Hypnotherapists in Montana

Photo of Dana M DelGuerra, LCPC, MSc, ATR, RYT, Counselor
Dana M DelGuerra
Counselor, LCPC, MSc, ATR, RYT
Verified Verified
Great Falls, MT 59401
I am trained in DBT Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, CBT or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Exposure Therapy, Art Therapy, Body Work, Hypnotherapy, and Somatic Movement, Play/ Sand Tray Therapy and Ashtanga Yoga.
Often people are searching for new ways to find their potential. Through counseling, I help people to explore, understand self limiting thinking and behaviors to live more meaningful and purposeful lives. I use an Eclectic therapeutic approach to serve each client's need to assist the process of working toward balance.
I am trained in DBT Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, CBT or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Exposure Therapy, Art Therapy, Body Work, Hypnotherapy, and Somatic Movement, Play/ Sand Tray Therapy and Ashtanga Yoga.
Often people are searching for new ways to find their potential. Through counseling, I help people to explore, understand self limiting thinking and behaviors to live more meaningful and purposeful lives. I use an Eclectic therapeutic approach to serve each client's need to assist the process of working toward balance.
(406) 564-4022 View (406) 564-4022
Photo of Rebecca Lellek, CHT
Rebecca Lellek
CHT
Verified Verified
Hamilton, MT 59840
Hypnotherapy is like using a magnifying glass to direct the rays of the sun and make them stronger.
Hypnotherapy makes it possible for a person to get to know their internal system. As someone is able to release the burdens that they may carry, they are able to open themselves to experience more compassion, calm, clarity, courage, caring, connectedness, confidence, and curiosity. These are just a few of the gifts one can experience as they strengthen their connection to the ever flowing source of love from within.
Hypnotherapy is like using a magnifying glass to direct the rays of the sun and make them stronger.
Hypnotherapy makes it possible for a person to get to know their internal system. As someone is able to release the burdens that they may carry, they are able to open themselves to experience more compassion, calm, clarity, courage, caring, connectedness, confidence, and curiosity. These are just a few of the gifts one can experience as they strengthen their connection to the ever flowing source of love from within.
(406) 306-7832 View (406) 306-7832
Photo of Trish McCoy, LCPC, NCC, CHT, Counselor
Trish McCoy
Counselor, LCPC, NCC, CHT
Verified Verified
Great Falls, MT 59404  (Online Only)
Hypnotherapy is a safe and relaxing technique for addressing issues such as weight loss, smoking cessation, phobias, anxiety, and much more.
Your choice in considering assistance to overcome personal obstacles and progress forward indicates a level of commitment to improving your sense of well-being and overall contentment. Together, we can achieve your personal goals. Combining conventional and alternative approaches, a variety of styles and techniques are employed to incorporate what will be the most beneficial for the individual client. With sensitivity and compassion, I assist clients in discovering solutions to a wide range of life challenges and psychological issues. Specializing in adolescent issues, depression, anxiety, and relationship issues.
Hypnotherapy is a safe and relaxing technique for addressing issues such as weight loss, smoking cessation, phobias, anxiety, and much more.
Your choice in considering assistance to overcome personal obstacles and progress forward indicates a level of commitment to improving your sense of well-being and overall contentment. Together, we can achieve your personal goals. Combining conventional and alternative approaches, a variety of styles and techniques are employed to incorporate what will be the most beneficial for the individual client. With sensitivity and compassion, I assist clients in discovering solutions to a wide range of life challenges and psychological issues. Specializing in adolescent issues, depression, anxiety, and relationship issues.
(406) 412-6203 View (406) 412-6203
Photo of Patrick Marsolek, CHT
Patrick Marsolek
CHT
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59801
I've been in private practice since 1999 and have worked primarily in Helena, Great Falls and Missoula. I have worked with thousands of people, helping them make positive, empowering changes in their lives. I offer a welcoming relaxed environment for helping individuals find new resources for self care, and rediscover their own inner strengths. I practice a client-centered, non-directive style of hypnotherapy that easily integrates with a clients own practices of meditation, prayer, self-reflection or mindfulness practice. I currently have an office in Missoula and am also available for telephone sessions.
