Motivational Interviewing Therapists in Apex, NC

Photo of Shreya Gunna, MS, LCMHC, CRC
Shreya Gunna
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, CRC
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
I am dedicated to serving my clients through an eclectic blend of Person-Centered, Cognitive-Behavioral (& Trauma-Focused CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Acceptance and Commitment, Mindfulness, and DBT-Informed approaches.
I specialize in working with adolescents and adults dealing with generalized/social anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, trauma, life transitions/building independent living skills, healthy decision making, grief/loss, and emotion management. My master’s research focused on the stigma around seeking mental health services across ethnic minority populations. Having a personal and clinical understanding of the need for mental health supports within these groups has made her passionate about utilizing a multicultural approach focused on acceptance and diverse care.
I am dedicated to serving my clients through an eclectic blend of Person-Centered, Cognitive-Behavioral (& Trauma-Focused CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Acceptance and Commitment, Mindfulness, and DBT-Informed approaches.
I specialize in working with adolescents and adults dealing with generalized/social anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, trauma, life transitions/building independent living skills, healthy decision making, grief/loss, and emotion management. My master’s research focused on the stigma around seeking mental health services across ethnic minority populations. Having a personal and clinical understanding of the need for mental health supports within these groups has made her passionate about utilizing a multicultural approach focused on acceptance and diverse care.
(919) 646-3574 View (919) 646-3574
Photo of Bethany Minster, MSW, LCSW-A, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bethany Minster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Sessions are tailored to each client's individual needs by utilizing multiple therapeutic approaches such as CBT, DBT, ACT and motivational interviewing to help meet your therapy goals.
Welcome! I am so glad you are here! My name is Bethany and I am an Outpatient Psychotherapist at Three Oaks Behavioral Health and Wellness. My hope is that you find a space to feel heard and understood. Whether or not you are new to therapy or not, I know it takes a lot of strength to reach out. I would love to support you in your journey whether navigating chronic illness ,life transitions, interpersonal conflict and setting boundaries, finding freedom from eating disorders/disordered eating, anxiety and depression.
Sessions are tailored to each client's individual needs by utilizing multiple therapeutic approaches such as CBT, DBT, ACT and motivational interviewing to help meet your therapy goals.
Welcome! I am so glad you are here! My name is Bethany and I am an Outpatient Psychotherapist at Three Oaks Behavioral Health and Wellness. My hope is that you find a space to feel heard and understood. Whether or not you are new to therapy or not, I know it takes a lot of strength to reach out. I would love to support you in your journey whether navigating chronic illness ,life transitions, interpersonal conflict and setting boundaries, finding freedom from eating disorders/disordered eating, anxiety and depression.
(919) 276-8572 View (919) 276-8572
Photo of Christopher Daniel McDowell, PsyD, Psychologist
Christopher Daniel McDowell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
I provide Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Play Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
I believe therapy is about helping people realize the greatest amount of happiness in their lives. This may be learning how to manage one's depression and anxiety, a child or adolescent managing their opposition and defiance, or even some skills to make a speech or fall asleep. I also feel therapy is key in processing daily conflicts that affect our thoughts and feelings, but also learning how to make the best decisions that we value.
I provide Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Play Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
I believe therapy is about helping people realize the greatest amount of happiness in their lives. This may be learning how to manage one's depression and anxiety, a child or adolescent managing their opposition and defiance, or even some skills to make a speech or fall asleep. I also feel therapy is key in processing daily conflicts that affect our thoughts and feelings, but also learning how to make the best decisions that we value.
(919) 646-5787 View (919) 646-5787
Photo of Justin Ravizee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Justin Ravizee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27523
These include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
Over the past 8 years I have gained experience in a wealth of areas that impact individuals and families. I strive to provide a non-judgmental and safe space to assist clients with their growth. Treatment specialization includes therapy for anxiety, stress, anger, domestic violence, addiction, divorce, and parenting.
These include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
Over the past 8 years I have gained experience in a wealth of areas that impact individuals and families. I strive to provide a non-judgmental and safe space to assist clients with their growth. Treatment specialization includes therapy for anxiety, stress, anger, domestic violence, addiction, divorce, and parenting.
(919) 948-2659 View (919) 948-2659
Photo of Laura Pond - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Cary, Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Cary
Counselor
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(919) 514-1090 View (919) 514-1090
Photo of Tori Thompson, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tori Thompson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Types of therapy I use include; motivational interviewing, trauma-informed techniques, mindfulness, expressive arts, and am strengths-focused.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and have been working with children, teens, and families for the past few years. I have my Master’s Degree from the University of Tennessee. I am originally from Ohio, I have been a Raleigh resident since 2016. In my free time I enjoy playing bass, video games, board games, tennis, and spending time with friends.
