Therapists in Saint Joseph, MO

Photo of Alexandria Peters, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexandria Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Joseph, MO 64505  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with queer, trans, and non-binary folks, with a focus on sexuality/asexuality, gender, neurodivergence, consensual non-monogamy, and trauma. My clients are often exploring identities, unpacking relational patterns, learning to unmask, and seeking a greater sense of belonging. Our work together will likely be less focused on coping skills or quick solutions, but instead involve deep reflection, exploration of ones identity, and relationship building
I specialize in working with queer, trans, and non-binary folks, with a focus on sexuality/asexuality, gender, neurodivergence, consensual non-monogamy, and trauma. My clients are often exploring identities, unpacking relational patterns, learning to unmask, and seeking a greater sense of belonging. Our work together will likely be less focused on coping skills or quick solutions, but instead involve deep reflection, exploration of ones identity, and relationship building
(816) 451-4344 View (816) 451-4344
Photo of Stacey Marie Wiedmer, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stacey Marie Wiedmer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64501
I believe anyone can benefit from counseling, and often you have to "shop around" to find a counselor who is the best fit for you. I have experience working with all age groups from children and families to adolescents, college students, adults, and individuals with disabling conditions. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, dealing with traumatic experiences, wanting to make changes in your life, or just trying to learn more about yourself, I would be happy to work with you. I offer a warm, accepting, and positive environment for my clients to discover their strengths and values.
I believe anyone can benefit from counseling, and often you have to "shop around" to find a counselor who is the best fit for you. I have experience working with all age groups from children and families to adolescents, college students, adults, and individuals with disabling conditions. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, dealing with traumatic experiences, wanting to make changes in your life, or just trying to learn more about yourself, I would be happy to work with you. I offer a warm, accepting, and positive environment for my clients to discover their strengths and values.
(816) 542-2495 View (816) 542-2495
Photo of Tricia Hoyt - 2 Minds 1 Goal Counseling Solutions, MS, LPC, NCC, CRADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
2 Minds 1 Goal Counseling Solutions
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, CRADC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64501  (Online Only)
Have you ever felt that nagging sensation that something isn’t quite right within your mind? Or perhaps you’ve received a diagnosis from a doctor that labels you with a mental health disorder? It’s essential to remember that a diagnosis does not define who you are. You are so much more than any label; you are a unique individual with your own strengths and potential. I understand that navigating conditions like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders can be overwhelming and confusing. The journey can feel isolating, but I want you to know that you don’t have to walk this path alone.
Have you ever felt that nagging sensation that something isn’t quite right within your mind? Or perhaps you’ve received a diagnosis from a doctor that labels you with a mental health disorder? It’s essential to remember that a diagnosis does not define who you are. You are so much more than any label; you are a unique individual with your own strengths and potential. I understand that navigating conditions like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders can be overwhelming and confusing. The journey can feel isolating, but I want you to know that you don’t have to walk this path alone.
(816) 320-6135 View (816) 320-6135
Photo of Tina W. Sanborn, MSMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tina W. Sanborn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Joseph, MO 64507
Difficult seasons in our lives can often leave us feeling uncertain, overwhelmed and disconnected from others. If you find yourself struggling with emotional pain, past hurts, depression, anxiety, grief, parenting issues or other relationship concerns, there is hope. It is my sincerest desire to provide a safe, supportive environment where clients can begin to heal and discover a restorative place of peace, emotional health and relational well-being. Using a collaborative process, I am committed to partnering with you as we seek to outline and address the changes that you desire.
Difficult seasons in our lives can often leave us feeling uncertain, overwhelmed and disconnected from others. If you find yourself struggling with emotional pain, past hurts, depression, anxiety, grief, parenting issues or other relationship concerns, there is hope. It is my sincerest desire to provide a safe, supportive environment where clients can begin to heal and discover a restorative place of peace, emotional health and relational well-being. Using a collaborative process, I am committed to partnering with you as we seek to outline and address the changes that you desire.
(816) 351-7834 View (816) 351-7834
Photo of Natalie McQuinn, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Natalie McQuinn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64505  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Missouri with 10+ years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ issues, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, & bipolar disorder. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. If it is you or you are trying to figure out how to help or cope with a loved one with these problems I can help.
I am licensed in Missouri with 10+ years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ issues, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, & bipolar disorder. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. If it is you or you are trying to figure out how to help or cope with a loved one with these problems I can help.
(816) 693-6372 View (816) 693-6372
Photo of Kristen Siler-Kline, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristen Siler-Kline
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Kristen has extensive experience working with individuals with trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, loss, relationship issues and substance use.  She meets individuals wherever they are at on life's journey and works to empower them as the experts in their own lives.  Kristen offers a safe, non-judgmental and warm environment in which to spark healing and relief from current struggles.  She uses a validating and empathetic approach, and would be honored to walk with you on your journey.
