Relationship Issues Therapists in Arlee, MT

Photo of Shawna Belle Buffalo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shawna Belle Buffalo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlee, MT 59821
I worked in a variety of settings that provided me opportunities to gain compassion & skills for helping individuals work through anxiety, trauma, depression, & relationship issues.
Helping individuals heal and improve their lives is what drives my work as a therapist. I offer a non-judgmental space and treat the whole individual. Our relationship is the most important foundation that will determine positive outcomes, and I keep that at the forefront of my work. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. I use a team approach to help clients learn new coping skills & healthier ways to problem-solve their issues.
I worked in a variety of settings that provided me opportunities to gain compassion & skills for helping individuals work through anxiety, trauma, depression, & relationship issues.
Helping individuals heal and improve their lives is what drives my work as a therapist. I offer a non-judgmental space and treat the whole individual. Our relationship is the most important foundation that will determine positive outcomes, and I keep that at the forefront of my work. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. I use a team approach to help clients learn new coping skills & healthier ways to problem-solve their issues.
(406) 412-2280 View (406) 412-2280
Photo of Autumn L Berry, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Autumn L Berry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlee, MT 59821
I enjoy giving people support while helping them manage their panic, depression, trauma, anxiety, grief, OCD symptoms, loneliness, PTSD, or relationship issues.
I believe that psychotherapy is an active process resulting in clarity and change. It can help identify ineffective patterns of thinking and behavior, which may create stress, emotional problems, stress related medical problems, addiction problems, and/or relationship problems. Sometimes the work can be difficult but can also be profoundly rewarding and life changing. I believe in the power of positive change and would love to help you turn your stress into a life balance.
I enjoy giving people support while helping them manage their panic, depression, trauma, anxiety, grief, OCD symptoms, loneliness, PTSD, or relationship issues.
I believe that psychotherapy is an active process resulting in clarity and change. It can help identify ineffective patterns of thinking and behavior, which may create stress, emotional problems, stress related medical problems, addiction problems, and/or relationship problems. Sometimes the work can be difficult but can also be profoundly rewarding and life changing. I believe in the power of positive change and would love to help you turn your stress into a life balance.
(406) 272-8175 View (406) 272-8175
Photo of Melody Lynne Barnes, LCSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melody Lynne Barnes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Arlee, MT 59821  (Online Only)
My approach is client-driven and integrative. I start with assessing developmental history, losses and trauma, and behavioral health issues. I then clarify with the client how I can assist them with their identified goals.
My approach is client-driven and integrative. I start with assessing developmental history, losses and trauma, and behavioral health issues. I then clarify with the client how I can assist them with their identified goals.
(406) 434-8208 View (406) 434-8208
Photo of Seth M Quackenbush, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Seth M Quackenbush
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlee, MT 59821
Not accepting new clients
At the heart of successful therapy is a trusting relationship between me and you.
I believe we all have the ability to live meaningful lives. And that we all have the potential to heal past traumas, develop new strategies for coping, and grow into the people we want to be. As a therapist, I meet you where you are and, without judgment, maintain a deep sense of curiosity about you and where you want to go. Therapy can play a critical role in unearthing patterns and fully exploring the path that led you to this moment. It can also help you map the way forward through understanding, discovery and clarity. I consider it a privilege to help you along this journey.
At the heart of successful therapy is a trusting relationship between me and you.
I believe we all have the ability to live meaningful lives. And that we all have the potential to heal past traumas, develop new strategies for coping, and grow into the people we want to be. As a therapist, I meet you where you are and, without judgment, maintain a deep sense of curiosity about you and where you want to go. Therapy can play a critical role in unearthing patterns and fully exploring the path that led you to this moment. It can also help you map the way forward through understanding, discovery and clarity. I consider it a privilege to help you along this journey.
(406) 412-6597 View (406) 412-6597

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Emily Jones, LAC, LCPC, Counselor
Emily Jones
Counselor, LAC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Saint Ignatius, MT 59865  (Online Only)
Has addiction or complex trauma ravaged your life? Are you struggling to remain sober due to unresolved trauma or other major mental health concerns? Do you feel hopeless, like there is no light at the end of the tunnel? My name is Emily and I am here to help you. Whether its active addiction you are struggling with or feeling as though unresolved past wounds are taking control of your life- I'm here for you. I will make sure you feel safe, warm and welcome from the moment we first connect. I will offer you guidance, love and support as we embrace this healing journey together.
