Music Therapy in Missouri
![Photo of Christina J Landry, MA, LPC, CMT, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5bb7e814-deaf-47bf-a4ee-c97b50520a07/3/320x400.jpeg)
Christina J Landry
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CMT
Verified Verified
Rolla, MO 65401
Waitlist for new clients
CURRENTLY I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. My approach to therapy is customized based on the needs of the individual client(s) and draws upon a broad and diverse base of clinical approaches and well-established techniques while incorporating Holistic Modalities including Nutrition, Exercise, and Mindfulness. I frequently utilize Animal Assisted Therapy, so Don’t Be Surprised to see my two certified therapy dogs present at sessions! I am a Certified Master Trainer, with specialty training in Nutrition, DNA Based Wellness & Weight Management, Exercise Recovery Therapy; Life Span Wellness and Health Transformation Exercise.
CURRENTLY I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. My approach to therapy is customized based on the needs of the individual client(s) and draws upon a broad and diverse base of clinical approaches and well-established techniques while incorporating Holistic Modalities including Nutrition, Exercise, and Mindfulness. I frequently utilize Animal Assisted Therapy, so Don’t Be Surprised to see my two certified therapy dogs present at sessions! I am a Certified Master Trainer, with specialty training in Nutrition, DNA Based Wellness & Weight Management, Exercise Recovery Therapy; Life Span Wellness and Health Transformation Exercise.
![Photo of Stacy Yeager, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6bf8b46a-7247-4dff-9a03-02c26ea7b7a9/1/320x400.jpeg)
Stacy Yeager
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63129
I specialize in treating mental health issues in children, adolescents, and individuals. Ultimately, what children and adolescents want from therapy is to feel better, to gain a sense of control over their emotions and behaviors, and to improve their quality of life. They seek understanding, support, and guidance to overcome their challenges and thrive. Whether it's alleviating anxiety or lifting mood, my goal is to reduce distressing symptoms and improve overall functioning. I provide a safe non-judgmental space to assist in developing coping skills and communication skills, that are crucial to navigating through life.
I specialize in treating mental health issues in children, adolescents, and individuals. Ultimately, what children and adolescents want from therapy is to feel better, to gain a sense of control over their emotions and behaviors, and to improve their quality of life. They seek understanding, support, and guidance to overcome their challenges and thrive. Whether it's alleviating anxiety or lifting mood, my goal is to reduce distressing symptoms and improve overall functioning. I provide a safe non-judgmental space to assist in developing coping skills and communication skills, that are crucial to navigating through life.
![Photo of Crystal Barry, MA, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/514669a3-6f8a-44b9-a8da-5474453151f8/1/320x400.png)
Crystal Barry
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108 (Online Only)
Does the thought of therapy feel intimidating? Allowing someone in your thoughts and personal life? Afraid of opening up and being vulnerable for fear of judgment? I understand. No matter what the dilemma is, the pressures of life can be challenging. Let’s work through them together. My job is to help guide you, not criticize you. I believe everyone can be a better version of themselves and change is possible given the right motivation and tools.
Does the thought of therapy feel intimidating? Allowing someone in your thoughts and personal life? Afraid of opening up and being vulnerable for fear of judgment? I understand. No matter what the dilemma is, the pressures of life can be challenging. Let’s work through them together. My job is to help guide you, not criticize you. I believe everyone can be a better version of themselves and change is possible given the right motivation and tools.
![Photo of Natalie McQuinn, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/7da325be-5a0d-4b07-b448-986a455906c3/1/320x400.jpeg)
Natalie McQuinn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64505 (Online Only)
I am licensed in Missouri with 10+ years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ issues, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, & bipolar disorder. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. If it is you or you are trying to figure out how to help or cope with a loved one with these problems I can help.
I am licensed in Missouri with 10+ years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ issues, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, & bipolar disorder. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. If it is you or you are trying to figure out how to help or cope with a loved one with these problems I can help.
![Photo of Cherese M Alcorn, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a7b73f09-2792-4249-92c9-683bdf6eaa89/2/320x400.jpeg)
Cherese M Alcorn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Are you struggling to prioritize your own needs, but you’re able to take care of everyone else’s? Are you exhausted but unable to rest peacefully? Do you doubt yourself and minimize your accomplishments? Mental health care is different for people of color and LGBTQIA+ individuals. You may face unique hardships, including discrimination, affecting your mental health. Traditional therapy can feel inadequate, but, as a black female therapist, Cherese M. Alcorn, MSW, LCSW, offers a profound understanding and empathetic approach. She aids high-achievers in balancing their mind, body, and spirit so they can lead effectively.