Types of therapy I use include; motivational interviewing, trauma-informed techniques, mindfulness, expressive arts, and am strengths-focused.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and have been working with children, teens, and families for the past few years. I have my Master’s Degree from the University of Tennessee. I am originally from Ohio, I have been a Raleigh resident since 2016. In my free time I enjoy playing bass, video games, board games, tennis, and spending time with friends.
(984) 231-8975 View (984) 231-8975
Photo of Adam Carlson, LCSW, LCASA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Adam Carlson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCASA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Pulling from Brief Solutions Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Psychoanalytical, and Narrative Therapy, I use elements from each in a seemingly freestyle manner.
I am a neurodivergent therapist and my neurotype, ADHD, informs my therapy style. I'll follow you down those rabbit holes and tangents, reign it in when necessary, and keep an eye out for connections and common themes related to your goals for therapy. I'm all about personal agency and autonomy. I believe YOU have the answers and solutions inside you already, it's just a matter of finding them!
Pulling from Brief Solutions Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Psychoanalytical, and Narrative Therapy, I use elements from each in a seemingly freestyle manner.
I am a neurodivergent therapist and my neurotype, ADHD, informs my therapy style. I'll follow you down those rabbit holes and tangents, reign it in when necessary, and keep an eye out for connections and common themes related to your goals for therapy. I'm all about personal agency and autonomy. I believe YOU have the answers and solutions inside you already, it's just a matter of finding them!
(252) 512-4407 View (252) 512-4407
Photo of Bria Day, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bria Day
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
I take a strengths based approach to working with clients managing life stressors, relationships, anxiety, ADHD, and depression. I have worked in various settings with children, adolescents, and adults. I specialize in Clinical assessments, CBT, and Motivational Interviewing. Life can be tough and I want to be able to help my clients through any challenges they may be going through. I hope to connect and get to know my clients so that I can tailor treatment to your needs. ​
I take a strengths based approach to working with clients managing life stressors, relationships, anxiety, ADHD, and depression. I have worked in various settings with children, adolescents, and adults. I specialize in Clinical assessments, CBT, and Motivational Interviewing. Life can be tough and I want to be able to help my clients through any challenges they may be going through. I hope to connect and get to know my clients so that I can tailor treatment to your needs. ​
(984) 538-9265 View (984) 538-9265
Photo of Shannon R Brennan, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Shannon R Brennan
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
My approach involves tailoring interventions (CBT, EMDR, Mindfulness, Motivational interviewing) to alleviate symptoms and empower individuals to navigate challenges with resilience and self-understanding.
Accepting New Clients - I believe life brings varying degrees of struggle and pain, and we can all benefit from help to move through it. I also recognize the bravery it takes to reach out for help, and my goal is to establish an environment where individuals feel comfortable not only reaching out but also in the journey that follows. In my work with adults (18+), I employ client-centered and collaborative methods, meeting individuals where they are and creating a supportive atmosphere to explore their concerns.
My approach involves tailoring interventions (CBT, EMDR, Mindfulness, Motivational interviewing) to alleviate symptoms and empower individuals to navigate challenges with resilience and self-understanding.
Accepting New Clients - I believe life brings varying degrees of struggle and pain, and we can all benefit from help to move through it. I also recognize the bravery it takes to reach out for help, and my goal is to establish an environment where individuals feel comfortable not only reaching out but also in the journey that follows. In my work with adults (18+), I employ client-centered and collaborative methods, meeting individuals where they are and creating a supportive atmosphere to explore their concerns.
(984) 273-2984 View (984) 273-2984
Photo of Katherine Bracken, PhD, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Katherine Bracken
Psychologist, PhD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
I have training in several evidence-based approaches, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Internal Family Systems, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
Note: (I am currently offering a weekly Mental Health Wellness virtual therapy group. Contact for more info!) Throughout my career I have focused on working with clients from a trauma-informed perspective, helping clients simultaneously work toward the seemingly opposite goals of acceptance of what is and changing what is possible. I prioritize meeting clients where they are, creating a space that enhances their ability to experience and process emotions, and offering skills to create positive change in their lives that are consistent with their own goals and values, all while building a strong therapy relationship.
I have training in several evidence-based approaches, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Internal Family Systems, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
Note: (I am currently offering a weekly Mental Health Wellness virtual therapy group. Contact for more info!) Throughout my career I have focused on working with clients from a trauma-informed perspective, helping clients simultaneously work toward the seemingly opposite goals of acceptance of what is and changing what is possible. I prioritize meeting clients where they are, creating a space that enhances their ability to experience and process emotions, and offering skills to create positive change in their lives that are consistent with their own goals and values, all while building a strong therapy relationship.
