Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Alisa A Pfanner, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alisa A Pfanner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Therapy is a journey, and my role is to help guide and encourage individuals, couples, and families to work through their challenges and bring calmness and joy into their lives through insight and resolution. A supportive direct communication style is used to allow clients to explore, discover and heal themselves.
Therapy is a journey, and my role is to help guide and encourage individuals, couples, and families to work through their challenges and bring calmness and joy into their lives through insight and resolution. A supportive direct communication style is used to allow clients to explore, discover and heal themselves.
(916) 534-5855 View (916) 534-5855
Photo of Ivy Griffin, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ivy Griffin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you worry that you're "too sensitive," too easily overwhelmed, or that you need to "toughen up"? You often feel like there's something wrong with you that needs to be fixed. You may be struggling to come to terms with past wounds or traumas and then get angry and irritated with yourself for not "getting over it" already. You wonder why other people are able to brush things off so easily, but you still feel depressed, anxious, and stuck. Dealing with all these feelings means you're not your best self at work, in school, or with your loved ones, which really bothers you because you care so much about not letting anyone down.
Do you worry that you're "too sensitive," too easily overwhelmed, or that you need to "toughen up"? You often feel like there's something wrong with you that needs to be fixed. You may be struggling to come to terms with past wounds or traumas and then get angry and irritated with yourself for not "getting over it" already. You wonder why other people are able to brush things off so easily, but you still feel depressed, anxious, and stuck. Dealing with all these feelings means you're not your best self at work, in school, or with your loved ones, which really bothers you because you care so much about not letting anyone down.
(916) 436-7484 View (916) 436-7484
Photo of William Schneider - Life Steps Consulting, LAADC, ICADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Life Steps Consulting
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LAADC, ICADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Have you or a loved one struggled with alcohol or drug dependency? Allow me to help you on your journey to recovery. At Life Steps Consulting, we know that life is full of different transitions, which can be broken down into a series of steps. When you are struggling with substance abuse, movement through the transitional steps halts, causing you to fall into unhealthy life cycles, which impact your career goals, relationships, physical and mental health. I can help you get back on track. I not only have studied the disease of alcohol and drug addiction, but I have been there and I know how you feel.
Have you or a loved one struggled with alcohol or drug dependency? Allow me to help you on your journey to recovery. At Life Steps Consulting, we know that life is full of different transitions, which can be broken down into a series of steps. When you are struggling with substance abuse, movement through the transitional steps halts, causing you to fall into unhealthy life cycles, which impact your career goals, relationships, physical and mental health. I can help you get back on track. I not only have studied the disease of alcohol and drug addiction, but I have been there and I know how you feel.
(916) 545-9754 View (916) 545-9754
Photo of Razalyn Nickola, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Razalyn Nickola
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95833  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with adult clients to improve anxiety, depression, self-esteem, self-worth and overall functioning. I have background working with anxiety disorders, such as Generalized Anxiety, Social Anxiety, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, as well as Depression, workplace stress, Adjustment Disorder and attachment traumas. I use various therapeutic modalities to support my clients in making positive life changes and improve their overall wellbeing and quality of life.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with adult clients to improve anxiety, depression, self-esteem, self-worth and overall functioning. I have background working with anxiety disorders, such as Generalized Anxiety, Social Anxiety, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, as well as Depression, workplace stress, Adjustment Disorder and attachment traumas. I use various therapeutic modalities to support my clients in making positive life changes and improve their overall wellbeing and quality of life.
(916) 432-4471 View (916) 432-4471
Photo of Justin Aaron Olson, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Justin Aaron Olson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you feel like you are stuck in your head ? Does it feel like you’re living a life that's not in sync with the person you are ? Do you too often dwell on the past and it keeps you feeling stuck ? I am a therapist who has been in the field for over 15 years and have worked with a diverse set of clientele. My background, Interpersonal Neurobiology of Attachment, focuses on how experiences and significant relationships influence how we react to internal cues and interpret the world. As we grow and change we continually interact with the stories we tell ourselves within our minds and this greatly impacts the essence of our thoughts.
Do you feel like you are stuck in your head ? Does it feel like you’re living a life that's not in sync with the person you are ? Do you too often dwell on the past and it keeps you feeling stuck ? I am a therapist who has been in the field for over 15 years and have worked with a diverse set of clientele. My background, Interpersonal Neurobiology of Attachment, focuses on how experiences and significant relationships influence how we react to internal cues and interpret the world. As we grow and change we continually interact with the stories we tell ourselves within our minds and this greatly impacts the essence of our thoughts.
