Therapists in Baltimore, MD

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Photo of Jacinta Casey, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jacinta Casey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21202
I work with those struggling with confidence/self-esteem/self-compassion, those interested in working on emotion identification and regulation, and those struggling with inattentiveness/focus difficulties. I help those who want to build up their coping skills toolkit. I am interested in working with those striving to identify and live aligned with their values and eager to engage in therapy. I am comfortable with people who might be the first generation willing to engage and trust the therapeutic relationship. I want to work with someone who wants to find balance and acceptance in a life of suffering and joy.
I work with those struggling with confidence/self-esteem/self-compassion, those interested in working on emotion identification and regulation, and those struggling with inattentiveness/focus difficulties. I help those who want to build up their coping skills toolkit. I am interested in working with those striving to identify and live aligned with their values and eager to engage in therapy. I am comfortable with people who might be the first generation willing to engage and trust the therapeutic relationship. I want to work with someone who wants to find balance and acceptance in a life of suffering and joy.
(240) 394-4289 View (240) 394-4289
Photo of Karen Mandwelle Caplan, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karen Mandwelle Caplan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21215
I believe that a trusting therapeutic relationship is the foundation of a successful outcome, whether healing from trauma or loss or working on issues of depression, anxiety, bereavement, or family conflict. My aim is to help people become their authentic selves, improve problem solving abilities, and achieve their goals. My approach is individualized, informed by one's particular needs and strengths. I integrate techniques from cognitive behavioral and solution focused therapies, mindfulness training, and psychodynamic therapy.
I believe that a trusting therapeutic relationship is the foundation of a successful outcome, whether healing from trauma or loss or working on issues of depression, anxiety, bereavement, or family conflict. My aim is to help people become their authentic selves, improve problem solving abilities, and achieve their goals. My approach is individualized, informed by one's particular needs and strengths. I integrate techniques from cognitive behavioral and solution focused therapies, mindfulness training, and psychodynamic therapy.
(443) 847-1866 View (443) 847-1866
Photo of Lauren Bynum - Lola's Counseling, PhD, Psychologist
Lola's Counseling
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
Between the uncertainty in the world, significant life changes, and the everyday stress of “just making it” we all need additional support and care. The demands of just maintaining our lives have increased, while for many, our emotional, social, and financial resources have decreased. Our own stress, depression, and anxiety can be too much to bear. We will assist you by providing space for you to prioritize your unique needs, identifying your strengths and challenges, collaboratively developing a treatment plan, and guiding you through making positive, concrete changes in your life. Our goal is a healthier, more empowered YOU!
Between the uncertainty in the world, significant life changes, and the everyday stress of “just making it” we all need additional support and care. The demands of just maintaining our lives have increased, while for many, our emotional, social, and financial resources have decreased. Our own stress, depression, and anxiety can be too much to bear. We will assist you by providing space for you to prioritize your unique needs, identifying your strengths and challenges, collaboratively developing a treatment plan, and guiding you through making positive, concrete changes in your life. Our goal is a healthier, more empowered YOU!
(410) 650-6383 View (410) 650-6383
Photo of Kathleen Foster, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathleen Foster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21211  (Online Only)
I assist clients in finding increased presence, health and centeredness With 15 years experience facilitating therapy, I have learned that perspective and action can have huge impacts on our view of the world
I assist clients in finding increased presence, health and centeredness With 15 years experience facilitating therapy, I have learned that perspective and action can have huge impacts on our view of the world
(518) 261-9362 View (518) 261-9362
Photo of Kelly Burke, LCPC, ACS, ADS, Counselor
Kelly Burke
Counselor, LCPC, ACS, ADS
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21223  (Online Only)
Integrative psychotherapist with 10+ years of clinical counseling experience in public and private practice.
Integrative psychotherapist with 10+ years of clinical counseling experience in public and private practice.
(410) 376-5126 View (410) 376-5126
Photo of Patrick Bouchard, MA, LGPC, Counselor
Patrick Bouchard
Counselor, MA, LGPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21202
My ideal client struggles to see themselves as lovable or as a gift. Preferably a young adult or middle-aged male. Preferably trauma related to emotional abuse, attachment issues, and interpersonal relationships. I would love their goal as an inverse of the golden rule. Do unto yourself as you would do unto others. They must have their expectations for themselves and others on the same scale, balancing each other out. I would like to work with a client who wants this but doesn't know how and a client who is skeptical that this is possible.
My ideal client struggles to see themselves as lovable or as a gift. Preferably a young adult or middle-aged male. Preferably trauma related to emotional abuse, attachment issues, and interpersonal relationships. I would love their goal as an inverse of the golden rule. Do unto yourself as you would do unto others. They must have their expectations for themselves and others on the same scale, balancing each other out. I would like to work with a client who wants this but doesn't know how and a client who is skeptical that this is possible.
