose Carrigan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adults, especially those looking to heal from complex or childhood trauma, but welcome clients who have a variety of diagnoses and life circumstances they’re seeking support for. As a therapist with Autism and ADHD, I understand firsthand how trauma can be complicated by neurodivergence and why working with a professional who understands this is crucial to effective healing for those who are neurodivergent themselves. I have a special focus on the mind-body connection and offer both psychodynamic and somatic approaches.
I work with adults, especially those looking to heal from complex or childhood trauma, but welcome clients who have a variety of diagnoses and life circumstances they’re seeking support for. As a therapist with Autism and ADHD, I understand firsthand how trauma can be complicated by neurodivergence and why working with a professional who understands this is crucial to effective healing for those who are neurodivergent themselves. I have a special focus on the mind-body connection and offer both psychodynamic and somatic approaches.
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Photo of Mavish Khan, LCSW, ACE-CPT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mavish Khan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACE-CPT
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
My counseling approach combines various evidence-based interventions to include lifestyle modification, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic and solution-focused.
It can be difficult to weather the storms of life alone. You took a crucial step in finding refuge from those storms by reaching out for help. Showing up to therapy takes incredible strength and courage. I am here to offer you a non-judgmental, empathetic, and safe atmosphere to process your worries and stresses, yet also equip you with the tools to heal from your past and grow into your full potential. I have over 15 years of expertise in treating depression, anxiety/panic attacks, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, grief/loss, and trauma.
My counseling approach combines various evidence-based interventions to include lifestyle modification, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic and solution-focused.
It can be difficult to weather the storms of life alone. You took a crucial step in finding refuge from those storms by reaching out for help. Showing up to therapy takes incredible strength and courage. I am here to offer you a non-judgmental, empathetic, and safe atmosphere to process your worries and stresses, yet also equip you with the tools to heal from your past and grow into your full potential. I have over 15 years of expertise in treating depression, anxiety/panic attacks, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, grief/loss, and trauma.
(678) 498-5054 View (678) 498-5054
Photo of Lisa Rutherford - Capital Valley Counseling Associates, LLC, Counselor
Capital Valley Counseling Associates, LLC
Counselor
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Welcome to Capital Valley Counseling Associates, Inc. We are pleased that you are interested in our services and look forward to the opportunity of working with you. We know that counseling services can be beneficial, and we strive to create a welcoming and comfortable environment. We will engage you in a mutual process, tailoring goals to meet individual needs. You will learn to cope more effectively, and to reverse unsatisfying patterns of behavior. We want your services to be personal, focused, satisfying and lasting.
Welcome to Capital Valley Counseling Associates, Inc. We are pleased that you are interested in our services and look forward to the opportunity of working with you. We know that counseling services can be beneficial, and we strive to create a welcoming and comfortable environment. We will engage you in a mutual process, tailoring goals to meet individual needs. You will learn to cope more effectively, and to reverse unsatisfying patterns of behavior. We want your services to be personal, focused, satisfying and lasting.
(603) 583-4303 View (603) 583-4303
Photo of Aoife Kennedy, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Aoife Kennedy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
Waitlist for new clients
Currently on a waitlist! Hi there! I'm an enthusiastic therapist - with a dark, dry sense of humor - here to help you get healed. I believe in providing empathetic and evidence-based therapy to individuals seeking support, healing, and personal growth. My mission is to empower you to overcome life's challenges and rediscover your inner strength and resilience. In our therapeutic journey, I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is built on trust, collaboration, and mutual respect.
Currently on a waitlist! Hi there! I'm an enthusiastic therapist - with a dark, dry sense of humor - here to help you get healed. I believe in providing empathetic and evidence-based therapy to individuals seeking support, healing, and personal growth. My mission is to empower you to overcome life's challenges and rediscover your inner strength and resilience. In our therapeutic journey, I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is built on trust, collaboration, and mutual respect.