(530) 454-8787 View (530) 454-8787
Photo of William Schult - Couples Resource Collective Counseling Group, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Couples Resource Collective Counseling Group
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
You deserve a happy and successful relationship. Learn to how to repair personal or relationship issues caused by mental health ailments, communication, trust/infidelity, sex, addiction, parenting differences, past trauma (sexual, physical, emotional), and finances. Discover how to create and maintain mutual understanding and respect. Love like you matter. Our diverse staff believe in affirmative and equitable approaches that support clients, regardless to composition, beliefs, or practices. Call us to learn how we can help, or visit our parent company's website for more information: www.sacramentocouples.org. HABLA ESPAÑOL.
You deserve a happy and successful relationship. Learn to how to repair personal or relationship issues caused by mental health ailments, communication, trust/infidelity, sex, addiction, parenting differences, past trauma (sexual, physical, emotional), and finances. Discover how to create and maintain mutual understanding and respect. Love like you matter. Our diverse staff believe in affirmative and equitable approaches that support clients, regardless to composition, beliefs, or practices. Call us to learn how we can help, or visit our parent company's website for more information: www.sacramentocouples.org. HABLA ESPAÑOL.
(916) 621-5894 View (916) 621-5894
Photo of Laini Golden, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laini Golden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95864
We all have times in our lives when we are not able to work through difficulties without help. I am devoted to helping people work through these challenges. Sometimes life changes bring up anxiety or lead to depression. But sometimes the cause of inner turmoil is not so clear. My therapy style has been effective at helping people overcome their obstacles, enhance their sense of self-worth, and improve the quality of their relationships.
We all have times in our lives when we are not able to work through difficulties without help. I am devoted to helping people work through these challenges. Sometimes life changes bring up anxiety or lead to depression. But sometimes the cause of inner turmoil is not so clear. My therapy style has been effective at helping people overcome their obstacles, enhance their sense of self-worth, and improve the quality of their relationships.
(916) 571-1565 View (916) 571-1565
Photo of Amineh Helalian, MS, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Amineh Helalian
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
My therapy is strongly person centered; I embrace the idea that a solid therapeutic relationship is the backbone to change. I believe this relationship is built through empathy, humor, and respect for the idea that you are the expert in your own life, not me. My therapeutic style is eclectic; I tailor treatments to your needs to find an approach that feels right to you. What this means is that therapy will look different for different clients; sometimes you might need a supportive listener, sometimes you might need concrete exercises to build new skills. As a therapist, I believe it is my job to pivot according to your needs.
My therapy is strongly person centered; I embrace the idea that a solid therapeutic relationship is the backbone to change. I believe this relationship is built through empathy, humor, and respect for the idea that you are the expert in your own life, not me. My therapeutic style is eclectic; I tailor treatments to your needs to find an approach that feels right to you. What this means is that therapy will look different for different clients; sometimes you might need a supportive listener, sometimes you might need concrete exercises to build new skills. As a therapist, I believe it is my job to pivot according to your needs.
(916) 280-0528 View (916) 280-0528
Photo of Charlene L Hong, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Charlene L Hong
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816  (Online Only)
I believe that you have the innate capacity to heal, develop, and grow. Entering therapy takes courage and commitment so it will be my first priority is to create feelings of safety and trust. From this base we can work together to identify inner conflicts, clarify beliefs, and release limiting patterns to support you in living a more authentic and fulfilling life. I work with individuals, couples, adolescents, and families. I treat anxiety and depression, trauma grief and loss, life stage transitions, parenting issues, co-dependency, and gambling addictions. I am trained in EMDR to treat PTSD, trauma and anxiety.
I believe that you have the innate capacity to heal, develop, and grow. Entering therapy takes courage and commitment so it will be my first priority is to create feelings of safety and trust. From this base we can work together to identify inner conflicts, clarify beliefs, and release limiting patterns to support you in living a more authentic and fulfilling life. I work with individuals, couples, adolescents, and families. I treat anxiety and depression, trauma grief and loss, life stage transitions, parenting issues, co-dependency, and gambling addictions. I am trained in EMDR to treat PTSD, trauma and anxiety.
(916) 694-1457 View (916) 694-1457
Photo of Jenelle Okkerse, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jenelle Okkerse
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95826
I have spent the last 20 years providing mental health services to children and adults as I feel it is my calling. I am systems oriented as I do not believe that we exist in a vacuum. We are all influenced by the environment we live in. There are times when we all need assistance in navigating our individual systems.