Has addiction or complex trauma ravaged your life? Are you struggling to remain sober due to unresolved trauma or other major mental health concerns? Do you feel hopeless, like there is no light at the end of the tunnel? My name is Emily and I am here to help you. Whether its active addiction you are struggling with or feeling as though unresolved past wounds are taking control of your life- I'm here for you. I will make sure you feel safe, warm and welcome from the moment we first connect. I will offer you guidance, love and support as we embrace this healing journey together.
(720) 818-7658 View (720) 818-7658

Online Therapists

Photo of Travis W Stratford, MD, MA,  NCC, PCLC, Counselor
Travis W Stratford
Counselor, MD, MA, NCC, PCLC
Not Verified Not Verified
Missoula, MT 59804
As a Couples Therapist, I utilize Gottman Relationship Theory to help couples resolve conflict, improve communication, and strengthen their relationships.
Is your relationship struggling with communication, intimacy or emotional connection? Do medical challenges leave you feeling stressed or anxious? Are you wrestling with emotional or physical pain?  If so, I am here to help you accomplish your mental health, relationship, and life goals. I can assist you in navigating challenges such as chronic pain, learning to accept change, and learning to move forward in life with a positive attitude. In addition to individual therapy, I specialize in couples therapy and marriage counseling. Let's work together to resolve relationship difficulties, cope with negative emotions and thrive.
As a Couples Therapist, I utilize Gottman Relationship Theory to help couples resolve conflict, improve communication, and strengthen their relationships.
Is your relationship struggling with communication, intimacy or emotional connection? Do medical challenges leave you feeling stressed or anxious? Are you wrestling with emotional or physical pain?  If so, I am here to help you accomplish your mental health, relationship, and life goals. I can assist you in navigating challenges such as chronic pain, learning to accept change, and learning to move forward in life with a positive attitude. In addition to individual therapy, I specialize in couples therapy and marriage counseling. Let's work together to resolve relationship difficulties, cope with negative emotions and thrive.
(406) 510-2465 View (406) 510-2465
Photo of Suzy Rizza, MA, PCLC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Suzy Rizza
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PCLC
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59804
Waitlist for new clients
Many of us will go through times in our lives that feel like too much to navigate on our own - life transitions, grief, relationship difficulties. In those times, it can be useful to have someone to help explore how we learned to cope and encourage positive change, resilience, and healthy relationships. My primary goal is to provide space for you to be heard, seen, understood and know that you are not alone in your struggles (because we seldom are)! I have experience working with intimate relationships, intimate partner violence, life transitions, and parenting issues.
Many of us will go through times in our lives that feel like too much to navigate on our own - life transitions, grief, relationship difficulties. In those times, it can be useful to have someone to help explore how we learned to cope and encourage positive change, resilience, and healthy relationships. My primary goal is to provide space for you to be heard, seen, understood and know that you are not alone in your struggles (because we seldom are)! I have experience working with intimate relationships, intimate partner violence, life transitions, and parenting issues.
(406) 505-4902 View (406) 505-4902
Photo of Raenelle Richardson, MS, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Raenelle Richardson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59803
This being human is difficult at times and part of the human condition is experiencing pain. When we don’t allow ourselves to move through our pain we can develop poor coping skills and or mental health challenges. My hope is to move with you through your challenges and develop a strong therapeutic relationship without judgment and with empathy, trust, compassion, and unconditional positive regard in order to assist in the development of the appropriate therapeutic tools and skills so you feel hope and accomplishment and as well as an overall reduction in whatever symptoms you may be experiencing.
This being human is difficult at times and part of the human condition is experiencing pain. When we don’t allow ourselves to move through our pain we can develop poor coping skills and or mental health challenges. My hope is to move with you through your challenges and develop a strong therapeutic relationship without judgment and with empathy, trust, compassion, and unconditional positive regard in order to assist in the development of the appropriate therapeutic tools and skills so you feel hope and accomplishment and as well as an overall reduction in whatever symptoms you may be experiencing.
(406) 637-6353 View (406) 637-6353
Photo of Timothy D Berry, PhD, Psychologist
Timothy D Berry
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59801
Together we focus on solutions rather than problems, and as such help people: Move from being down to being up; Turn inner turmoil to inner peace; Resolve marriage & relationship conflicts; Tolerate the unbearable misery of illness; Turn life stress into life balance; Move from worry & fear to peace & confidence.
Odds are that you are reading this because you are frustrated with at least one aspect of your life. And…you are sick of feeling helpless, hopeless, and stuck. Perhaps your stress has gotten so severe that you have begun experiencing actual medical symptoms, panic, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or a grief reaction. Finally, you are now ready to roll up your sleeves and make some changes. Of course, change isn’t easy. But, inherently, we all know that if we don’t change we…calcify. Are you ready for positive change now?