(240) 394-4289 View (240) 394-4289
Photo of Mitchell Blum - Dr. Mitch PsyD and Lisa Life Coaching Specialists, PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Dr. Mitch PsyD and Lisa Life Coaching Specialists
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21202
Dr. Mitch PsyD & Lisa Life Coach for Private Marriage/Couples & Anxiety, have had 35 Years of Co-Leading our Workshops (having a Male and Female Perspective). Our Private Workshops are Not Traditional Counseling. We Provide Two Professionals that Specialize in the Treatment of Relationships and/or Anxiety. We are Opened: Days, Eve's, Weekends & Same Day Appt's Available. These Workshops are Designed for a Rapid Recovery and are very Powerful & Comprehensive. Our Marriages/Couples & Anxiety Workshops have an 85% Rate of Success when you Complete our Program. In Addition, we have a After-Care Program (monthly) for Tune-Ups for Life.
Dr. Mitch PsyD & Lisa Life Coach for Private Marriage/Couples & Anxiety, have had 35 Years of Co-Leading our Workshops (having a Male and Female Perspective). Our Private Workshops are Not Traditional Counseling. We Provide Two Professionals that Specialize in the Treatment of Relationships and/or Anxiety. We are Opened: Days, Eve's, Weekends & Same Day Appt's Available. These Workshops are Designed for a Rapid Recovery and are very Powerful & Comprehensive. Our Marriages/Couples & Anxiety Workshops have an 85% Rate of Success when you Complete our Program. In Addition, we have a After-Care Program (monthly) for Tune-Ups for Life.
(240) 202-3948 View (240) 202-3948
Photo of Ann Ritz, LCSWC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann Ritz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21212
Welcome- I’m glad you have arrived. My dream for creating this practice was to offer you a unique and warm experience where you can relax into their therapy process. Unlike traditional therapy spaces, I utilize my home as a temenos- an enclosed, sacred space, where you belong and are welcomed. I am experienced in working with adults and children, though my areas of clinical interest are in addressing trauma, attachment, and creative/artistic blocks, and life transitions.
Welcome- I’m glad you have arrived. My dream for creating this practice was to offer you a unique and warm experience where you can relax into their therapy process. Unlike traditional therapy spaces, I utilize my home as a temenos- an enclosed, sacred space, where you belong and are welcomed. I am experienced in working with adults and children, though my areas of clinical interest are in addressing trauma, attachment, and creative/artistic blocks, and life transitions.
(443) 241-7248 View (443) 241-7248
Photo of Patrick Habermas, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patrick Habermas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
“You may not have signed up for a hero’s journey, but the second you fell down, got your butt kicked, suffered a disappointment, screwed up, or felt your heart break, it started. It doesn’t matter whether we are ready for an emotional adventure—hurt happens. And it happens to every single one of us. Without exception.” - Brene Brown
“You may not have signed up for a hero’s journey, but the second you fell down, got your butt kicked, suffered a disappointment, screwed up, or felt your heart break, it started. It doesn’t matter whether we are ready for an emotional adventure—hurt happens. And it happens to every single one of us. Without exception.” - Brene Brown
(410) 883-7764 View (410) 883-7764
Photo of Shira Baskin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shira Baskin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21209
“Therapy is like being presented with two different paths, and choosing the road less taken” We are all products of our personal experiences. This is what makes each of us unique, coming into treatment with our own story. Im interested in hearing your story, helping you discover new ways to navigate your life. Each individual needs a different approach in treatment, and my goal is to individualize the process to help you reach your personal goal. It would be my privilege to work with you so we can together reach emotional wellness.
“Therapy is like being presented with two different paths, and choosing the road less taken” We are all products of our personal experiences. This is what makes each of us unique, coming into treatment with our own story. Im interested in hearing your story, helping you discover new ways to navigate your life. Each individual needs a different approach in treatment, and my goal is to individualize the process to help you reach your personal goal. It would be my privilege to work with you so we can together reach emotional wellness.
(929) 200-3719 View (929) 200-3719
Photo of Maeve McDevitt, LGPC, Counselor
Maeve McDevitt
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21214  (Online Only)
Our interpersonal relationships are at the core of leading meaningful and fulfilled lives. When these relationships suffer, it can leave us with feelings of despair, loneliness, and loss. Whether it be a breach of trust through infidelity, a loss of connection, or persistent fights without resolve, we will work together to restore and strengthen these bonds. We all have the capacity for change, but sometimes need help getting there. Together, we will figure out what is working, what isn’t, and how we can build intentional and strong connections with those we love.