I have spent the last 20 years providing mental health services to children and adults as I feel it is my calling. I am systems oriented as I do not believe that we exist in a vacuum. We are all influenced by the environment we live in. There are times when we all need assistance in navigating our individual systems.
(916) 659-8028 View (916) 659-8028
Photo of Mary Baez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary Baez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95823  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Mary Baez, therapist. I am licensed in the state of California as a Marriage and Family. My license number is 48302. I have been in the mental health field for 16 years. My first concern s building rapport and trust with clients. My approach is holistic and eclectic. I believe it is important to address the mind-body connection in mental health and I tailor my interventions to the individual needs of my clients thus taking an eclectic approach.
Hi, my name is Mary Baez, therapist. I am licensed in the state of California as a Marriage and Family. My license number is 48302. I have been in the mental health field for 16 years. My first concern s building rapport and trust with clients. My approach is holistic and eclectic. I believe it is important to address the mind-body connection in mental health and I tailor my interventions to the individual needs of my clients thus taking an eclectic approach.
(916) 299-6232 View (916) 299-6232
Photo of Michelle Paulsen, LMFT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Paulsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Michelle Paulsen is a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience specializing in depression, anxiety, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, OCD and PTSD. Michelle treats patient between the ages of 12 and 90 utilizing Person Centered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, DBT, Gestalt, and ERP in her approach with clients. Michelle has extensive experience counseling children, adolescents, adults, families, military, and groups in both clinical and outpatient settings. In her clinical work, Michelle is well versed in both traditional therapeutic techniques as well as creative modalities such as role play and empty chair.
Michelle Paulsen is a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience specializing in depression, anxiety, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, OCD and PTSD. Michelle treats patient between the ages of 12 and 90 utilizing Person Centered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, DBT, Gestalt, and ERP in her approach with clients. Michelle has extensive experience counseling children, adolescents, adults, families, military, and groups in both clinical and outpatient settings. In her clinical work, Michelle is well versed in both traditional therapeutic techniques as well as creative modalities such as role play and empty chair.
(858) 463-6932 View (858) 463-6932
Photo of Margaret Bezmalinovic, PsyD, Psychologist
Margaret Bezmalinovic
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
You have tried over and over to change without success. No matter what you try, you don't seem to make any progress. Sometimes, you think 'this is just the way it is." You may have given up hope of ever having something different. This cycle can be so discouraging. I am interested working people with who feel stuck, especially those who have a sense that there is something inside that prevents them from moving forward.
You have tried over and over to change without success. No matter what you try, you don't seem to make any progress. Sometimes, you think 'this is just the way it is." You may have given up hope of ever having something different. This cycle can be so discouraging. I am interested working people with who feel stuck, especially those who have a sense that there is something inside that prevents them from moving forward.
(916) 347-4362 View (916) 347-4362
Photo of Ian Ratliff, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ian Ratliff
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
My ideal client seeks to dive deep into their anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. In my therapy room, you will have an empathic ear, that is eager to ask follow-ups about the issues that underlay our conversation. We will develop goals for our sessions, and regularly track how we are meeting those and if they have changed. Together, we can develop a plan that fits you and achieves the goals that we set out. While this might not always be an easy road, I promise that we will walk arm in arm toward the destination which is better mental health.
My ideal client seeks to dive deep into their anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. In my therapy room, you will have an empathic ear, that is eager to ask follow-ups about the issues that underlay our conversation. We will develop goals for our sessions, and regularly track how we are meeting those and if they have changed. Together, we can develop a plan that fits you and achieves the goals that we set out. While this might not always be an easy road, I promise that we will walk arm in arm toward the destination which is better mental health.
(916) 665-0830 View (916) 665-0830
Photo of Joanna de Leon, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Joanna de Leon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816  (Online Only)
The last few years have been tough. While the world is seemingly back to “normal,” you feel far from it. From the outside, it looks like you've got it all figured out, but internally you know something's missing. You long to make meaningful connections, but feel disconnected from yourself and struggle to let others in. You might even feel like it's safer to keep others at a distance. But there's also a part of you that deeply desires connection and healing. You can have the life and relationships you want! Schedule with me today at www.lovehealgrow.com.
The last few years have been tough. While the world is seemingly back to “normal,” you feel far from it. From the outside, it looks like you've got it all figured out, but internally you know something's missing. You long to make meaningful connections, but feel disconnected from yourself and struggle to let others in. You might even feel like it's safer to keep others at a distance. But there's also a part of you that deeply desires connection and healing. You can have the life and relationships you want! Schedule with me today at www.lovehealgrow.com.