(919) 750-8270 View (919) 750-8270
Photo of Mary Brown, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
I provide trauma-informed therapy to adolescents and adults, who are experiencing grief, anxiety, depression, as well as identity struggles due to life transitions. I particularly enjoy working with individuals of the BIPOC community. I have experience utilizing CBT, DBT, psychodynamic and motivational interviewing as treatment modalities. My approach is primarily focused on building a genuine and mutually respectful therapeutic relationship with my clients. I am intentional in creating a space that is warm, inviting, and safe for them to explore all of their thoughts and feelings.
I provide trauma-informed therapy to adolescents and adults, who are experiencing grief, anxiety, depression, as well as identity struggles due to life transitions. I particularly enjoy working with individuals of the BIPOC community. I have experience utilizing CBT, DBT, psychodynamic and motivational interviewing as treatment modalities. My approach is primarily focused on building a genuine and mutually respectful therapeutic relationship with my clients. I am intentional in creating a space that is warm, inviting, and safe for them to explore all of their thoughts and feelings.
(919) 244-2975 View (919) 244-2975
Photo of Antonia Leonore Verhine, LCSW, LCASA, CIMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antonia Leonore Verhine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCASA, CIMHP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
I am a licensed clinical social worker, addiction specialist associate, and certified integrative mental health provider who takes a holistic and trauma-informed approach to treating mental health and substance abuse disorders. Most recently I have completed training to become a certified ketamine-assisted psychotherapy provider. I have experience working with clients on a variety of issues, such as anxiety and panic disorders, depression, personal growth and self-esteem, general relationship challenges (family, friends, co-workers), and addiction and substance misuse.
I am a licensed clinical social worker, addiction specialist associate, and certified integrative mental health provider who takes a holistic and trauma-informed approach to treating mental health and substance abuse disorders. Most recently I have completed training to become a certified ketamine-assisted psychotherapy provider. I have experience working with clients on a variety of issues, such as anxiety and panic disorders, depression, personal growth and self-esteem, general relationship challenges (family, friends, co-workers), and addiction and substance misuse.
(984) 368-4697 View (984) 368-4697
Photo of Lynne Daack, LCMHC, Counselor
Lynne Daack
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Are you ready to embark on a transformative journey towards healing? I’m here to help you navigate through life’s challenges with compassion and understanding. With advanced training in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), I specialize in helping individuals process trauma, manage anxiety, and overcome depression. In our sessions, you will find a warm, welcoming, and non-judgmental space where you can express yourself freely. I believe that true healing happens in an environment of trust and safety. My goal is to create a supportive atmosphere where you can explore your thoughts and feelings at your own pace.
Are you ready to embark on a transformative journey towards healing? I’m here to help you navigate through life’s challenges with compassion and understanding. With advanced training in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), I specialize in helping individuals process trauma, manage anxiety, and overcome depression. In our sessions, you will find a warm, welcoming, and non-judgmental space where you can express yourself freely. I believe that true healing happens in an environment of trust and safety. My goal is to create a supportive atmosphere where you can explore your thoughts and feelings at your own pace.
(984) 217-4854 View (984) 217-4854
Photo of Susan N Perkins, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Susan N Perkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27523
Are you and your partner struggling? Are you in that painful space where you try to communicate but keep misunderstanding and hurting each other? Is the love you have for each other harder to find as you navigate difficult times? When you feel stuck and lost, I will listen. I will collaborate with you to build relationships you value. I help individuals, couples, and families connect. We use skills, empathy, insight, activities, and values to work through conflict and differences. Ultimately, you can heal emotionally, reconnect, and live a life you value and enjoy.
Are you and your partner struggling? Are you in that painful space where you try to communicate but keep misunderstanding and hurting each other? Is the love you have for each other harder to find as you navigate difficult times? When you feel stuck and lost, I will listen. I will collaborate with you to build relationships you value. I help individuals, couples, and families connect. We use skills, empathy, insight, activities, and values to work through conflict and differences. Ultimately, you can heal emotionally, reconnect, and live a life you value and enjoy.
(984) 205-1964 View (984) 205-1964
Photo of Nathan Webber, MA, LMCHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nathan Webber
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMCHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Finding the right counselor is very important! With that in mind, don't read a bio and pick someone. Take advantage of my free 20 minute phone consultation! That's all it's going to take to tell if I'll be a good fit or not. I have over 15 years of experience working with children, families, and adults. I'm good at getting people to talk about what the real problem is and not dance around the elephant in the room. You are not always going to get from me what you want to hear but I guarantee you are going to get from me what you need to hear.