Are you struggling to prioritize your own needs, but you’re able to take care of everyone else’s? Are you exhausted but unable to rest peacefully? Do you doubt yourself and minimize your accomplishments? Mental health care is different for people of color and LGBTQIA+ individuals. You may face unique hardships, including discrimination, affecting your mental health. Traditional therapy can feel inadequate, but, as a black female therapist, Cherese M. Alcorn, MSW, LCSW, offers a profound understanding and empathetic approach. She aids high-achievers in balancing their mind, body, and spirit so they can lead effectively.
![Photo of Brandon O’Brien - Brandon O'Brien, MBA, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f373b721-4e80-4de0-a41c-7bb6e115dd83/1/320x400.jpeg)
Brandon O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64501
It can be difficult to find a therapist you connect with, especially when you aren't feeling your best. If you've made it this far chances are you are ready to start working toward getting better. Connecting with the right counselor can be life-changing. Regardless of where you feel you are at this moment; I hope you find the courage to reach out today.
It can be difficult to find a therapist you connect with, especially when you aren't feeling your best. If you've made it this far chances are you are ready to start working toward getting better. Connecting with the right counselor can be life-changing. Regardless of where you feel you are at this moment; I hope you find the courage to reach out today.
![Photo of Jessica Hintz Huff, MACP, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/525786d2-e41f-4003-a00d-0fec13e227ef/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jessica Hintz Huff
Licensed Professional Counselor, MACP, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
Waitlist for new clients
Life is so fast paced with so many paths, which can cause a person to feel stuck. It is easy to feel like one is far behind or should be at a certain milestone in their life. One thing I always tell my clients is to meet themselves where they are at. A simple phrase that takes awhile to fully understand what that is and how to get there. By meeting ourselves where we are at, we can examine what we truly want and begin to trust ourselves. As the journey begins, I will be side by side my clients. I may have the book smart, but they are the expert of themselves.
Life is so fast paced with so many paths, which can cause a person to feel stuck. It is easy to feel like one is far behind or should be at a certain milestone in their life. One thing I always tell my clients is to meet themselves where they are at. A simple phrase that takes awhile to fully understand what that is and how to get there. By meeting ourselves where we are at, we can examine what we truly want and begin to trust ourselves. As the journey begins, I will be side by side my clients. I may have the book smart, but they are the expert of themselves.
![Photo of Heather Freeman- -Counseling Beyond The Couch, MA, LPC, CSTS, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/af00122f-d58d-4bee-879c-a10b4d568e9f/2/320x400.jpeg)
Heather Freeman- -Counseling Beyond The Couch
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CSTS, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65802
Stepping out to ask for help can be incredibly intimidating and uncomfortable. I know how hard it is to ask for help, but the simple fact that you are looking for help makes you a step closer to healing than you were yesterday. Effective therapy is one that is based on a strong therapeutic relationship built on a mutual goal of healthy living. When emotions become overwhelming, we will work together to overcome struggles. You will never have to go through it alone. Whatever the obstacle ahead of us, as your counselor I will be right by your side every step of the way matching you step for step.
Stepping out to ask for help can be incredibly intimidating and uncomfortable. I know how hard it is to ask for help, but the simple fact that you are looking for help makes you a step closer to healing than you were yesterday. Effective therapy is one that is based on a strong therapeutic relationship built on a mutual goal of healthy living. When emotions become overwhelming, we will work together to overcome struggles. You will never have to go through it alone. Whatever the obstacle ahead of us, as your counselor I will be right by your side every step of the way matching you step for step.
![Photo of Tami Daigle, MEd, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d48d5c7a-f5e0-4001-a7dd-66c1f64fb528/1/320x400.jpeg)
Tami Daigle
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Weldon Spring, MO 63304
Are you looking for solace in your life? Do you or your child struggle with anxiety, depression, obsessive thoughts, anger management, emotional regulation, poor self image, or communication? Are you looking for a play therapist or an expressive arts therapist that has a creative approach? Would you like to have a safe space to be vulnerable in as you gain insight, practice healthy coping interventions, and continue building your inner strengths? As a former school counselor who has also worked in a variety of therapeutic settings, I enjoy working with individuals from a wide age range.
