Therapists in Oakdale, Charlotte, NC

Photo of T. DeNea Means, LPC, LCMHC
T. DeNea Means
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LPC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. You’ve worked really hard to overcome the traumas of and challenges of your past. Deep down you know you’re a good person and that you should be feeling better, but some parts of you aren’t fully on board with those thoughts. You're carrying years of unresolved "stuff" you thought would go away with time. Some days you can go from being your biggest cheerleader to feeling broken, unlovable and worthless. Life feels hard, relationships feel harder. You're angry, anxious, uncomfortable - you just want feel at peace
Accepting new clients. You’ve worked really hard to overcome the traumas of and challenges of your past. Deep down you know you’re a good person and that you should be feeling better, but some parts of you aren’t fully on board with those thoughts. You're carrying years of unresolved "stuff" you thought would go away with time. Some days you can go from being your biggest cheerleader to feeling broken, unlovable and worthless. Life feels hard, relationships feel harder. You're angry, anxious, uncomfortable - you just want feel at peace
(980) 983-1585 View (980) 983-1585
Photo of LaTania Williams McAdoo - Hopeful Expectations Counseling & Consulting Group, MA, LCMHC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hopeful Expectations Counseling & Consulting Group
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
*******NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS***Has arguing with your mate become your new normal? Are you having a difficult time effectively communicating with your mate? Has the lack of intimacy in your relationship caused you to feel stressed and hopeless? If you answered yes to at least one of the aforementioned questions, I am here to help. Using evidence based practices, I help committed couples work through the difficulties that they face within their relationships.
*******NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS***Has arguing with your mate become your new normal? Are you having a difficult time effectively communicating with your mate? Has the lack of intimacy in your relationship caused you to feel stressed and hopeless? If you answered yes to at least one of the aforementioned questions, I am here to help. Using evidence based practices, I help committed couples work through the difficulties that they face within their relationships.
(704) 274-3258 View (704) 274-3258
Photo of Angela Marie Hargrow-Anthony - Inner Peace Counseling Services, PLLC, PhD, Psychologist
Inner Peace Counseling Services, PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
While I work with most people who come through the door, my ideal clients are women, age 30 and above who are unhappy, stressed out, frustrated and who feel they are at a crossroads in their lives. They want change but are not sure how to go about implementing changes to their lives. Women who desire to live their best life now.
While I work with most people who come through the door, my ideal clients are women, age 30 and above who are unhappy, stressed out, frustrated and who feel they are at a crossroads in their lives. They want change but are not sure how to go about implementing changes to their lives. Women who desire to live their best life now.
(704) 842-9043 View (704) 842-9043
Photo of Courtney D Huffman, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney D Huffman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
I believe that everyone, including you, is entitled to experiencing happiness. Whether it be needing to find more work/life balance, learning how to navigate through difficult relationships, or dealing with a MH/SA disorder, I want to help you achieve serenity. One of my main goals as a therapist is to empower, encourage, and support you in achieving your life goals. I know that counseling requires courage and strength, and I am here to make this process easier for you by assisting you along the way. I believe in you and I want you to believe in you too!
I believe that everyone, including you, is entitled to experiencing happiness. Whether it be needing to find more work/life balance, learning how to navigate through difficult relationships, or dealing with a MH/SA disorder, I want to help you achieve serenity. One of my main goals as a therapist is to empower, encourage, and support you in achieving your life goals. I know that counseling requires courage and strength, and I am here to make this process easier for you by assisting you along the way. I believe in you and I want you to believe in you too!
(704) 981-6087 View (704) 981-6087
Photo of Tysha Pressley - Legacy Empowerment Services, PLLC, MSEd, LCMHC, CRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Legacy Empowerment Services, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LCMHC, CRC
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
My ideal client's life may currently feel stressful, in crisis or transition. You may be a survivor of a dysfunctional upbringing and have a strong desire to do better than the examples you were given. You may even find yourself saying: "I know there is more to life than this". You have recognized the need for change but have been unable to break free from cycles of defeat. My joy is empowering young adults and adults to live the life they desire by holding space with them as they journey towards change and redeeming family legacy.
My ideal client's life may currently feel stressful, in crisis or transition. You may be a survivor of a dysfunctional upbringing and have a strong desire to do better than the examples you were given. You may even find yourself saying: "I know there is more to life than this". You have recognized the need for change but have been unable to break free from cycles of defeat. My joy is empowering young adults and adults to live the life they desire by holding space with them as they journey towards change and redeeming family legacy.