I've been in private practice since 1999 and have worked primarily in Helena, Great Falls and Missoula. I have worked with thousands of people, helping them make positive, empowering changes in their lives. I offer a welcoming relaxed environment for helping individuals find new resources for self care, and rediscover their own inner strengths. I practice a client-centered, non-directive style of hypnotherapy that easily integrates with a clients own practices of meditation, prayer, self-reflection or mindfulness practice. I currently have an office in Missoula and am also available for telephone sessions.
(406) 206-3954 View (406) 206-3954
Photo of Kathryn (Kat) Barrow, LCSW, CCHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathryn (Kat) Barrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCHT
Verified Verified
Kalispell, MT 59901
I utilize a holistic blend of CBT, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, Strengths Based Therapies, ERP, psychoeducation, Age Regression techniques and Clinical Hypnotherapy to support and guide clients through understanding, processing, and reprogramming the thoughts, emotions, traumas, and sabotaging behaviors that keep you stuck.
My ideal clients are ambitious women who struggle with anxiety, people-pleasing, perfectionism, and self-judgment. I address client needs by teaching effective coping skills to manage stress, overwhelm and anxiety. I guide my clients with reprograming and processing their limiting beliefs and past traumas. My goal with clients is to support them with feeling more confident, in control, regulated, fulfilled, and at peace. I'm a great fit for you if you are ready to dive deep and achieve transformative results without wasting time or money on traditional therapeutic approaches.
I utilize a holistic blend of CBT, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, Strengths Based Therapies, ERP, psychoeducation, Age Regression techniques and Clinical Hypnotherapy to support and guide clients through understanding, processing, and reprogramming the thoughts, emotions, traumas, and sabotaging behaviors that keep you stuck.
My ideal clients are ambitious women who struggle with anxiety, people-pleasing, perfectionism, and self-judgment. I address client needs by teaching effective coping skills to manage stress, overwhelm and anxiety. I guide my clients with reprograming and processing their limiting beliefs and past traumas. My goal with clients is to support them with feeling more confident, in control, regulated, fulfilled, and at peace. I'm a great fit for you if you are ready to dive deep and achieve transformative results without wasting time or money on traditional therapeutic approaches.
(406) 980-8947 View (406) 980-8947
Photo of Chuck Wayland, LCSW, CHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chuck Wayland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CHT
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59802
Waitlist for new clients
Hypnotherapy is an effective, safe means of exploring and changing subconscious origins of stories, beliefs, habits and automatic emotional responses.
I believe there is already more right with you than wrong with you. When you believe this as well, watch out, for the world will begin to reflect the new perspectives and energy you create. With good reason you arrived at a disbelief in your goodness, uniqueness and personal power to create a better life. Core beliefs are adopted early in life from challenge and trauma. They reside deep in the subconscious where they can be difficult to rewrite. I can help you replace old ways of thinking, feeling and acting with those that support growth, expansion and attainment of goals that lie beyond your current limiting beliefs.
Hypnotherapy is an effective, safe means of exploring and changing subconscious origins of stories, beliefs, habits and automatic emotional responses.
I believe there is already more right with you than wrong with you. When you believe this as well, watch out, for the world will begin to reflect the new perspectives and energy you create. With good reason you arrived at a disbelief in your goodness, uniqueness and personal power to create a better life. Core beliefs are adopted early in life from challenge and trauma. They reside deep in the subconscious where they can be difficult to rewrite. I can help you replace old ways of thinking, feeling and acting with those that support growth, expansion and attainment of goals that lie beyond your current limiting beliefs.
(406) 748-7430 View (406) 748-7430
Photo of Megan Rosenberg, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Megan Rosenberg
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Corvallis, MT 59828
Certifications: Hypnotherapy (I love using this healing technique on adults to gain access to the subconscious and remove blocks and obstacles) and SMART Therapy (used to support complex trauma to aid in regulation).
