Attachment-based Therapists in Raleigh, NC

Photo of Rachel Cohen, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615
Waitlist for new clients
I am formally trained in EMDR, and enjoy using cognitive-behavioral approaches, mindfulness strategies, attachment-based therapy, strengths-based therapy, and other evidence-based practices.
You deserve to live a meaningful and balanced life. Using a compassionate and collaborative approach, we will create a safe and nurturing environment for you to begin your self-exploration and healing. I will listen to you without judgment and honor you as a whole person who has inherent wisdom. Whether it is processing unresolved trauma, improving your mood, strengthening your relationships, or seeking support as you navigate life's transitions and challenges, you will experience healing and growth.
I am formally trained in EMDR, and enjoy using cognitive-behavioral approaches, mindfulness strategies, attachment-based therapy, strengths-based therapy, and other evidence-based practices.
You deserve to live a meaningful and balanced life. Using a compassionate and collaborative approach, we will create a safe and nurturing environment for you to begin your self-exploration and healing. I will listen to you without judgment and honor you as a whole person who has inherent wisdom. Whether it is processing unresolved trauma, improving your mood, strengthening your relationships, or seeking support as you navigate life's transitions and challenges, you will experience healing and growth.
(919) 849-5273 View (919) 849-5273
Photo of Kinga Gudor @ Deep Connections Counseling, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kinga Gudor @ Deep Connections Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27609  (Online Only)
Do you feel disconnected and lonely in your relationship? I can help you re-connect and feel again the bond you once had. I use Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy ( EFT), an attachment based therapy method. I am also trained in EMDR ( Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing), ACT ( Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- a combination of CBT and mindfulness techniques) and IFS ( Internal Family Systems ) which are helpful in processing trauma.
Do you feel disconnected and lonely in your relationship? I can help you re-connect and feel again the bond you once had. I use Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy ( EFT), an attachment based therapy method. I am also trained in EMDR ( Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing), ACT ( Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- a combination of CBT and mindfulness techniques) and IFS ( Internal Family Systems ) which are helpful in processing trauma.
(252) 300-3150 View (252) 300-3150
Photo of Allie Horton, MA, LMFT, EMDR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Allie Horton
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27601  (Online Only)
YOU are capable of finding joy and fulfillment! Being human is hard. Every person is capable of finding peace and happiness by facing our trauma (we all have it!) in the name of self-love and kindness to be better human beings.
YOU are capable of finding joy and fulfillment! Being human is hard. Every person is capable of finding peace and happiness by facing our trauma (we all have it!) in the name of self-love and kindness to be better human beings.
(984) 202-8043 View (984) 202-8043
Photo of Jeremy George
Jeremy George
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27606
Waitlist for new clients
My primary specialty is attachment theory. Attachment based modalities include Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Emotionally Focused Therapy for Individuals (EFIT) and Emotionally Focused Therapy for Families (EFFT). Other areas of speciality include Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which is effective in treating trauma, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Trust Based Relational Intervention (TBRI). I am also growing in my ability to apply Internal Family Systems (IFS) in my practice with clients.
My primary specialty is attachment theory. Attachment based modalities include Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Emotionally Focused Therapy for Individuals (EFIT) and Emotionally Focused Therapy for Families (EFFT). Other areas of speciality include Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which is effective in treating trauma, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Trust Based Relational Intervention (TBRI). I am also growing in my ability to apply Internal Family Systems (IFS) in my practice with clients.
(919) 535-4590 View (919) 535-4590
Photo of Liz Minnich, LCMHC
Liz Minnich
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27609  (Online Only)
Using Attachment-Based Therapy and CBT my caseload consists of: Survivors of trauma, survivors of abuse, adult children of alcoholics/mentally ill/abusive parents, young adults in transition, people pleasers, and perfectionists.
Welcome! I hold the belief that every person is inherently good, lovable, capable, and resilient. My role is to support clients in discovering their true selves in a safe, and caring environment. Simply put, I encourage all of my clients to come as they are. ​ I commit to create a space in which we can reflect on the past and the present and practice new ways to connect authentically with others, quiet the inner critic, and live a life lead by their unique values.