Are you looking for solace in your life? Do you or your child struggle with anxiety, depression, obsessive thoughts, anger management, emotional regulation, poor self image, or communication? Are you looking for a play therapist or an expressive arts therapist that has a creative approach? Would you like to have a safe space to be vulnerable in as you gain insight, practice healthy coping interventions, and continue building your inner strengths? As a former school counselor who has also worked in a variety of therapeutic settings, I enjoy working with individuals from a wide age range.
![Photo of Crystal C Richardson, BSP, MSc, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b4462b9a-0213-4d1d-b9e8-298aac8d042a/1/320x400.jpeg)
Crystal C Richardson
Pre-Licensed Professional, BSP, MSc, PLPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kansas City, MO 64153
Sometimes the path in life is confusing or even a bit of a struggle. When it seems like the road is up hill, I am here for you. I work with clients from all walks of life on the path to living again after trauma and I have worked clients who were having trouble finding their paths. I work with all ages with evening and Saturday hours for the convenience of the clients I serve. I would like to help your light shine on the path to your story.
Sometimes the path in life is confusing or even a bit of a struggle. When it seems like the road is up hill, I am here for you. I work with clients from all walks of life on the path to living again after trauma and I have worked clients who were having trouble finding their paths. I work with all ages with evening and Saturday hours for the convenience of the clients I serve. I would like to help your light shine on the path to your story.
![Photo of Naaman L Lauderdale - First Choice Counseling Professional Corporation, PhD CES, ThD PSY, MAC, MA, LPCCS, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/42b30957-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
First Choice Counseling Professional Corporation
Counselor, PhD CES, ThD PSY, MAC, MA, LPCCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University City, MO 63130
I hold two doctorates one in psychology and a master's degree in clinical mental health care, and professional counseling making me a highly qualified professional counselor, clinician, and therapist. Additionally, I am trained in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). My expertise lies in providing talk therapy to individuals of all ages, including adolescents, adults, seniors, families, and groups. To ensure the best outcomes for my clients, I utilize cognitive-behavioral therapy as an initial approach. This allows me to effectively address their specific situations and circumstances.
I hold two doctorates one in psychology and a master's degree in clinical mental health care, and professional counseling making me a highly qualified professional counselor, clinician, and therapist. Additionally, I am trained in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). My expertise lies in providing talk therapy to individuals of all ages, including adolescents, adults, seniors, families, and groups. To ensure the best outcomes for my clients, I utilize cognitive-behavioral therapy as an initial approach. This allows me to effectively address their specific situations and circumstances.
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Brandon O'Brien
Heather Freeman- -Counseling Beyond The Couch
Taylor Eudy
Janice Adamek
Lori L Soli
Erica Paschel
![Photo of Naaman L Lauderdale - First Choice Counseling Professional Corporation, ThD Psy, PhD CES, LPCCS, MAC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/59b6a6f5-c52d-4fcd-bf0d-192ba138849b/1/320x400.jpeg)
First Choice Counseling Professional Corporation
Licensed Professional Counselor, ThD Psy, PhD CES, LPCCS, MAC, NCC
Verified Verified
University City, MO 63130
Our patients are individuals, couples or groups who have been struggling with depression, anxiety, mood disorder and other behavioral challenges that have made ordinary day to day functioning impossible or extremely difficult. Through evidence-based clinical mental health therapy that includes EMDR, CBT, DBT, and SFBT, we assess, and diagnose individuals, couples and groups providing evidenced-based treatment plans.
Our patients are individuals, couples or groups who have been struggling with depression, anxiety, mood disorder and other behavioral challenges that have made ordinary day to day functioning impossible or extremely difficult. Through evidence-based clinical mental health therapy that includes EMDR, CBT, DBT, and SFBT, we assess, and diagnose individuals, couples and groups providing evidenced-based treatment plans.
![Photo of Annetta Sykes, MA, ED, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3d07ffb3-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
My ideal client is an individual interested in a professional that can assist them in being better, having healthy relationships, and developing skills that can enhance their life and those they encounter. We all have problems and I can help clients learn the skills to overcome any issue and have a healthier mind and life!
My ideal client is an individual interested in a professional that can assist them in being better, having healthy relationships, and developing skills that can enhance their life and those they encounter. We all have problems and I can help clients learn the skills to overcome any issue and have a healthier mind and life!