(704) 228-4392 View (704) 228-4392
Photo of Holly Mackin, MA, LMFT, AASECT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Holly Mackin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, AASECT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Is your sex life causing issues between you and your partner? Would you benefit from better communication with the important people in your life? Are you experiencing a situation that has made it difficult to cope? Do you crave more intimacy and authenticity with others? I believe that anyone can benefit from support and a nonjudgmental perspective, to access the best version of themselves. I offer a high degree of respect for you, meet you where you are in your life, and work on what you consider to be important. Email me today to schedule a free 15 minute video consultation to explore possibilities and areas you can make headway.
Is your sex life causing issues between you and your partner? Would you benefit from better communication with the important people in your life? Are you experiencing a situation that has made it difficult to cope? Do you crave more intimacy and authenticity with others? I believe that anyone can benefit from support and a nonjudgmental perspective, to access the best version of themselves. I offer a high degree of respect for you, meet you where you are in your life, and work on what you consider to be important. Email me today to schedule a free 15 minute video consultation to explore possibilities and areas you can make headway.
(704) 396-4826 View (704) 396-4826
Photo of Chanel C. Bowen, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS, NCC
Chanel C. Bowen
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS, NCC
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
If you've been experiencing anxiety, depression or issues with substance use lately, I'd like to help. Today's stressors have been affecting home life, professional life, emotional stability and many other areas. It can help to have a positive therapeutic relationship to work on feeling more balanced and improving your quality of life. You can consider yourself starting a personal Inner Renovations project where you'll receive Faith-Forward Counseling & access Mindfulness-Based tools that support your treatment plan and help you restore balance in Mind/Body/Spirit. Add structure to your self-care and make your wellbeing priority.
If you've been experiencing anxiety, depression or issues with substance use lately, I'd like to help. Today's stressors have been affecting home life, professional life, emotional stability and many other areas. It can help to have a positive therapeutic relationship to work on feeling more balanced and improving your quality of life. You can consider yourself starting a personal Inner Renovations project where you'll receive Faith-Forward Counseling & access Mindfulness-Based tools that support your treatment plan and help you restore balance in Mind/Body/Spirit. Add structure to your self-care and make your wellbeing priority.
(980) 888-8284 View (980) 888-8284
Photo of Lisa Kelley, MA, LCMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lisa Kelley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
Not accepting new clients
Thank you for viewing my profile. Unfortunately, I am unable to accept new clients at this time. We aren't promised an easy life and the world can be unforgiving. I am skilled at working with people suffering with anxiety, depression, anger management, relationship issues, grief, and PTSD. Having a previous career in sales and marketing, I understand the challenges of the corporate work place along with the pressure and anxiety that can accompany that life. My specialty is trauma and PTSD. I am thankful to journey with people to difficult places so they can let go of triggers and flashbacks.
Thank you for viewing my profile. Unfortunately, I am unable to accept new clients at this time. We aren't promised an easy life and the world can be unforgiving. I am skilled at working with people suffering with anxiety, depression, anger management, relationship issues, grief, and PTSD. Having a previous career in sales and marketing, I understand the challenges of the corporate work place along with the pressure and anxiety that can accompany that life. My specialty is trauma and PTSD. I am thankful to journey with people to difficult places so they can let go of triggers and flashbacks.
(704) 754-5549 View (704) 754-5549
Photo of Shakeena Yvette Speller - Rise Up Counseling & Consulting PLLC, LCSW, LCAS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rise Up Counseling & Consulting PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself often feeling stressed, anxious, or depressed? Do you find yourself relying on alcohol or other addictive substances or behaviors to cope with life stresses? Do you feel like you don't know what direction your life is going and need guidance in identifying and accomplishing your personal goals? If you answer yes to any of these questions and you are ready to begin the process of healing and recovery, you do not need to search any further.
Do you find yourself often feeling stressed, anxious, or depressed? Do you find yourself relying on alcohol or other addictive substances or behaviors to cope with life stresses? Do you feel like you don't know what direction your life is going and need guidance in identifying and accomplishing your personal goals? If you answer yes to any of these questions and you are ready to begin the process of healing and recovery, you do not need to search any further.