Our interpersonal relationships are at the core of leading meaningful and fulfilled lives. When these relationships suffer, it can leave us with feelings of despair, loneliness, and loss. Whether it be a breach of trust through infidelity, a loss of connection, or persistent fights without resolve, we will work together to restore and strengthen these bonds. We all have the capacity for change, but sometimes need help getting there. Together, we will figure out what is working, what isn’t, and how we can build intentional and strong connections with those we love.
(410) 397-7755 View (410) 397-7755
Photo of Michèle L. Brinson, MA, LCPC
Michèle L. Brinson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21213  (Online Only)
Book with me now by clicking on my website. I provide a supportive, collaborative environment in which clients can explore and gain insight into ways to work through challenges and difficulties. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, or the challenges of navigating the emotional labyrinth of life, my goal is to assist you in becoming the best version of yourself. In therapy, you will be guided and gently challenged towards making intentional changes to manage anxiety, reduce depression, or work towards personal empowerment.
Book with me now by clicking on my website. I provide a supportive, collaborative environment in which clients can explore and gain insight into ways to work through challenges and difficulties. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, or the challenges of navigating the emotional labyrinth of life, my goal is to assist you in becoming the best version of yourself. In therapy, you will be guided and gently challenged towards making intentional changes to manage anxiety, reduce depression, or work towards personal empowerment.
(410) 824-5862 View (410) 824-5862
Photo of Tamara L. Baker, PhD, Psychologist
Tamara L. Baker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21208
Tamara L. Baker is a Licensed Psychologist in Maryland who has been practicing since 1994. She has extensive expertise in treating anxiety disorders with EMDR, geriatrics, and assessing dementia. She has worked in college counseling centers, private practice, and long-term care settings. Tamara is a holistic psychologist, which means that she will see you as a complex, dynamic, emotional, and spiritual being who is always growing and evolving. Working with Tamara may start with a particular “problem,” which could be addressed with a synthesis of EMDR, interpersonal, humanistic, mind-body practices, and/or cognitive approaches.
Tamara L. Baker is a Licensed Psychologist in Maryland who has been practicing since 1994. She has extensive expertise in treating anxiety disorders with EMDR, geriatrics, and assessing dementia. She has worked in college counseling centers, private practice, and long-term care settings. Tamara is a holistic psychologist, which means that she will see you as a complex, dynamic, emotional, and spiritual being who is always growing and evolving. Working with Tamara may start with a particular “problem,” which could be addressed with a synthesis of EMDR, interpersonal, humanistic, mind-body practices, and/or cognitive approaches.
(443) 323-1836 View (443) 323-1836
Photo of Aaron Schneider, MA, LCPC
Aaron Schneider
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21208
Waitlist for new clients
My specialties include depression, anxiety, PTSD and spirituality. I also specialize in working with families in conflict and crisis. I work with people of all backgrounds and have a particular passion for supporting those who are struggling with their Judaism and Jewish identity. Mindfulness-based body-centered psychotherapy is my primary approach to psychotherapy. I sprinkle in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) as appropriate. Upon request, I also enjoy integrating spirituality based on your value system. I am a holistic psychotherapist and do not push medication; instead I support my clients in using psychotherapy and integrative medical physicians to heal.
My specialties include depression, anxiety, PTSD and spirituality. I also specialize in working with families in conflict and crisis. I work with people of all backgrounds and have a particular passion for supporting those who are struggling with their Judaism and Jewish identity. Mindfulness-based body-centered psychotherapy is my primary approach to psychotherapy. I sprinkle in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) as appropriate. Upon request, I also enjoy integrating spirituality based on your value system. I am a holistic psychotherapist and do not push medication; instead I support my clients in using psychotherapy and integrative medical physicians to heal.
(720) 310-2861 View (720) 310-2861
Photo of Vaughan Wimberley, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vaughan Wimberley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21224
In person therapy always promised in a home-like designed office. We draw out and build up your good ideas about your own life, working with you to apply them with enthusiasm. That's what good therapy is and it's fully appreciated when experienced directly. You'll feel it when we're together!
In person therapy always promised in a home-like designed office. We draw out and build up your good ideas about your own life, working with you to apply them with enthusiasm. That's what good therapy is and it's fully appreciated when experienced directly. You'll feel it when we're together!
(410) 936-5323 View (410) 936-5323
Photo of D. Jones, LCSW-C , LICSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
D. Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C , LICSW
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21214  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Breathe. Regardless of why you are seeking therapy, acknowledge the strength and courage it has taken you to commit to working on you. I salute you! As an experienced clinician, I have worked in various settings aiding individuals on their restorative journeys with anxiety, depression, communication struggles, relational challenges, low self-esteem, and a host of other mental health diagnoses. I utilized a strengths-based perspective while combining both psychodynamic and cognitive therapy approaches to support clients while in therapy.