Finding the right counselor is very important! With that in mind, don't read a bio and pick someone. Take advantage of my free 20 minute phone consultation! That's all it's going to take to tell if I'll be a good fit or not. I have over 15 years of experience working with children, families, and adults. I'm good at getting people to talk about what the real problem is and not dance around the elephant in the room. You are not always going to get from me what you want to hear but I guarantee you are going to get from me what you need to hear.
(919) 229-8990 View (919) 229-8990
Photo of Christina Dovel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina Dovel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
Immediate availability for new clients both in person and via telehealth! Whether you’re facing challenges or seeking personal growth, having someone to talk to can be invaluable. My approach is grounded in empathy and understanding, ensuring that each session is tailored to your unique needs and paced according to your comfort level. I’m dedicated to creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings and to help you navigate your journey with understanding and respect.
Immediate availability for new clients both in person and via telehealth! Whether you’re facing challenges or seeking personal growth, having someone to talk to can be invaluable. My approach is grounded in empathy and understanding, ensuring that each session is tailored to your unique needs and paced according to your comfort level. I’m dedicated to creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings and to help you navigate your journey with understanding and respect.
(919) 434-6398 View (919) 434-6398
Photo of Tiffany Burnette, MT-BC, CFLC, CFLE, BCC
Tiffany Burnette
MT-BC, CFLC, CFLE, BCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Do you want help on your recovery journey? Do you want to manage an addiction with a bit of creative help? Is it possible to reduce harm or prevent harm from substance use? Can you imagine leading a life using a reduced amount of substances than you do now? If not, do you want to imagine it?
Do you want help on your recovery journey? Do you want to manage an addiction with a bit of creative help? Is it possible to reduce harm or prevent harm from substance use? Can you imagine leading a life using a reduced amount of substances than you do now? If not, do you want to imagine it?
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Photo of Ashley Phelps - NC Center for Counseling & Psychological Services, LPA, HSP-PA, Psychological Associate
NC Center for Counseling & Psychological Services
Psychological Associate, LPA, HSP-PA
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
In our practice we work with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with a variety of issues. We have experience conducting a variety of comprehensive psychological, neuropsychological, cognitive, and substance use evaluations. We have experience conducting psychological testing of patients of all ages, including but are not limited to: Personality, Diagnostic Clarification, Intelligence, Achievement, Learning Disorders, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (e.g., Autism), and ADHD testing.
In our practice we work with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with a variety of issues. We have experience conducting a variety of comprehensive psychological, neuropsychological, cognitive, and substance use evaluations. We have experience conducting psychological testing of patients of all ages, including but are not limited to: Personality, Diagnostic Clarification, Intelligence, Achievement, Learning Disorders, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (e.g., Autism), and ADHD testing.
(919) 371-5878 View (919) 371-5878
Photo of Taylor Trull, MA, NCC, LCMHC-A
Taylor Trull
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, NCC, LCMHC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
I applaud you for recognizing you need help and taking that first step- that's an accomplishment on it's own! Life can be so hard. It is my goal to provide you a safe environment for us to journey down the path of change. I always want to make the therapeutic space a safe space for you to share, heal and grow. I have worked with a wide range of ages, demographics, backgrounds, etc. and seen amazing results. I have a lot of experience working with depression, anxiety, OCD, ED, PTSD, ADHD, schizophrenia, and so much more! This is my life's passion; I am here for you!
I applaud you for recognizing you need help and taking that first step- that's an accomplishment on it's own! Life can be so hard. It is my goal to provide you a safe environment for us to journey down the path of change. I always want to make the therapeutic space a safe space for you to share, heal and grow. I have worked with a wide range of ages, demographics, backgrounds, etc. and seen amazing results. I have a lot of experience working with depression, anxiety, OCD, ED, PTSD, ADHD, schizophrenia, and so much more! This is my life's passion; I am here for you!
(984) 600-0978 View (984) 600-0978
Photo of Kamini Wood - Kamini Wood Certified Life Coach, CLC, CWC, CPM
Kamini Wood Certified Life Coach
CLC, CWC, CPM
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27523
Meet Kamini Wood, an AADP Certified Life and Wellness Coach - Kamini’s mission is to guide her clients in nurturing their mental, emotional, physical and strategic plans for their lives. She works collaboratively with her clients to address both external goals and challenges, as well as the internal responses, thoughts and behaviors that may hinder their desired results. Internal obstacles that get in the way include lack of boundaries, people-pleasing, over giving, over functioning, hyper achievement, perfectionism, procrastination, burnout. She works with teens through adults.
Meet Kamini Wood, an AADP Certified Life and Wellness Coach - Kamini’s mission is to guide her clients in nurturing their mental, emotional, physical and strategic plans for their lives. She works collaboratively with her clients to address both external goals and challenges, as well as the internal responses, thoughts and behaviors that may hinder their desired results. Internal obstacles that get in the way include lack of boundaries, people-pleasing, over giving, over functioning, hyper achievement, perfectionism, procrastination, burnout. She works with teens through adults.
(984) 209-1229 View (984) 209-1229
1
Motivational Interviewing Therapists