(980) 404-2915 View (980) 404-2915
Photo of Jerome Hall - Project Calm LLC, MSW, LCSW, LCAS-A, LISW-CP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Project Calm LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS-A, LISW-CP
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
"No Person has the power to have everything they want, but it is in their power not to want what they don't have , and to cheerfully put to good use what they do have ." - Senca
"No Person has the power to have everything they want, but it is in their power not to want what they don't have , and to cheerfully put to good use what they do have ." - Senca
(803) 990-3270 View (803) 990-3270
Photo of Misty C. Marlowe, MA, LPA, Psychological Associate
Misty C. Marlowe
Psychological Associate, MA, LPA
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
My practice includes work with families, couples, and individuals ages 3 and older. My office is small and I work part-time because I also teach at colleges in Charlotte and surrounding areas. My clients have told me they feel very comfortable working with me and they appreciate my direct and results-oriented approach. Although I assist my clients with a wide variety of problems and challenges, my specialties include play therapy, trauma, and work/life issues. I love my job and I am always happy to help!
My practice includes work with families, couples, and individuals ages 3 and older. My office is small and I work part-time because I also teach at colleges in Charlotte and surrounding areas. My clients have told me they feel very comfortable working with me and they appreciate my direct and results-oriented approach. Although I assist my clients with a wide variety of problems and challenges, my specialties include play therapy, trauma, and work/life issues. I love my job and I am always happy to help!
(704) 966-7362 View (704) 966-7362
Photo of Erin E Rice, LCMHCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Erin E Rice
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
Do you feel like you're not living the life you want? Maybe you’re overwhelmed, depressed or feeling alone; or struggling with the all consuming pressure to have it all together. You know you want a change and you're ready for some relief. You want to feel calm, confident and in control of who you are. You’re ready to work through your struggles, find your purpose, and most importantly love yourself and live your life according to your values.
Do you feel like you're not living the life you want? Maybe you’re overwhelmed, depressed or feeling alone; or struggling with the all consuming pressure to have it all together. You know you want a change and you're ready for some relief. You want to feel calm, confident and in control of who you are. You’re ready to work through your struggles, find your purpose, and most importantly love yourself and live your life according to your values.
(704) 326-9012 View (704) 326-9012
Photo of Thalia Aparicio, MA, LCMHCA
Thalia Aparicio
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
My ideal client is someone who is seeking understanding, healing, and personal development. They may want a safe space to vent, tools to manage stressors, and direction. They are looking to work together with me through the journey of therapy.
My ideal client is someone who is seeking understanding, healing, and personal development. They may want a safe space to vent, tools to manage stressors, and direction. They are looking to work together with me through the journey of therapy.
(980) 400-7351 View (980) 400-7351
Photo of Grace Tucker, NCC, LCMHC, Counselor
Grace Tucker
Counselor, NCC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Want to enjoy more family activities but worried about your child's behavior? You've received several calls from school, they have difficulty participating in extracurricular activities and the stress from trying to manage it all just continues to mound and is leaving you frustrated. This is not the family lifestyle you imagined. The vision of your family includes unconditional love, resilience and fun but you are unsure what to do and where to start.
Want to enjoy more family activities but worried about your child's behavior? You've received several calls from school, they have difficulty participating in extracurricular activities and the stress from trying to manage it all just continues to mound and is leaving you frustrated. This is not the family lifestyle you imagined. The vision of your family includes unconditional love, resilience and fun but you are unsure what to do and where to start.
(980) 319-1868 View (980) 319-1868
Photo of Ashley Caroline Mills, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashley Caroline Mills
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
My name is Ashley Mills and I am a Licensed Clinical Therapist providing mental health therapy to individuals, couples, adults, and families. I have been in private practice for over 13 years. I focus working with people with anxiety disorders, depression, difficulty coping with changes, and relationship issues. I often work with people who have traumatic experiences, people with grief and loss issues, and people who are on the spectrum of Autism. I am very open minded, nonjudgmental, non-biased, and have a great deal of empathy. I have wanted to be a therapist most of my life and absolutely love what I do.
My name is Ashley Mills and I am a Licensed Clinical Therapist providing mental health therapy to individuals, couples, adults, and families. I have been in private practice for over 13 years. I focus working with people with anxiety disorders, depression, difficulty coping with changes, and relationship issues. I often work with people who have traumatic experiences, people with grief and loss issues, and people who are on the spectrum of Autism. I am very open minded, nonjudgmental, non-biased, and have a great deal of empathy. I have wanted to be a therapist most of my life and absolutely love what I do.