Are you ready to create the change you're seeking in your life? I have a great passion for supporting others in healing and with a little bit of guidance I truly believe that healing is possible for everyone. Life involves constant change and therefore opportunity for growth. I am eager to support your growth in the path your life has taken you. I utilize a client-centered approach that emphasizes individualized needs and use of a variety of techniques and theories for the establishment and achievement of goals. My theoretical orientation is grounded on the foundation of providing a safe and nonjudgemental space to support you.
Certifications: Hypnotherapy (I love using this healing technique on adults to gain access to the subconscious and remove blocks and obstacles) and SMART Therapy (used to support complex trauma to aid in regulation).
Are you ready to create the change you're seeking in your life? I have a great passion for supporting others in healing and with a little bit of guidance I truly believe that healing is possible for everyone. Life involves constant change and therefore opportunity for growth. I am eager to support your growth in the path your life has taken you. I utilize a client-centered approach that emphasizes individualized needs and use of a variety of techniques and theories for the establishment and achievement of goals. My theoretical orientation is grounded on the foundation of providing a safe and nonjudgemental space to support you.
(406) 740-8113 View (406) 740-8113
Photo of Rebecca Huston, MA, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Huston
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Hamilton, MT 59840  (Online Only)
I am certified in EMDR, and Hypnotherapy.
Have life or world events caused you to lose sight of your goals or identity? Do you question your place in the world, struggle with authenticity, walk on eggshells or have a history of being considered the black sheep or scapegoat in your family, marriage or relationship? Gaining perspective can be a powerful tool in examining your life and choices. Many of my clients seek help understanding their relationship to traumatic events, life changes, anxiety, ADHD, PTSD, chronic illness/pain, grief, communication, spiritual beliefs or recovery from narcissistic abuse. I utilize a holistic approach, encompassing mind, body and spirit.
I am certified in EMDR, and Hypnotherapy.
Have life or world events caused you to lose sight of your goals or identity? Do you question your place in the world, struggle with authenticity, walk on eggshells or have a history of being considered the black sheep or scapegoat in your family, marriage or relationship? Gaining perspective can be a powerful tool in examining your life and choices. Many of my clients seek help understanding their relationship to traumatic events, life changes, anxiety, ADHD, PTSD, chronic illness/pain, grief, communication, spiritual beliefs or recovery from narcissistic abuse. I utilize a holistic approach, encompassing mind, body and spirit.
(512) 271-5252 View (512) 271-5252
Photo of Mary Fierst, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mary Fierst
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59112  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a holistic, empathic, client centered counselor with multiple methods to assist folks in recovery from issues that have affected their ability to function in wholeness. My therapy styles include Energy work, clinical hypnotherapy, EMDR, experiential and talk therapy. I support and endorse alternative healing methods along with counseling and I do not believe that medication is always the right choice for everyone. The overarching attributes that I use with my clients are authenticity, thinking outside the box, insight, candor, and humor.
I am a holistic, empathic, client centered counselor with multiple methods to assist folks in recovery from issues that have affected their ability to function in wholeness. My therapy styles include Energy work, clinical hypnotherapy, EMDR, experiential and talk therapy. I support and endorse alternative healing methods along with counseling and I do not believe that medication is always the right choice for everyone. The overarching attributes that I use with my clients are authenticity, thinking outside the box, insight, candor, and humor.
(682) 301-4218 View (682) 301-4218
Photo of Shan Guisinger, PhD, Psychologist
Shan Guisinger
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59802
I am taking new clients after April 15, 2024. I work with anorexia, bulimia, and other eating problems. Many eating problems were initiated by dieting and became an illness when the body's evolutionary defenses against starvation fought back leading to anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating disorder. Our fat-phobic culture preaches limitless perfectibility and a duplicitous diet industry claims that permanent loss is possible and healthy.