![Photo of Ken Ostercamp, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3596cca7-4047-4e0c-b3fe-87483cf885ac/3/320x400.png)
I believe what people need the most is to feel better about themselves. An increased sense of self worth is what makes us feel like we are worth our own time and effort.
I believe what people need the most is to feel better about themselves. An increased sense of self worth is what makes us feel like we are worth our own time and effort.
![Photo of Cynthia Hawk - Right Road Counseling, LLC, MEd, LPC-S, MAC, MCBQS, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4099b0ba-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Right Road Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S, MAC, MCBQS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jefferson City, MO 65109
Connecting with your counselor can create a relationship that can benefit you for a lifetime. We see individual, couples, and families in areas of addiction, sex therapy, kink conscious, fetish, trauma, life transitions, anger management, relationship issues, monogamy & ethical non-monogamy, grief, work issues, sex positivity, mood changes, anxiety, depression, LGBTQIA+, identity base trauma, feeling stuck, negative habits, grief, and co-parenting.
Connecting with your counselor can create a relationship that can benefit you for a lifetime. We see individual, couples, and families in areas of addiction, sex therapy, kink conscious, fetish, trauma, life transitions, anger management, relationship issues, monogamy & ethical non-monogamy, grief, work issues, sex positivity, mood changes, anxiety, depression, LGBTQIA+, identity base trauma, feeling stuck, negative habits, grief, and co-parenting.
![Photo of Steven C Burbee, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4d472a8b-df8d-4485-9cf6-c05343ab04b7/1/320x400.jpeg)
Steven C Burbee
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65202
If you are 13 or older, an individual, couple, or family, that feels wounded, lost, confused, depressed, anxious, or just uncertain about where your life is heading and how you might be able to move toward better. If you want to understand yourself better, improve your relationships with others, have a sense of purpose that guides your choices and allows you to become who you hope you can be. If you want to laugh more, be joyful, and find more peace and grace for your life. Then let me help you find the path that leads to "Better". It’s not easy or instantaneous, but working together, we can bring about some amazing results.
If you are 13 or older, an individual, couple, or family, that feels wounded, lost, confused, depressed, anxious, or just uncertain about where your life is heading and how you might be able to move toward better. If you want to understand yourself better, improve your relationships with others, have a sense of purpose that guides your choices and allows you to become who you hope you can be. If you want to laugh more, be joyful, and find more peace and grace for your life. Then let me help you find the path that leads to "Better". It’s not easy or instantaneous, but working together, we can bring about some amazing results.
![Photo of Mareayna Caine, MA, LPC, NCC, CTP, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/7f4f0f69-cb2a-40b9-88c1-1a59b656c133/2/320x400.jpeg)
Mareayna Caine
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Charles, MO 63304
Mareayna is a dedicated therapist specializing in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for adults navigating a range of challenges including anxiety, PTSD, depression, and identity loss. With a compassionate and client-centered approach, Mareayna provides a safe and supportive environment for those facing relationship issues, self-esteem concerns, and intrapersonal struggles. Additionally, she offers guidance for career development and support for individuals impacted by domestic violence. Dr. Harper’s practice is grounded in the belief that everyone deserves a space to heal and grow, fostering resilience and self-love.
Mareayna is a dedicated therapist specializing in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for adults navigating a range of challenges including anxiety, PTSD, depression, and identity loss. With a compassionate and client-centered approach, Mareayna provides a safe and supportive environment for those facing relationship issues, self-esteem concerns, and intrapersonal struggles. Additionally, she offers guidance for career development and support for individuals impacted by domestic violence. Dr. Harper’s practice is grounded in the belief that everyone deserves a space to heal and grow, fostering resilience and self-love.
![Photo of Taylor Eudy, MEd, PLPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/219f6fc2-3741-41be-8895-53ef9a3dd14a/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am of the millennial generation, an artist, a musician, a plant medicine advocate, foodie, animal lover, book worm, and pre-amateur comedian. My holistic counseling practice is designed to promote healing, growth, and harmony. I offer practical, sustainable tools and perspectives for anyone wanting to feel more satisfied with their life. My process often includes getting in touch with and observing your spirit together, then using it as a guide in helping you make positive, wanted change so that you feel more at peace in your mind and at home in your body. My goal is pretty simple- to help clients reach their goals!