(877) 846-5477 View (877) 846-5477
Photo of Heather McMahon, MA, LCMHC, MLADC, CMIP, Counselor
Heather McMahon
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, MLADC, CMIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
Limited daytime openings It's no secret we are living in stressful and difficult times! My approach with clients is personalized to meet each individual's needs and goals. For 30 years, I have worked with adolescents, families, and individuals in various settings. I offer a space for clients to realize their strengths and resilience. In my practice, clients are valued, respected, encouraged, and honored in their journey toward emotional, spiritual, and interpersonal health.
Limited daytime openings It's no secret we are living in stressful and difficult times! My approach with clients is personalized to meet each individual's needs and goals. For 30 years, I have worked with adolescents, families, and individuals in various settings. I offer a space for clients to realize their strengths and resilience. In my practice, clients are valued, respected, encouraged, and honored in their journey toward emotional, spiritual, and interpersonal health.
(603) 294-1244 View (603) 294-1244
Photo of Mariah Chagnon, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mariah Chagnon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Waitlist for new clients
Please EMAIL. Conflict within ourselves and our relationships can feel exhausting and isolating. Sometimes it can feel as though we are powerless or stuck waiting for other people or our environment to change. I believe growth is always possible when people feel strong support as they address unhelpful patterns and narratives. By deeply respecting how experiences affect clients, I seek to empower them to exercise more influence and agency in their lives and relationships.
Please EMAIL. Conflict within ourselves and our relationships can feel exhausting and isolating. Sometimes it can feel as though we are powerless or stuck waiting for other people or our environment to change. I believe growth is always possible when people feel strong support as they address unhelpful patterns and narratives. By deeply respecting how experiences affect clients, I seek to empower them to exercise more influence and agency in their lives and relationships.
(603) 207-8715 View (603) 207-8715
Photo of Dr. Amanda Mead, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Amanda Mead
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
You feel like the black sheep of your family; like you never really fit anywhere. You feel like something is “off” but can’t quite put your finger on what is causing your discomfort. You may feel like you’re stuck in your past, unable to move forward and create the life you want. You’re tired of the same unsatisfying relationships that happen over and over again. You crave closeness with others but find it difficult to let people in. You worry about people leaving you. You might feel or have even been told by family in one way or another that you’re the problem.
You feel like the black sheep of your family; like you never really fit anywhere. You feel like something is “off” but can’t quite put your finger on what is causing your discomfort. You may feel like you’re stuck in your past, unable to move forward and create the life you want. You’re tired of the same unsatisfying relationships that happen over and over again. You crave closeness with others but find it difficult to let people in. You worry about people leaving you. You might feel or have even been told by family in one way or another that you’re the problem.
(603) 688-6726 View (603) 688-6726
Photo of Robert C. McCoul, PsyD, NCC, Counselor
Robert C. McCoul
Counselor, PsyD, NCC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
We all experience anger, anxiety, worry & panic at some time in our lives that can feel overwhelming. Struggling with emotional pain does not need to control our lives. Anger, pain, and resentment do not have to keep us from living lives with meaning and purpose. Learn to channel emotions to enhance your life with meaning and vitality. As a therapist, I aim to integrate the language of the heart with the guidance of science. I am particularly focused on helping people who suffer from chronic shame, self-criticism, anger, and anxiety.
We all experience anger, anxiety, worry & panic at some time in our lives that can feel overwhelming. Struggling with emotional pain does not need to control our lives. Anger, pain, and resentment do not have to keep us from living lives with meaning and purpose. Learn to channel emotions to enhance your life with meaning and vitality. As a therapist, I aim to integrate the language of the heart with the guidance of science. I am particularly focused on helping people who suffer from chronic shame, self-criticism, anger, and anxiety.