I am taking new clients after April 15, 2024. I work with anorexia, bulimia, and other eating problems. Many eating problems were initiated by dieting and became an illness when the body's evolutionary defenses against starvation fought back leading to anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating disorder. Our fat-phobic culture preaches limitless perfectibility and a duplicitous diet industry claims that permanent loss is possible and healthy.
(406) 795-1093 View (406) 795-1093
Photo of Gina Temple, MS Ed, CRC , LCPC, Counselor
Gina Temple
Counselor, MS Ed, CRC , LCPC
Verified Verified
Bozeman, MT 59718
*Taking new clients*Offering Telehealth. I have 30 years of experience in the field of counseling. I enjoy working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families who are seeking compassionate support with anxiety, depression or a challenging transition or experience. I create a space to foster positive growth and strengthen overall quality of life through personal awareness. I believe that each individual has unique gifts and strengths within them, and when given the support and guidance through the counseling process, great progress can be made. My approach is Eclectic in nature, as I use techniques from all schools of therapy.
*Taking new clients*Offering Telehealth. I have 30 years of experience in the field of counseling. I enjoy working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families who are seeking compassionate support with anxiety, depression or a challenging transition or experience. I create a space to foster positive growth and strengthen overall quality of life through personal awareness. I believe that each individual has unique gifts and strengths within them, and when given the support and guidance through the counseling process, great progress can be made. My approach is Eclectic in nature, as I use techniques from all schools of therapy.
(207) 994-8568 View (207) 994-8568
Photo of Lisa Brubaker - Lisa Brubaker, LCSW, LLC, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Brubaker, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ennis, MT 59729
I offer telemental health sessions via computer, iPad type devices, smart phone, and telephone. Change is possible in a positive therapeutic relationship where feelings, thoughts, and behaviors can be examined, understood and challenged in a safe and respectful way. As a psychotherapist it is my role to assist with this process of exploration and vulnerability. It is a privilege to be trusted with people's hopes and dreams for a more satisfying, balanced life.
I offer telemental health sessions via computer, iPad type devices, smart phone, and telephone. Change is possible in a positive therapeutic relationship where feelings, thoughts, and behaviors can be examined, understood and challenged in a safe and respectful way. As a psychotherapist it is my role to assist with this process of exploration and vulnerability. It is a privilege to be trusted with people's hopes and dreams for a more satisfying, balanced life.
(406) 282-0743 View (406) 282-0743
Photo of David Michael Hardy, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
David Michael Hardy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Livingston, MT 59047
The teenage years can be really tough on teens AND their parents. Changes happen that can throw their emotions on a rollercoaster -- sadness, worry or anger can take over. Friends can push a teen toward dangerous choices. Add on the stress of high school, early romantic relationships, working towards independence, and there are all sorts of places that a teenager can struggle. It takes a special sort of counselor to work with a teen. Someone who is serious and kind when they struggle, but keeps a sense of humor, wonder and joy that can connect with them past those struggles.
The teenage years can be really tough on teens AND their parents. Changes happen that can throw their emotions on a rollercoaster -- sadness, worry or anger can take over. Friends can push a teen toward dangerous choices. Add on the stress of high school, early romantic relationships, working towards independence, and there are all sorts of places that a teenager can struggle. It takes a special sort of counselor to work with a teen. Someone who is serious and kind when they struggle, but keeps a sense of humor, wonder and joy that can connect with them past those struggles.
(406) 548-5309 View (406) 548-5309
Photo of Joanna M Lyon, LCPC, Counselor
Joanna M Lyon
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bozeman, MT 59718
I enjoy working with couples and families. I have been very successful in using a communication approach when working with couples. I have worked with attachment issues since I started counseling in 2000. I am especially excited about working with families in a group setting in order to deal with major issues that are occurring. I am experienced in systemic counseling and group work of all kinds.
I enjoy working with couples and families. I have been very successful in using a communication approach when working with couples. I have worked with attachment issues since I started counseling in 2000. I am especially excited about working with families in a group setting in order to deal with major issues that are occurring. I am experienced in systemic counseling and group work of all kinds.