(704) 389-3683 View (704) 389-3683
Photo of Bethany Ramos, MSW, LCSW, CDP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bethany Ramos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CDP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
In today's fast-paced world, finding a therapist who not only understands your needs but also offers tailored approaches is essential. My commitment lies in providing personalized sessions, acknowledging that every individual's journey is unique, and one-size-fits-all solutions simply don't suffice. Whether you're navigating trauma, anxiety, stress, or seeking personal growth, I'm here to offer a safe space and effective strategies tailored to your specific needs
In today's fast-paced world, finding a therapist who not only understands your needs but also offers tailored approaches is essential. My commitment lies in providing personalized sessions, acknowledging that every individual's journey is unique, and one-size-fits-all solutions simply don't suffice. Whether you're navigating trauma, anxiety, stress, or seeking personal growth, I'm here to offer a safe space and effective strategies tailored to your specific needs
(704) 326-7558 View (704) 326-7558
Photo of Molly McDonnell, LCSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Molly McDonnell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Molly McDonnell is a Licensed Clinician Social Worker in the state of North Carolina. She had the pleasure of working with children, adolescents, women, and families in residential and community-based settings on issues including anxiety, mood, trauma, conduct, substance use, and relationship problems before transitioning to outpatient therapy. Molly earned her Bachelor’s in Psychology from the University of Iowa, moved to North Carolina to be closer to the mountains and the beach, and earned her Master of Social Work at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
Molly McDonnell is a Licensed Clinician Social Worker in the state of North Carolina. She had the pleasure of working with children, adolescents, women, and families in residential and community-based settings on issues including anxiety, mood, trauma, conduct, substance use, and relationship problems before transitioning to outpatient therapy. Molly earned her Bachelor’s in Psychology from the University of Iowa, moved to North Carolina to be closer to the mountains and the beach, and earned her Master of Social Work at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
(704) 389-3096 View (704) 389-3096
Photo of Tara Kenyon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tara Kenyon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of practice. I work with people experiencing mood disorders, adjustment difficulties, stress related to personal or job areas, and people suffering from chronic or acute illnesses such as oncology diagnoses. I utilize a mix of Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Compassion Focused, Interpersonal, and Strength-Based therapies. Often we may not even know the problem or have the words to explain it. We know that something is wrong. I offer a respectful and compassionate space to explore the details of your problem and map out a plan for moving beyond them.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of practice. I work with people experiencing mood disorders, adjustment difficulties, stress related to personal or job areas, and people suffering from chronic or acute illnesses such as oncology diagnoses. I utilize a mix of Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Compassion Focused, Interpersonal, and Strength-Based therapies. Often we may not even know the problem or have the words to explain it. We know that something is wrong. I offer a respectful and compassionate space to explore the details of your problem and map out a plan for moving beyond them.
(336) 872-0340 View (336) 872-0340
Photo of Tara Kenyon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tara Kenyon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of practice. I work with people experiencing mood disorders, adjustment difficulties, stress related to personal or job areas, and people suffering from chronic or acute illnesses such as oncology diagnoses. I utilize a mix of Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Compassion Focused, Interpersonal, and Strength-Based therapies. Often we may not even know the problem or have the words to explain it. We know that something is wrong. I offer a respectful and compassionate space to explore the details of your problem and map out a plan for moving beyond them.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of practice. I work with people experiencing mood disorders, adjustment difficulties, stress related to personal or job areas, and people suffering from chronic or acute illnesses such as oncology diagnoses. I utilize a mix of Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Compassion Focused, Interpersonal, and Strength-Based therapies. Often we may not even know the problem or have the words to explain it. We know that something is wrong. I offer a respectful and compassionate space to explore the details of your problem and map out a plan for moving beyond them.
(336) 936-5979 View (336) 936-5979
Photo of Sharell D. Cannady, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Sharell D. Cannady
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Solve problems for everybody else? But not your own? We are the place for high-achieving, over-functioning African American women.
Solve problems for everybody else? But not your own? We are the place for high-achieving, over-functioning African American women.
(704) 327-5479 View (704) 327-5479

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakdale, Charlotte, NC

70+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Oakdale, Charlotte, NC who prioritize treating:

96% Depression
86% Anxiety
75% Coping Skills
70% Self Esteem
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
62% Grief

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
82% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Oakdale, Charlotte, NC see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

92% Female
8% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakdale, Charlotte?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.