Using Attachment-Based Therapy and CBT my caseload consists of: Survivors of trauma, survivors of abuse, adult children of alcoholics/mentally ill/abusive parents, young adults in transition, people pleasers, and perfectionists.
Welcome! I hold the belief that every person is inherently good, lovable, capable, and resilient. My role is to support clients in discovering their true selves in a safe, and caring environment. Simply put, I encourage all of my clients to come as they are. ​ I commit to create a space in which we can reflect on the past and the present and practice new ways to connect authentically with others, quiet the inner critic, and live a life lead by their unique values.
(919) 794-8326 View (919) 794-8326
Photo of Mindy Brodsky, MSW, LCSWA, LGSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mindy Brodsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA, LGSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615
Waitlist for new clients
I particularly enjoy utilizing narrative and attachment-based therapies, CBT, mindfulness practices, and expressive arts (e.
Limited Availability - I specialize in trauma-informed, strengths-based counseling with a passion for integrative health and healing. I serve diverse adolescent and adult populations, including those impacted by cancer and other chronic illness, as well as those who struggle with anxiety, grief, trauma, chronic pain, and other life transitions such as prenatal/postpartum support.
I particularly enjoy utilizing narrative and attachment-based therapies, CBT, mindfulness practices, and expressive arts (e.
Limited Availability - I specialize in trauma-informed, strengths-based counseling with a passion for integrative health and healing. I serve diverse adolescent and adult populations, including those impacted by cancer and other chronic illness, as well as those who struggle with anxiety, grief, trauma, chronic pain, and other life transitions such as prenatal/postpartum support.
(984) 464-7277 View (984) 464-7277
Photo of Cat Wilson, LCMHCA, CRC, Counselor
Cat Wilson
Counselor, LCMHCA, CRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27609  (Online Only)
I fully understand how overwhelming life can be at times, and believe that everyone can benefit from reflective and compassionate support. I believe that therapy is not "one-size fits all", therefore I tailor the process to the unique needs of each client. However, at the core of all of my work is a strengths-based approach. Sessions focus on self-awareness, altering negative thoughts, self-esteem building, and challenging my clients in a non-judgmental and empathetic way. My passion is working with teenagers, college-age adults, and young adults. If you feel like we would be a good fit, let's connect! I can't wait to talk to you.
I fully understand how overwhelming life can be at times, and believe that everyone can benefit from reflective and compassionate support. I believe that therapy is not "one-size fits all", therefore I tailor the process to the unique needs of each client. However, at the core of all of my work is a strengths-based approach. Sessions focus on self-awareness, altering negative thoughts, self-esteem building, and challenging my clients in a non-judgmental and empathetic way. My passion is working with teenagers, college-age adults, and young adults. If you feel like we would be a good fit, let's connect! I can't wait to talk to you.
(919) 626-8867 View (919) 626-8867
Photo of Maren Londahl-Smidt, LCSW, LCAS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maren Londahl-Smidt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615
Do you overthink situations, constantly replay situations in your head or you often feel overwhelmed? Do you constantly worry and don’t know how to turn this off? Do you find that you struggle with confidence and often question yourself? Maybe you're having difficultly managing your emotions? Or you don't know what you are feeling? Lets work together to turn off the negative self talk, figure out how to manage your overwhelming emotions and find your best self.
Do you overthink situations, constantly replay situations in your head or you often feel overwhelmed? Do you constantly worry and don’t know how to turn this off? Do you find that you struggle with confidence and often question yourself? Maybe you're having difficultly managing your emotions? Or you don't know what you are feeling? Lets work together to turn off the negative self talk, figure out how to manage your overwhelming emotions and find your best self.
(919) 205-2592 View (919) 205-2592
Photo of Lauren Elizabeth Reaves, LCMHCA, Counselor
Lauren Elizabeth Reaves
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
I am a certified FirstPlay practitioner, which is an attachment-based therapy aimed at strengthening the bond between a baby and a parent.