How does motivational interviewing work?

Motivational interviewing aims to uncover a person’s internal motivation to change their life. Toward this end, the therapist listens, empathizes, and collaborates with the client based on their perspective; the therapist doesn’t adhere to a predetermined plan for change or impose their viewpoint on the client. Discovering an individual’s most important reasons for change, and guiding them to achieve those changes, can empower people to shift from ambivalence to action.

Is motivational interviewing evidence-based?

Yes, research shows that motivational interviewing can help treat alcohol and substance use — and in different ways such as reducing drinking, reducing resistance, and increasing the likelihood of staying in treatment. Motivational interviewing has also been shown to help people lose weight, adhere to medication regimens, improve diet for those with Type II diabetes, and improve healthy behaviors in children.

How long does motivational interviewing last?

Motivational interviewing is a short-term therapy that can last just one or two sessions. In some cases, motivational interviewing may be used in conjunction with longer-term therapies, but for most people, motivational interviewing is a brief intervention that aims to help patients understand their personal, specific, and internal reasons for changing their life.

What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

In person-centered therapy, the individual is in the driver’s seat of the treatment process, creating space for them to trust their instincts and arrive at their own solutions. The two approaches are similar because motivational interviewing is also client-centered; however, person-centered therapy is more open-ended while motivational interviewing is somewhat more structured; the goal is to change, and the therapist helps the client specifically discover their internal motivations to modify their behavior.