I am of the millennial generation, an artist, a musician, a plant medicine advocate, foodie, animal lover, book worm, and pre-amateur comedian. My holistic counseling practice is designed to promote healing, growth, and harmony. I offer practical, sustainable tools and perspectives for anyone wanting to feel more satisfied with their life. My process often includes getting in touch with and observing your spirit together, then using it as a guide in helping you make positive, wanted change so that you feel more at peace in your mind and at home in your body. My goal is pretty simple- to help clients reach their goals!
![Photo of Michelle Evans, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ac798b69-9d73-42d7-8c3e-5fa7b25b2cd1/1/320x400.png)
Michelle Evans
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Peters, MO 63376 (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Michelle Evans, LPC. My approach to therapy is laid back, supportive, and encouraging, focusing on areas such as anxiety, trauma, self-esteem, and self-confidence. I aim to help you break free from beliefs that hold you back and provide educational tools to empower your journey. My approach to therapy recognizes that you are the expert on your own life. Your unique life journey shapes patterns and behaviors that you might not always be aware of. Together, we will explore the behaviors and patterns you wish to change, using a combination of CBT, DBT, supportive therapy, and client-centered therapy to guide us through.
Hi, I'm Michelle Evans, LPC. My approach to therapy is laid back, supportive, and encouraging, focusing on areas such as anxiety, trauma, self-esteem, and self-confidence. I aim to help you break free from beliefs that hold you back and provide educational tools to empower your journey. My approach to therapy recognizes that you are the expert on your own life. Your unique life journey shapes patterns and behaviors that you might not always be aware of. Together, we will explore the behaviors and patterns you wish to change, using a combination of CBT, DBT, supportive therapy, and client-centered therapy to guide us through.
![Photo of Erin Elizabeth Chilson-Available Friday Evenings And Saturdays, MEd, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9f71892e-e1e1-4c69-9150-5a00b64be484/2/320x400.jpeg)
Erin Elizabeth Chilson-Available Friday Evenings And Saturdays
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fenton, MO 63026
My name is Erin Chilson, and I have my Master’s degree in counseling from the University of Missouri-Saint Louis. I have been providing mental health treatment to adults, children, couples, and groups, dealing with anxiety, depression, crisis situations, childhood disorders, autism, ADD/ADHD, relationship issues, anger management and more. My therapeutic approach is client-centered, with an emphasis on cognitive behavioral approaches. I feel that it is important to work with clients by creating a safe, positive, and trusting environment, in order for the client to be heard and to feel validated. I look forward to meeting with you.
My name is Erin Chilson, and I have my Master’s degree in counseling from the University of Missouri-Saint Louis. I have been providing mental health treatment to adults, children, couples, and groups, dealing with anxiety, depression, crisis situations, childhood disorders, autism, ADD/ADHD, relationship issues, anger management and more. My therapeutic approach is client-centered, with an emphasis on cognitive behavioral approaches. I feel that it is important to work with clients by creating a safe, positive, and trusting environment, in order for the client to be heard and to feel validated. I look forward to meeting with you.
See more therapy options for Missouri
Music Therapy
How does music therapy work?
A music therapist will begin by assessing the client’s specific needs and getting a sense of their musical ability and interests. Musical training is not required, and clients of all ages can benefit from this type of therapy. The therapist will then make a plan for how to achieve the client’s therapeutic goal(s) using a range of receptive (e.g., listening to a song) and active (e.g., drumming in a group) music therapy techniques.
What are some common music therapy techniques?
Music therapy usually involves listening to music (either live or recorded). Music therapy clients may also make music on popular instruments, such as the piano, guitar, and hand drum, or sing. Sometimes music therapy can include guided imagery. A music therapist may ask clients to improvise on the spot or even compose their own songs. Dancing or moving to music can be an effective intervention to help clients feel more fully grounded in their bodies and remain in the present moment.
How does music therapy help with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Music therapy can be a valuable creative outlet for clients with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have trouble putting their painful feelings into words. Listening to music can be relaxing while making music as part of a group provides plenty of opportunities to connect with other people. In addition to its mood-boosting effects, music therapy can help clients build resilience and overcome PTSD symptoms that may interfere with their daily lives.
How long does music therapy take?
Music therapy sessions generally last between 30 and 50 minutes. They can be scheduled in advance (for example, once a week) or can be done on an as-needed basis. Some clients will only require a handful of music therapy sessions to achieve their goals, while others may need months or longer, depending on their specific concern.