I enjoy working with adults, parents, infants, toddlers, children, and families. As a counselor, I aim to help my clients be their best selves. I aim to provide a safe and supportive space where I can collaborate and work with my clients to reach their goals. I work with individuals from a variety of backgrounds on issues including becoming new parents, depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, relationship challenges, grief and loss, transitions, and other mental health and life concerns.
I am a certified FirstPlay practitioner, which is an attachment-based therapy aimed at strengthening the bond between a baby and a parent.
I enjoy working with adults, parents, infants, toddlers, children, and families. As a counselor, I aim to help my clients be their best selves. I aim to provide a safe and supportive space where I can collaborate and work with my clients to reach their goals. I work with individuals from a variety of backgrounds on issues including becoming new parents, depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, relationship challenges, grief and loss, transitions, and other mental health and life concerns.
(984) 646-0430 View (984) 646-0430
Karen Catoe PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MPH, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27617
I value and enjoy working with clients of all ages. Primary areas of focus are: coping with life transitions, helping clients to have more satisfying relationships, working with parents to support attachment goals for healthy development of their child, and sitting with the grief that our inevitable losses bring. I specialize in working with clients with eating disorders, trauma and PTSD, and anxiety disorders. My approach is integrative, drawing from effective treatments (DBT, CBT, attachment-based) to meet your particular needs. I provide short-term and long-term services to individuals and families.
I value and enjoy working with clients of all ages. Primary areas of focus are: coping with life transitions, helping clients to have more satisfying relationships, working with parents to support attachment goals for healthy development of their child, and sitting with the grief that our inevitable losses bring. I specialize in working with clients with eating disorders, trauma and PTSD, and anxiety disorders. My approach is integrative, drawing from effective treatments (DBT, CBT, attachment-based) to meet your particular needs. I provide short-term and long-term services to individuals and families.
(919) 813-2852 View (919) 813-2852
Photo of Jennifer J Liotino, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Jennifer J Liotino
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27601  (Online Only)
As a therapist, I enjoy working with a variety of clients. With over 21 years of experience, my expertise to a more eclectic approach, including CBT, attachment based therapy, trauma focused therapy, and emotionally focused therapy. I enjoy working with trauma, anxiety, mood disorders, life transition, attachment, self-esteem, family issues, Adult Children of Alcoholics, grief/loss, and autism.
As a therapist, I enjoy working with a variety of clients. With over 21 years of experience, my expertise to a more eclectic approach, including CBT, attachment based therapy, trauma focused therapy, and emotionally focused therapy. I enjoy working with trauma, anxiety, mood disorders, life transition, attachment, self-esteem, family issues, Adult Children of Alcoholics, grief/loss, and autism.
(828) 888-0376 View (828) 888-0376
Photo of Deepa Bhatt-Mackin, MA, LCMHC
Deepa Bhatt-Mackin
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27601  (Online Only)
As a licensed clinical mental health counselor, I offer telehealth sessions for adolescents, families, and adults. For children under 13, I offer parenting support, consultation, and parent-child sessions. I assist clients with a variety of presenting issues, including anxiety, depression, neurodivergence (Giftedness/LD/ADHD/2e), relationship problems, and identity development. My extensive training includes a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, Internal Family Systems, cognitive behavioral therapy, and solution-focused. I also provide ADHD and executive functioning skills coaching.
As a licensed clinical mental health counselor, I offer telehealth sessions for adolescents, families, and adults. For children under 13, I offer parenting support, consultation, and parent-child sessions. I assist clients with a variety of presenting issues, including anxiety, depression, neurodivergence (Giftedness/LD/ADHD/2e), relationship problems, and identity development. My extensive training includes a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, Internal Family Systems, cognitive behavioral therapy, and solution-focused. I also provide ADHD and executive functioning skills coaching.
(919) 343-0027 View (919) 343-0027
Photo of Jennifer Padilla, LCMHCA, LCASA
Jennifer Padilla
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA, LCASA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27603
Sometimes, the survival mechanisms and belief systems that help us survive our childhoods do not serve us well later in life. A therapeutic relationship that is both safe and challenging helps us heal those early wounds, reclaim the spirit that we were born with, and return us to our authentic selves. My mission as a therapist is to help my clients recognize their self-worth, and become the whole people they were meant to be.