Kristen has extensive experience working with individuals with trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, loss, relationship issues and substance use.  She meets individuals wherever they are at on life's journey and works to empower them as the experts in their own lives.  Kristen offers a safe, non-judgmental and warm environment in which to spark healing and relief from current struggles.  She uses a validating and empathetic approach, and would be honored to walk with you on your journey.
(816) 319-0725 View (816) 319-0725
Photo of Joseph M Kline, MSW, LCSW, LSCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joseph M Kline
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LSCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Waitlist for new clients
Prior to opening St Joe Therapist LLC I have been helping individuals for 6+ years. I treat individuals who may have a variety of diagnosis including PTSD/trauma, anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. If you have been struggling with life challenges, you may be feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and frustrated from trying many different things, and I am here to help. If you are needing a safe place to process these challenges, please call me and we can discuss how to begin your treatment journey.
Prior to opening St Joe Therapist LLC I have been helping individuals for 6+ years. I treat individuals who may have a variety of diagnosis including PTSD/trauma, anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. If you have been struggling with life challenges, you may be feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and frustrated from trying many different things, and I am here to help. If you are needing a safe place to process these challenges, please call me and we can discuss how to begin your treatment journey.
(816) 839-4701 View (816) 839-4701
Photo of Gene Arnold, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gene Arnold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
I have been working with individuals, couples, children and families for nearly a decade. My approach as a therapist is heartfelt, direct, genuine, and above all down-to-earth. Building rapport and making connections are the foundations to my style of therapy. I specialize in depression, anxiety, life transitions, divorce, blended families, individual, couple and family issues. It's not always easy to pin-point exactly "where it hurts" or what the main issue may be causing us pain. Please feel free to call or e-mail me anytime and we can discuss what your concerns.
I have been working with individuals, couples, children and families for nearly a decade. My approach as a therapist is heartfelt, direct, genuine, and above all down-to-earth. Building rapport and making connections are the foundations to my style of therapy. I specialize in depression, anxiety, life transitions, divorce, blended families, individual, couple and family issues. It's not always easy to pin-point exactly "where it hurts" or what the main issue may be causing us pain. Please feel free to call or e-mail me anytime and we can discuss what your concerns.
(816) 545-9203 View (816) 545-9203
Photo of Summer E Ward, MA, LPC, CTS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Summer E Ward
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CTS
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
I would be truly privileged to support and guide you through the process of life and heart change through counseling. It is my honor to help you discover more meaning, purpose, and joy in your life. I provide a safe, genuine, and compassionate therapeutic environment for those experiencing emotional pain or difficulty. With a Christian worldview, I treat individuals using an integrated approach that combines elements from the study of psychology with biblical truth and faith in Christ.
I would be truly privileged to support and guide you through the process of life and heart change through counseling. It is my honor to help you discover more meaning, purpose, and joy in your life. I provide a safe, genuine, and compassionate therapeutic environment for those experiencing emotional pain or difficulty. With a Christian worldview, I treat individuals using an integrated approach that combines elements from the study of psychology with biblical truth and faith in Christ.
(816) 656-3375 View (816) 656-3375
Rennie Chastain Gitthens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
I believe you have taken the first step of your journey toward healing by seeking a therapist. By using an empowerment and strength-based approach, I guide others in utilizing their own strengths and assets to resolve and heal their struggles and improve the quality of their life, in addition to living a more fulfilled life. It is very important for you, as the client, to feel comfortable with your therapist so that honesty and rapport can be built. I look forward to working with you.
I believe you have taken the first step of your journey toward healing by seeking a therapist. By using an empowerment and strength-based approach, I guide others in utilizing their own strengths and assets to resolve and heal their struggles and improve the quality of their life, in addition to living a more fulfilled life. It is very important for you, as the client, to feel comfortable with your therapist so that honesty and rapport can be built. I look forward to working with you.
(816) 839-9981 View (816) 839-9981
Photo of Brandon O’Brien - Brandon O'Brien, MBA, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brandon O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64501
It can be difficult to find a therapist you connect with, especially when you aren't feeling your best. If you've made it this far chances are you are ready to start working toward getting better. Connecting with the right counselor can be life-changing. Regardless of where you feel you are at this moment; I hope you find the courage to reach out today.
It can be difficult to find a therapist you connect with, especially when you aren't feeling your best. If you've made it this far chances are you are ready to start working toward getting better. Connecting with the right counselor can be life-changing. Regardless of where you feel you are at this moment; I hope you find the courage to reach out today.