(530) 489-5645 View (530) 489-5645
Photo of Lira Ravenel, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lira Ravenel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 94203  (Online Only)
Do you feel trapped in a fog? Living but feeling unfulfilled, held back by things in your life that are out of your control? As a therapist I believe that you already have the answers you seek within. My role as your therapist will be to hold the lantern to guide you through the darkness and help you find your way to the answers you seek.
Do you feel trapped in a fog? Living but feeling unfulfilled, held back by things in your life that are out of your control? As a therapist I believe that you already have the answers you seek within. My role as your therapist will be to hold the lantern to guide you through the darkness and help you find your way to the answers you seek.
View
Photo of Lauren Simas - Brilla Counseling Services, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brilla Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Not accepting new clients
If you're reading this, you may be struggling with the unique challenges that come with ADHD. You may feel like you're constantly forgetting things, have trouble paying attention, or struggle to stay organized. You may feel like you're not living up to your full potential or that you're constantly falling short of your goals. As a therapist specializing in ADHD, I understand the frustration, overwhelm, and self-doubt that can come with this neurotype. But I also know that with the right support and strategies, individuals with ADHD can lead fulfilling, successful lives.
If you're reading this, you may be struggling with the unique challenges that come with ADHD. You may feel like you're constantly forgetting things, have trouble paying attention, or struggle to stay organized. You may feel like you're not living up to your full potential or that you're constantly falling short of your goals. As a therapist specializing in ADHD, I understand the frustration, overwhelm, and self-doubt that can come with this neurotype. But I also know that with the right support and strategies, individuals with ADHD can lead fulfilling, successful lives.
(628) 200-3877 View (628) 200-3877
Photo of Allison Suznovich, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Allison Suznovich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
Your new life can start today! Change your life for the better! Uncover underlying meaning and deepen your self awareness in a supportive therapeutic environment. Understand your subconscious better through resolving childhood issues and becoming more present and mindful in your current relationships. Realize your potential. I specialize in individual therapy focused on people who are experiencing life change and/or transitions, depression and anxiety. Rediscover the joy in your relationships. Overcome depression and grief. Find relief from anxiety and stress. Control eating urges. Access adaptive thoughts.
Your new life can start today! Change your life for the better! Uncover underlying meaning and deepen your self awareness in a supportive therapeutic environment. Understand your subconscious better through resolving childhood issues and becoming more present and mindful in your current relationships. Realize your potential. I specialize in individual therapy focused on people who are experiencing life change and/or transitions, depression and anxiety. Rediscover the joy in your relationships. Overcome depression and grief. Find relief from anxiety and stress. Control eating urges. Access adaptive thoughts.
(916) 512-1872 View (916) 512-1872
Photo of Darlene A. Obregon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Darlene A. Obregon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Hi, my name is Darlene. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. I am have experience working with couples in re-establishing safety and connection in relationships. I have worked with couples with infidelity, separation and high conflict. I am also passionate about working with individuals in helping them unpack childhood emotional trauma wounds, to foster new healthy attachments. I also work well with pre-teen and teenage girls through the many changes they experience. I have 10 years experience working with children and families. In family work, I help to restore connection, trust and belonging.
Hi, my name is Darlene. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. I am have experience working with couples in re-establishing safety and connection in relationships. I have worked with couples with infidelity, separation and high conflict. I am also passionate about working with individuals in helping them unpack childhood emotional trauma wounds, to foster new healthy attachments. I also work well with pre-teen and teenage girls through the many changes they experience. I have 10 years experience working with children and families. In family work, I help to restore connection, trust and belonging.
(916) 943-4076 View (916) 943-4076
Photo of Karriem Fielding, Marriage & Family Therapist
Karriem Fielding
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95835  (Online Only)
I’m a true believer that we all are faced with trials and tribulations throughout our lives that test and challenge our mental well-being. No matter your ethnicity, age, sexuality, or social status your mental health is a continuous work in progress. My goal in treatment is to work collaboratively with you to create an environment that helps you to gain insight, strength, balance, and overall growth. I have 5 years of experience working with individuals and families who have dealt with trauma within their lives.
I’m a true believer that we all are faced with trials and tribulations throughout our lives that test and challenge our mental well-being. No matter your ethnicity, age, sexuality, or social status your mental health is a continuous work in progress. My goal in treatment is to work collaboratively with you to create an environment that helps you to gain insight, strength, balance, and overall growth. I have 5 years of experience working with individuals and families who have dealt with trauma within their lives.
(916) 999-5564 View (916) 999-5564
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$152

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress
61% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.