(603) 471-3030 View (603) 471-3030
Photo of Suzanne R Ark, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Suzanne R Ark
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03303  (Online Only)
I am accepting new clients at this time! Welcome to Wellness Tree Counseling! I'm Suzanne Ark, a dedicated mental health therapist with a passion for helping individuals overcome challenges and achieve greater well-being. With specialized expertise in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, and binge eating disorder, I am committed to providing compassionate and effective therapy tailored to each client's unique needs. I am currently able to see clients that reside in New Hampshire via Telehealth with live video. I am working on licensure in Massachusetts and North Carolina.
I am accepting new clients at this time! Welcome to Wellness Tree Counseling! I'm Suzanne Ark, a dedicated mental health therapist with a passion for helping individuals overcome challenges and achieve greater well-being. With specialized expertise in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, and binge eating disorder, I am committed to providing compassionate and effective therapy tailored to each client's unique needs. I am currently able to see clients that reside in New Hampshire via Telehealth with live video. I am working on licensure in Massachusetts and North Carolina.
(855) 684-1104 View (855) 684-1104
Photo of Leonard E Smith, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leonard E Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
Are you or your child struggling with anxiety or depression? Has self-doubt, the fear of failure or embarrassment paralyzed you from your pursuits? My goal in therapy is to create a safe environment that allows individuals to share their struggles and realize their strengths as they move toward positive outcomes. Working with Athletes to maximize their potential is another area of focus in my practice. Overcoming psychological hurdles in sports can be a gateway to greater enjoyment and a competitive edge. Through a strengths-based, eclectic approach, I look forward to working with you as you improve your quality of life.
Are you or your child struggling with anxiety or depression? Has self-doubt, the fear of failure or embarrassment paralyzed you from your pursuits? My goal in therapy is to create a safe environment that allows individuals to share their struggles and realize their strengths as they move toward positive outcomes. Working with Athletes to maximize their potential is another area of focus in my practice. Overcoming psychological hurdles in sports can be a gateway to greater enjoyment and a competitive edge. Through a strengths-based, eclectic approach, I look forward to working with you as you improve your quality of life.
(603) 782-9437 View (603) 782-9437
Photo of Paul G Smith, MA, LCMHC, CAS
Paul G Smith
Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, CAS
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I offer telehealth (Zoom) sessions only. Many counseling approaches help people feel better, but "feeling better" may not be enough. I assist individuals in getting to the root cause of their issues, and change self defeating patterns that previously appeared to be deeply entrenched. Having over 43 years of experience allows me to gear my approach to healing based on each individual's needs (including mind/body/energy techniques) in a safe, comfortable atmosphere where exploration and change is made easier.
I offer telehealth (Zoom) sessions only. Many counseling approaches help people feel better, but "feeling better" may not be enough. I assist individuals in getting to the root cause of their issues, and change self defeating patterns that previously appeared to be deeply entrenched. Having over 43 years of experience allows me to gear my approach to healing based on each individual's needs (including mind/body/energy techniques) in a safe, comfortable atmosphere where exploration and change is made easier.
(603) 547-9315 View (603) 547-9315
Photo of Mearlene E Filkins, LICSW, BCD, CCTP-II, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mearlene E Filkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, BCD, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Waitlist for new clients
Life has challenges and sometimes to meet those challenges we need additional tools, insight and support. Therapy provides a relationship and space you need in order to take a look at the challenges life has thrown at you and how you have navigated them so far. Do the skills you have still work for you? Is there something holding you back from living the meaningful, purposeful life you had imagined? Therapy can be a place to take stock of where you are, where you want to go, and help you develop a plan to get there.
Life has challenges and sometimes to meet those challenges we need additional tools, insight and support. Therapy provides a relationship and space you need in order to take a look at the challenges life has thrown at you and how you have navigated them so far. Do the skills you have still work for you? Is there something holding you back from living the meaningful, purposeful life you had imagined? Therapy can be a place to take stock of where you are, where you want to go, and help you develop a plan to get there.
(603) 228-7300 x27 View (603) 228-7300 x27
1
Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.