(406) 295-1640 View (406) 295-1640
Photo of Dr. Alexandria Saunders, PhD, LCPC, Counselor
Dr. Alexandria Saunders
Counselor, PhD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Livingston, MT 59047  (Online Only)
As a holistic practitioner and a sex therapist, I will hold sacred, safe space for integration in order to feel whole and aligned with the true self. I enter the therapeutic relationship honoring who you are and where you are on life's journey. I offer psychological, embodied, and intuitive medicine to feel help feel wholeness and aliveness within relationship with yourself, others, your inner knowing and intuition, and your sexuality. I mostly work with sexuality, trauma, and couples, though at times work with those in need of a holistic approach to healing.
As a holistic practitioner and a sex therapist, I will hold sacred, safe space for integration in order to feel whole and aligned with the true self. I enter the therapeutic relationship honoring who you are and where you are on life's journey. I offer psychological, embodied, and intuitive medicine to feel help feel wholeness and aliveness within relationship with yourself, others, your inner knowing and intuition, and your sexuality. I mostly work with sexuality, trauma, and couples, though at times work with those in need of a holistic approach to healing.
(406) 296-5539 View (406) 296-5539
Photo of Julie Dauner (Kiewatt) - Firefly Healing Arts / Firefly Horse Co, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Firefly Healing Arts / Firefly Horse Co
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
A Therapist, Coach, Guide. Julie is a licensed therapist, trained in multiple holistic healing methods such as Somatic therapy, Equine and animal Assisted Therapies, Energy Healing, Hypnosis and Meditation. She incorporates therapeutic movement, animals, oils, drumming and and singing bowls to assist you in your journey. Julie offers adult wellness and therapeutic coaching experiences for individuals, couples, corporate groups and for retreats. Limited availability, local and distance sessions available. We offer equine assisted learning for children as well which Julie oversees.
A Therapist, Coach, Guide. Julie is a licensed therapist, trained in multiple holistic healing methods such as Somatic therapy, Equine and animal Assisted Therapies, Energy Healing, Hypnosis and Meditation. She incorporates therapeutic movement, animals, oils, drumming and and singing bowls to assist you in your journey. Julie offers adult wellness and therapeutic coaching experiences for individuals, couples, corporate groups and for retreats. Limited availability, local and distance sessions available. We offer equine assisted learning for children as well which Julie oversees.
(406) 206-9907 View (406) 206-9907
Photo of Elizabeth Anne Harper-Schurman, LCPC, CMH, Counselor
Elizabeth Anne Harper-Schurman
Counselor, LCPC, CMH
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Florence, MT 59833
Understand. Heal. Grow. Change. We Can Do This Together Your Mental Wellness is just as important as your Physical Wellness. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, or another issue, I want you to know that there is hope for a better tomorrow. I am committed to each client from the moment we begin working together.
Understand. Heal. Grow. Change. We Can Do This Together Your Mental Wellness is just as important as your Physical Wellness. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, or another issue, I want you to know that there is hope for a better tomorrow. I am committed to each client from the moment we begin working together.
(406) 812-4652 View (406) 812-4652
Photo of Lisa R. Featherstone - Featherstone Counseling Associates, PLLC, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Featherstone Counseling Associates, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bozeman, MT 59718  (Online Only)
NEW availability for online short term relationship counseling program called Real Dialogue/Dialogue Couples Therapy. Specializing in romantic/married partners, estranged adult children & their parents, adult siblings & colleagues/co-workers who find themselves mired in repetitive conflict without resolution. Learn how to resolve these issues with improved communication, better listening skills, and how to negotiate & compromise a resolution with respect. Gain a deeper understanding of yourself & each other and learn how to remain open & curious as your relationship continues to grow and evolve.