Breathe. Regardless of why you are seeking therapy, acknowledge the strength and courage it has taken you to commit to working on you. I salute you! As an experienced clinician, I have worked in various settings aiding individuals on their restorative journeys with anxiety, depression, communication struggles, relational challenges, low self-esteem, and a host of other mental health diagnoses. I utilized a strengths-based perspective while combining both psychodynamic and cognitive therapy approaches to support clients while in therapy.
(410) 936-3190 View (410) 936-3190
Photo of Sarah Webber, LCSW-C , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Webber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21201  (Online Only)
I am here to create a safe and trusting environment that allows clients to unload their thoughts and emotions. Empowering them in a genuine, straightforward, and relaxed atmosphere to step into the brave space where they are able to find their truth, speak it, and live it. My integrative approach is tailored to each client. During this process the client learns how to accept where they are in this moment. Then identifying and making changes to get to where they want to be. This allows them to free themselves from the persistent negative thoughts and societal pressures holding them back from living the life they have always wanted.
I am here to create a safe and trusting environment that allows clients to unload their thoughts and emotions. Empowering them in a genuine, straightforward, and relaxed atmosphere to step into the brave space where they are able to find their truth, speak it, and live it. My integrative approach is tailored to each client. During this process the client learns how to accept where they are in this moment. Then identifying and making changes to get to where they want to be. This allows them to free themselves from the persistent negative thoughts and societal pressures holding them back from living the life they have always wanted.
(240) 213-9338 View (240) 213-9338
Photo of Maureen Fern, MA, MSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maureen Fern
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21210
Not accepting new clients
Having the opportunity to sit with people, listen to their stories and accompany them as they seek help at critical times in their lives is a great privilege. The process of coming to know a person deeply and helping them sort out thoughts and feelings about themselves, their relationships and their daily struggles is a task I approach with humility, empathy, compassion and respect. ;I use an integrative approach with a focus on empowering clients to draw upon their own strengths and experiences in order to meet life challenges.
Having the opportunity to sit with people, listen to their stories and accompany them as they seek help at critical times in their lives is a great privilege. The process of coming to know a person deeply and helping them sort out thoughts and feelings about themselves, their relationships and their daily struggles is a task I approach with humility, empathy, compassion and respect. ;I use an integrative approach with a focus on empowering clients to draw upon their own strengths and experiences in order to meet life challenges.
(410) 397-5986 View (410) 397-5986
Photo of Lanay Fonda, FNP, MSN, APRN
Lanay Fonda
FNP, MSN, APRN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21206
My ideal client may be experiencing issues such as depression, anxiety, chronic pain, or illness. They need a holistic and personalized approach to their care, thorough evaluations, and tailored treatment plans. Their goals include improving their mental and physical health, achieving a better quality of life, and feeling understood and supported throughout their healthcare journey. They want compassionate, non-judgmental care from a provider who listens and truly cares about their well-being.
My ideal client may be experiencing issues such as depression, anxiety, chronic pain, or illness. They need a holistic and personalized approach to their care, thorough evaluations, and tailored treatment plans. Their goals include improving their mental and physical health, achieving a better quality of life, and feeling understood and supported throughout their healthcare journey. They want compassionate, non-judgmental care from a provider who listens and truly cares about their well-being.
(443) 830-3495 View (443) 830-3495
Photo of Erin Hodge-Williams, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Hodge-Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21212  (Online Only)
With over 30 years of dedicated experience in both clinical and non-clinical settings, I specialize in working with pre-teens and adults. I am committed to helping people navigate life challenges by developing the tools & strategies needed to cope and realize their potential. My practice philosophy is that individuals hold the key to their own healing. I have extensive experience helping people to manage and overcome anxiety, depression, and trauma so that they may live fuller lives. I create a safe and supportive environment to help people understand they are not alone as they embark on their journey towards awareness and healing.
With over 30 years of dedicated experience in both clinical and non-clinical settings, I specialize in working with pre-teens and adults. I am committed to helping people navigate life challenges by developing the tools & strategies needed to cope and realize their potential. My practice philosophy is that individuals hold the key to their own healing. I have extensive experience helping people to manage and overcome anxiety, depression, and trauma so that they may live fuller lives. I create a safe and supportive environment to help people understand they are not alone as they embark on their journey towards awareness and healing.
(443) 991-8936 View (443) 991-8936
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Baltimore, MD

2,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Baltimore, MD who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
68% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Cigna and Evernorth
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% CareFirst

How Therapists in Baltimore, MD see their clients

53% Online Only
47% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Baltimore?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.