Sometimes, the survival mechanisms and belief systems that help us survive our childhoods do not serve us well later in life. A therapeutic relationship that is both safe and challenging helps us heal those early wounds, reclaim the spirit that we were born with, and return us to our authentic selves. My mission as a therapist is to help my clients recognize their self-worth, and become the whole people they were meant to be.
(828) 528-3389 View (828) 528-3389
Photo of Christina Frank, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Christina Frank
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27606
Virtual Openings in North Carolina! Using a strengths-based approach, I help individuals and couples achieve their goals- internally and interpersonally. I incorporate attachment based models to help clients build self-awareness as they address issues related to marital conflict, infidelity, difficult life transitions, personal insecurities, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I create a safe space through empathy, patience, and curiosity, while providing each individual and couple concrete strategies and clear feedback that becomes the foundation for lasting change. Online appointments available.
Virtual Openings in North Carolina! Using a strengths-based approach, I help individuals and couples achieve their goals- internally and interpersonally. I incorporate attachment based models to help clients build self-awareness as they address issues related to marital conflict, infidelity, difficult life transitions, personal insecurities, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I create a safe space through empathy, patience, and curiosity, while providing each individual and couple concrete strategies and clear feedback that becomes the foundation for lasting change. Online appointments available.
(571) 451-2067 View (571) 451-2067
Photo of Evelyn Ponce, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Evelyn Ponce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27605  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is rooted in a variety of treatment modalities including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Attachment-based, Trauma Focused, & Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP).
Welcome! I am a therapist providing virtual only sessions. I specialize in depression, anxiety disorders (including social phobia), pregnancy, and postpartum. I have experience in community-based mental health as well as school and government-based agencies. I work best with people who want to take an active role in building the life they want, figuring out the person they want to be and how we can build on all of their innate strengths to live a rich and meaningful life, even in the face of disappointment, loss, frustration, and pain.
My therapeutic approach is rooted in a variety of treatment modalities including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Attachment-based, Trauma Focused, & Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP).
Welcome! I am a therapist providing virtual only sessions. I specialize in depression, anxiety disorders (including social phobia), pregnancy, and postpartum. I have experience in community-based mental health as well as school and government-based agencies. I work best with people who want to take an active role in building the life they want, figuring out the person they want to be and how we can build on all of their innate strengths to live a rich and meaningful life, even in the face of disappointment, loss, frustration, and pain.
(919) 351-6147 View (919) 351-6147
Photo of Suzanne Nardozzi, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Suzanne Nardozzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27610
My work is rooted in attachment-based therapy, because healing comes from the relationship that children have with their adults.
Accepting new clients - evening and weekends available! I am passionate about working with children and their families. Children are learning about the world around them and they often don't know what their feelings mean or how to communicate them quite yet. When children have been through stressful things, it is even harder for them to express their feelings. And those feelings can come out of kids in big ways! As adults, we can struggle to understand how to help young ones when their emotions get really big. As their adult, you want to help your child and you also need someone to support you. That is where I can help.
My work is rooted in attachment-based therapy, because healing comes from the relationship that children have with their adults.
Accepting new clients - evening and weekends available! I am passionate about working with children and their families. Children are learning about the world around them and they often don't know what their feelings mean or how to communicate them quite yet. When children have been through stressful things, it is even harder for them to express their feelings. And those feelings can come out of kids in big ways! As adults, we can struggle to understand how to help young ones when their emotions get really big. As their adult, you want to help your child and you also need someone to support you. That is where I can help.
(910) 400-8360 View (910) 400-8360
Photo of Rebecca Siwanowicz, LCSW, MCAP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Siwanowicz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MCAP
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27601  (Online Only)
Hello beautiful people! There is no instruction manual for life and being human in an ever changing world is tough. I believe that we are all perfectly, imperfect and aim to assist my clients in appreciating their individuality and developing a life and sense of self of their choosing. I firmly believe that, as human beings, we don't belong in a box. If you are struggling with a life altering situation or simply need to process some potential life changes, reach out! You deserve a safe, supportive environment where you can be transparent and honest in achieving your personal goals and thriving in life rather than just surviving!