Together we focus on solutions rather than problems, and as such help people: Move from being down to being up; Turn inner turmoil to inner peace; Resolve marriage & relationship conflicts; Tolerate the unbearable misery of illness; Turn life stress into life balance; Move from worry & fear to peace & confidence.
Odds are that you are reading this because you are frustrated with at least one aspect of your life. And…you are sick of feeling helpless, hopeless, and stuck. Perhaps your stress has gotten so severe that you have begun experiencing actual medical symptoms, panic, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or a grief reaction. Finally, you are now ready to roll up your sleeves and make some changes. Of course, change isn’t easy. But, inherently, we all know that if we don’t change we…calcify. Are you ready for positive change now?
(406) 830-3808 View (406) 830-3808
Photo of Angela Harris - Angela Harris LCSW Pllc Group, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angela Harris LCSW Pllc Group
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bigfork, MT 59911
Angela’s group practice is dedicated to holistic and relational approaches serving individuals, couples, and families. We prioritize client-centered goals that encourage personal growth and emotional management. Our team specializes in a wide range of areas, including anxiety, depression, neurodivergence, trauma, and relationship issues, using diverse therapeutic techniques to empower clients in overcoming challenges. Our dedicated team of professionals offers compassionate care tailored to meet the unique needs of those we serve.
Angela’s group practice is dedicated to holistic and relational approaches serving individuals, couples, and families. We prioritize client-centered goals that encourage personal growth and emotional management. Our team specializes in a wide range of areas, including anxiety, depression, neurodivergence, trauma, and relationship issues, using diverse therapeutic techniques to empower clients in overcoming challenges. Our dedicated team of professionals offers compassionate care tailored to meet the unique needs of those we serve.
(406) 626-7660 View (406) 626-7660
Photo of Regan Ryan Hunt, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Regan Ryan Hunt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Is your teen, high school / college student or young adult facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, school or work related issues? Is your child questioning their identity/labels? You or your son or daughter maybe going through more than they are willing to admit. As a parent it is hard to see your child or family members struggling. Naturally, you want to provide them with the skills and support that they need. I can help you and your teen / young adult identify the issues that are interfering with their life as well as teach them adaptive coping skills.
Is your teen, high school / college student or young adult facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, school or work related issues? Is your child questioning their identity/labels? You or your son or daughter maybe going through more than they are willing to admit. As a parent it is hard to see your child or family members struggling. Naturally, you want to provide them with the skills and support that they need. I can help you and your teen / young adult identify the issues that are interfering with their life as well as teach them adaptive coping skills.
(406) 420-6649 View (406) 420-6649
Photo of Weston Pew, LPC, Counselor
Weston Pew
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59802  (Online Only)
Whether you're facing trauma, loss, illness, or simply following a desire to grow, my integrative approach empowers you with tools and practices to strengthen your relationship to your body, heart, mind, and soul.
Saying “yes” to healing, growth, and change can be one of the hardest, scariest, and yet most important decisions you make in life. The choice demands a journey of descent into the depths of your soul, where unhealed wounds, unexamined beliefs, and mistreated aspects of self stand vigilantly on guard. For these gatekeepers to allow safe passage, a courageous awareness rooted in creativity, curiosity, and compassion is essential. When met with such awareness, these defenders lay down their weapons, step aside and grant you access to the gifts they’ve been safeguarding—keys not only to your survival but also to your ability to thrive.
Whether you're facing trauma, loss, illness, or simply following a desire to grow, my integrative approach empowers you with tools and practices to strengthen your relationship to your body, heart, mind, and soul.
Saying “yes” to healing, growth, and change can be one of the hardest, scariest, and yet most important decisions you make in life. The choice demands a journey of descent into the depths of your soul, where unhealed wounds, unexamined beliefs, and mistreated aspects of self stand vigilantly on guard. For these gatekeepers to allow safe passage, a courageous awareness rooted in creativity, curiosity, and compassion is essential. When met with such awareness, these defenders lay down their weapons, step aside and grant you access to the gifts they’ve been safeguarding—keys not only to your survival but also to your ability to thrive.
(406) 780-9574 View (406) 780-9574
Photo of Krystle Kreider, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Krystle Kreider
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59808
This model utilizes finding the interests of the child and then helping them grow through relationship to better engage in the world.
I'm focused on helping children, teens, and adults find their strengths and utilize them to make the healthy lasting changes they are looking for. I specialize in treating a range of problems: Anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, mood disorders, developmental problems, behavioral issues, ADHD, as well as working with families and children with autism. I understand that each person is different and needs to find an approach suited just for them to be able to heal and grow. I use humanistic, CBT, play therapy, DIR Floortime, and solution focused approaches and tailor them to fit your needs as a client.