NEW availability for online short term relationship counseling program called Real Dialogue/Dialogue Couples Therapy. Specializing in romantic/married partners, estranged adult children & their parents, adult siblings & colleagues/co-workers who find themselves mired in repetitive conflict without resolution. Learn how to resolve these issues with improved communication, better listening skills, and how to negotiate & compromise a resolution with respect. Gain a deeper understanding of yourself & each other and learn how to remain open & curious as your relationship continues to grow and evolve.
(808) 518-2108 View (808) 518-2108
Photo of Virginia Rightmier Pierce, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Virginia Rightmier Pierce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59105
You will find me to be client focused offering a safe, confidential place to address and work through your personal problems/issues. Clients find me easy to talk to and non-judgmental. You get to set your goals and pace for therapy. My 25 years of experience working with victims of abuse and trauma, adoptive families, depression, anxiety, grief, behavioral and emotional problems, parenting issues, relationship problems, and too many other issues to list gives me vast resources to help you grow. It would be an honor to work with you.
You will find me to be client focused offering a safe, confidential place to address and work through your personal problems/issues. Clients find me easy to talk to and non-judgmental. You get to set your goals and pace for therapy. My 25 years of experience working with victims of abuse and trauma, adoptive families, depression, anxiety, grief, behavioral and emotional problems, parenting issues, relationship problems, and too many other issues to list gives me vast resources to help you grow. It would be an honor to work with you.
(406) 961-7375 View (406) 961-7375
Lucia P Young
Counselor, PhD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Missoula, MT 59808  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. My approach is varied depending upon the needs of clients.
I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. My approach is varied depending upon the needs of clients.
(406) 207-4777 View (406) 207-4777
1
HypnoTherapy

How does hypnotherapy work?

Hypnotherapy works by using guided hypnosis to help you reach a state of focus and concentration through mental imagery and soothing verbal repetition. The state is somewhat like being absorbed in a book, a movie, or your own thoughts. You are not under a therapist’s “control,” but they can help you relax and turn your attention inward to discover the resources to achieve behavior change or better manage psychological concerns. Therapy sessions may involve guiding you through recognizing a problem, releasing problematic thoughts about it, and considering and accepting more productive alternatives before returning to normal awareness. Hypnotherapy is typically used by a therapist along with traditional forms of talk therapy. Eventually, your therapist can help you learn hypnotherapy techniques yourself so you can establish a stronger sense of control on your own in stressful or challenging moments.

Is hypnotherapy the same as hypnosis?

Hypnotherapy, which is sometimes called hypnotic suggestion, is a therapeutic technique in which a therapist uses hypnosis to help patients. It is not the kind of hypnosis portrayed in stage shows, or in movies or on television. You will not be unconscious or asleep during hypnotherapy, you will not lose control of yourself, your thoughts, or your free will, and you will be able to fully recall your experience. And while you will hear your therapist’s suggestions, it is always up to you to decide whether to act on them. Hypnosis by a trained mental-health professional is not a form of mind control, which is impossible to achieve anyway.

Can everyone be hypnotized?

The most common challenge of hypnotherapy is that as many as one in four people cannot be hypnotized. Brain imaging has confirmed differences in patterns of brain connectivity between those who respond to hypnotism and those who do not. Other people who could potentially be hypnotized may not respond to the technique because of their skepticism or resistance to entering a hypnotic state. If a therapist’s “post-hypnotic suggestion” is effective, it’s because they are suggesting something you want to achieve.

Does hypnotherapy work?

Through hypnotherapy, you can achieve changes that are real and sustainable. Like other talk therapy techniques, when hypnotherapy succeeds, it’s a case of mind over matter. Effective hypnotherapy involves self-healing because you access resources you need to change inside of yourself and learn how to tap into them whenever you need. Hypnotherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for anxiety, phobias, stress, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, sexual dysfunction, and undesirable behaviors like smoking. It can be used to help improve sleep or to address relationship challenges, and to aid with pain management, digestive disorders, skin conditions, and the gastrointestinal side effects of pregnancy or chemotherapy.