Hello beautiful people! There is no instruction manual for life and being human in an ever changing world is tough. I believe that we are all perfectly, imperfect and aim to assist my clients in appreciating their individuality and developing a life and sense of self of their choosing. I firmly believe that, as human beings, we don't belong in a box. If you are struggling with a life altering situation or simply need to process some potential life changes, reach out! You deserve a safe, supportive environment where you can be transparent and honest in achieving your personal goals and thriving in life rather than just surviving!
(919) 804-1372 View (919) 804-1372
Photo of Michael Stamm, MS, LCMHC, LCPC, RPT-S, Counselor
Michael Stamm
Counselor, MS, LCMHC, LCPC, RPT-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27601
As a play therapist, my goal is to provide a safe and therapeutic environment for children and adolescents to express themselves and heal using their primary language: Play. Although appropriate for adults, traditional talk therapy can prove difficult for children and adolescents. By utilizing play therapy, I'm able to build a strong and safe therapeutic relationship, a cornerstone to change and healing. In addition, I provide supervision for licensed counselors seeking the Registered Play Therapist credential. Call today for current availability!
As a play therapist, my goal is to provide a safe and therapeutic environment for children and adolescents to express themselves and heal using their primary language: Play. Although appropriate for adults, traditional talk therapy can prove difficult for children and adolescents. By utilizing play therapy, I'm able to build a strong and safe therapeutic relationship, a cornerstone to change and healing. In addition, I provide supervision for licensed counselors seeking the Registered Play Therapist credential. Call today for current availability!
(919) 737-7912 View (919) 737-7912
Photo of Thorne Myers, MSW, LCSWA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Thorne Myers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27601
Waitlist for new clients
My name is Thorne (they/them) and I am a white, queer, non-binary licensed clinical social worker associate (LCSWA) offering both individuals and couples/relationship therapy in Durham, NC. My work is grounded in fierce compassion and a belief that everyone is capable of healing and feeling like they belong. It is my experience that one of the key elements of transformative therapy is our relationship; that we are a good “fit” and that you feel safe to share your joy, anger, grief, and tears. My style is gentle, attentive, playful, and person-centered–drawing from relational, narrative, and attachment-based therapy approaches.
My name is Thorne (they/them) and I am a white, queer, non-binary licensed clinical social worker associate (LCSWA) offering both individuals and couples/relationship therapy in Durham, NC. My work is grounded in fierce compassion and a belief that everyone is capable of healing and feeling like they belong. It is my experience that one of the key elements of transformative therapy is our relationship; that we are a good “fit” and that you feel safe to share your joy, anger, grief, and tears. My style is gentle, attentive, playful, and person-centered–drawing from relational, narrative, and attachment-based therapy approaches.
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Photo of Taylor Starns, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Taylor Starns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27601
Waitlist for new clients
These modalities include CBT, Attachment-Based Therapy, EMDR, Psychoeducation, and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
As a Therapist, I believe that central to our success is a safe, supportive therapeutic relationship. I prioritize creating a safe relational space for my clients so that we can identify areas of strength and areas of growth. I specialize in Mood Disorders such as anxiety and depression, Eating Disorders, life transitions, Gender and Sexuality, and social/relational issues. I am a Certified EMDR Practitioner with extensive training and experience in supporting LGBTQIA+ adolescents and adults through transitions and mental health distress.
These modalities include CBT, Attachment-Based Therapy, EMDR, Psychoeducation, and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
As a Therapist, I believe that central to our success is a safe, supportive therapeutic relationship. I prioritize creating a safe relational space for my clients so that we can identify areas of strength and areas of growth. I specialize in Mood Disorders such as anxiety and depression, Eating Disorders, life transitions, Gender and Sexuality, and social/relational issues. I am a Certified EMDR Practitioner with extensive training and experience in supporting LGBTQIA+ adolescents and adults through transitions and mental health distress.
(919) 348-4936 View (919) 348-4936
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Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.