This model utilizes finding the interests of the child and then helping them grow through relationship to better engage in the world.
I'm focused on helping children, teens, and adults find their strengths and utilize them to make the healthy lasting changes they are looking for. I specialize in treating a range of problems: Anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, mood disorders, developmental problems, behavioral issues, ADHD, as well as working with families and children with autism. I understand that each person is different and needs to find an approach suited just for them to be able to heal and grow. I use humanistic, CBT, play therapy, DIR Floortime, and solution focused approaches and tailor them to fit your needs as a client.
(406) 612-4111 View (406) 612-4111
Photo of Erik Leithe, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erik Leithe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59802
Hi! I am currently seeing clients in person in Helena and providing telehealth across Western Montana. I am a relationship-oriented therapist striving to accept clients unconditionally wherever they are at in life. I believe (and research supports) therapy works best when client and therapist work together toward understanding the origins of dissatisfaction and finding freedom to truly be oneself. This process makes possible change that enhances the relationship with oneself and with others. I work with clients to develop greater openness to experience and greater capacity for the complexity of a richly lived life.
Hi! I am currently seeing clients in person in Helena and providing telehealth across Western Montana. I am a relationship-oriented therapist striving to accept clients unconditionally wherever they are at in life. I believe (and research supports) therapy works best when client and therapist work together toward understanding the origins of dissatisfaction and finding freedom to truly be oneself. This process makes possible change that enhances the relationship with oneself and with others. I work with clients to develop greater openness to experience and greater capacity for the complexity of a richly lived life.
(406) 412-6972 View (406) 412-6972
Photo of Taylor Johnson, PCLC, ACLC, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Taylor Johnson
Pre-Licensed Professional, PCLC, ACLC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Missoula, MT 59808
“Our emotions are an essential part of who we are. They make life worthwhile, exciting, challenging, beautiful and meaningful” - Gabor Mate. Our emotional experience is one that is unique to each of us and can at times be difficult to navigate. For many people, it can bring comfort to have someone hold space for them during this process, and I am happy to be that person. I approach counseling from a more humanistic perspective which includes processes such as Emotion Focused, Person Centered, and Narrative Therapy. This means that your lived experience and our counseling relationship will be the foundation of our work together.
“Our emotions are an essential part of who we are. They make life worthwhile, exciting, challenging, beautiful and meaningful” - Gabor Mate. Our emotional experience is one that is unique to each of us and can at times be difficult to navigate. For many people, it can bring comfort to have someone hold space for them during this process, and I am happy to be that person. I approach counseling from a more humanistic perspective which includes processes such as Emotion Focused, Person Centered, and Narrative Therapy. This means that your lived experience and our counseling relationship will be the foundation of our work together.
(406) 964-5736 View (406) 964-5736
Photo of Karin Fodness, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karin Fodness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Missoula, MT 59802
My clients have pursued counseling with me for a variety of issues and circumstances including (but not limited to): Family Conflict and Communication Problems, Relationship Issues, Spiritual Crisis and Development, Life Transitions, Sexuality, Betrayal Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Divorce, Co-Parenting, Codependency.
I am licensed in Montana, Washington and Utah. I have had the privilege of counseling many men and women, couples, teens, young children and families as they travel on their journey towards a more balanced and fulfilling life. I would be honored to work with you as together we delve into what would make your life better. My practice is focused on helping clients discover a new way to experience their family and the world. I would be honored to work with you to find a way to stop the struggle of conflicting emotions.
My clients have pursued counseling with me for a variety of issues and circumstances including (but not limited to): Family Conflict and Communication Problems, Relationship Issues, Spiritual Crisis and Development, Life Transitions, Sexuality, Betrayal Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Divorce, Co-Parenting, Codependency.
I am licensed in Montana, Washington and Utah. I have had the privilege of counseling many men and women, couples, teens, young children and families as they travel on their journey towards a more balanced and fulfilling life. I would be honored to work with you as together we delve into what would make your life better. My practice is focused on helping clients discover a new way to experience their family and the world. I would be honored to work with you to find a way to stop the struggle of conflicting emotions.
(406) 412-2162 View (406) 412-2162
Photo of Danielle Oliver, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danielle Oliver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937  (Online Only)
I strive to build a trusting relationship with my clients and provide a safe space to be fully seen and heard.
Are you experiencing more stress or anxious feelings lately? Struggling in relationships? Perhaps you feel emotions more deeply than others? If this resonates, I may be the therapist for you. Therapy can be a profound way to inspire change, and ultimately help YOU connect with your inner wisdom to step into your true authentic purpose. Life is beautiful, but can also be so incredibly painful sometimes. I believe we each have the inner strength to overcome challenges and childhood wounds, and it is my role to help you realize these strengths. You CAN feel differently, heal, and change your life TODAY.
I strive to build a trusting relationship with my clients and provide a safe space to be fully seen and heard.
Are you experiencing more stress or anxious feelings lately? Struggling in relationships? Perhaps you feel emotions more deeply than others? If this resonates, I may be the therapist for you. Therapy can be a profound way to inspire change, and ultimately help YOU connect with your inner wisdom to step into your true authentic purpose. Life is beautiful, but can also be so incredibly painful sometimes. I believe we each have the inner strength to overcome challenges and childhood wounds, and it is my role to help you realize these strengths. You CAN feel differently, heal, and change your life TODAY.
(406) 412-7030 View (406) 412-7030
Photo of Alex Malich, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Malich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Missoula, MT 59801
I believe each us embody an innate wisdom and deep knowing of our strengths and beauty. Sometimes when we experience stress or unexpected change we can lose touch with a positive sense of self and the resources that allow us to thrive in a challenging world. A compassionate, supportive, and collaborative therapeutic relationship strengthens our ability to move through some of our most challenging moments. Together, we will create the conditions for vulnerability and authenticity in a mutual effort to undergo the difficult work of personal transformation.
I believe each us embody an innate wisdom and deep knowing of our strengths and beauty. Sometimes when we experience stress or unexpected change we can lose touch with a positive sense of self and the resources that allow us to thrive in a challenging world. A compassionate, supportive, and collaborative therapeutic relationship strengthens our ability to move through some of our most challenging moments. Together, we will create the conditions for vulnerability and authenticity in a mutual effort to undergo the difficult work of personal transformation.
(406) 623-5542 View (406) 623-5542
Photo of Bonnie J Moses, LCPC, NCC, Counselor
Bonnie J Moses
Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59801
I make it a priority to be present, accepting, and authentic during each session as we build a trusting and honest relationship.
I invite adults and adolescents into my private practice. I have experience working with individuals that have experienced trauma, abuse, suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, attachment disorders, and struggle to maintain relationships with family members and others. I am very knowledgeable in human development and can work with adult family members that are struggling with children's/ family behaviors at home and are seeking a positive change in daily life. I focus on helping client's find the personalized emotional regulation and self-care techniques that actually work for your individualized needs.
I make it a priority to be present, accepting, and authentic during each session as we build a trusting and honest relationship.
I invite adults and adolescents into my private practice. I have experience working with individuals that have experienced trauma, abuse, suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, attachment disorders, and struggle to maintain relationships with family members and others. I am very knowledgeable in human development and can work with adult family members that are struggling with children's/ family behaviors at home and are seeking a positive change in daily life. I focus on helping client's find the personalized emotional regulation and self-care techniques that actually work for your individualized needs.
(406) 306-1801 View (406) 306-1801
Photo of James Hyman, MA, LCPC
James Hyman
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Kalispell, MT 59901
Whether you are seeking to keep your relationship strong or realize it needs mending, I am here to support you.
These challenging times are an excellent time to focus within, on family, and couples work. My role as a therapist is strongly influenced by my experience as a husband and father. My approach is practical, sincere, strength-based and gentle, but challenging. With 18+ years experience, I provide therapy for adults, couples, teens and families. I excel in work with mood disorders, relationships, and trauma resiliency. I believe therapy includes both psychological and spiritual wholeness, which I strive to support in those from all walks of life.
Whether you are seeking to keep your relationship strong or realize it needs mending, I am here to support you.
These challenging times are an excellent time to focus within, on family, and couples work. My role as a therapist is strongly influenced by my experience as a husband and father. My approach is practical, sincere, strength-based and gentle, but challenging. With 18+ years experience, I provide therapy for adults, couples, teens and families. I excel in work with mood disorders, relationships, and trauma resiliency. I believe therapy includes both psychological and spiritual wholeness, which I strive to support in those from all walks of life.
(406) 296-4679 View (406) 296-4679

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Relationship Issues Therapists
While need for human connection appears to be innate, the ability to form healthy, loving relationships is learned. Some evidence suggests that the ability to form a stable relationship starts to form in infancy, in a child's earliest experiences with a caregiver who reliably meets the infant's needs for food, care, warmth, protection, stimulation, and social contact. Such relationships are not destiny, but they are theorized to establish deeply ingrained patterns of relating to others. The end of a relationship, however, is often a source of great psychological anguish.