(816) 992-5544 View (816) 992-5544
Photo of Whitney Blake Ide - Whitney B Ide Counseling, LLC, MA, LPC, Counselor
Whitney B Ide Counseling, LLC
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Making the decision to seek help is the the first step towards living a healthier, happier life. The second step is finding the right therapist. I believe that success in therapy is dependent on the strength of the relationship between the counselor and client. I view myself as an advocate, a catalyst for change, and an objective sounding board, rather than an expert who can listen to your problems for an hour and then magically know how to run your life better than you do. You are the expert on you! My job is to help you learn how to help yourself.
Making the decision to seek help is the the first step towards living a healthier, happier life. The second step is finding the right therapist. I believe that success in therapy is dependent on the strength of the relationship between the counselor and client. I view myself as an advocate, a catalyst for change, and an objective sounding board, rather than an expert who can listen to your problems for an hour and then magically know how to run your life better than you do. You are the expert on you! My job is to help you learn how to help yourself.
(816) 482-3675 View (816) 482-3675
Photo of Tausha Taylor, MS, LPC, NBCC, SQP, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tausha Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NBCC, SQP, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Joseph, MO 64506  (Online Only)
I'm currently taking new clients who live in Missouri, Kansas, or Iowa. I take pride in providing confidential counseling sessions which are tailored to the individual needs of each client online from the comfort of your own home or office.
I'm currently taking new clients who live in Missouri, Kansas, or Iowa. I take pride in providing confidential counseling sessions which are tailored to the individual needs of each client online from the comfort of your own home or office.
(816) 262-6659 View (816) 262-6659
Photo of Vanessa Groves, LMSW
Vanessa Groves
Master Social Worker , LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
You have been struggling with life challenges and relationship difficulties, and you are needing a safe place to process these challenges. You may be feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and frustrated from trying many different things, and nothing seems to work. Vanessa partners with you to find new ways to support you and your family to develop a deeper understanding of how these challenges have impacted your daily life and find ways to cope. Whether you’re struggling in your relationship, your family, or with individual situations, Vanessa is a safe and warm counselor to guide you on your journey.
You have been struggling with life challenges and relationship difficulties, and you are needing a safe place to process these challenges. You may be feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and frustrated from trying many different things, and nothing seems to work. Vanessa partners with you to find new ways to support you and your family to develop a deeper understanding of how these challenges have impacted your daily life and find ways to cope. Whether you’re struggling in your relationship, your family, or with individual situations, Vanessa is a safe and warm counselor to guide you on your journey.
(816) 208-9418 View (816) 208-9418
Photo of Sally A. Frede, LCSW, CCLS, RPT-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sally A. Frede
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCLS, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
I love working with children and teens of all ages! My goal is to help children navigate the increasingly complex world and difficulties that come with it. This includes family, school and personal challenges. I enjoy partnering with parents to create family environment where children can thrive. Children are naturally resilient and love to learn. This belief feeds my practice of helping children grow and master life's challenges. As a Certified Chid Life Specialist I have a lot of experience working with children with medical needs.
I love working with children and teens of all ages! My goal is to help children navigate the increasingly complex world and difficulties that come with it. This includes family, school and personal challenges. I enjoy partnering with parents to create family environment where children can thrive. Children are naturally resilient and love to learn. This belief feeds my practice of helping children grow and master life's challenges. As a Certified Chid Life Specialist I have a lot of experience working with children with medical needs.
(816) 323-8890 View (816) 323-8890
Photo of Lisa Doyle, MA, CRADC, DVI, SQP, DOT, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Lisa Doyle
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, CRADC, DVI, SQP, DOT
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Offering assessments days, evenings and weekends virtually telephonically or in person
Offering assessments days, evenings and weekends virtually telephonically or in person
(816) 565-4886 View (816) 565-4886
Photo of Ellen Beier, PLMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ellen Beier
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64507
We all reach points in our lives where what we know so far has left us stuck. Maybe we are stuck in our valued relationships, or simply within ourselves, with old stories and emotions we wish could move and change. If you are seeking therapy today, congratulations! You are already moving toward gaining a new perspective toward yourself and your relationships. Maybe you have a specific goal in mind-- perhaps to change a dynamic in your marriage or with your your children. Maybe you want to relieve a symptom-- depression, anxiety or a habit you can't change. Maybe you just have the vague sense that parts of your self got left behind.
We all reach points in our lives where what we know so far has left us stuck. Maybe we are stuck in our valued relationships, or simply within ourselves, with old stories and emotions we wish could move and change. If you are seeking therapy today, congratulations! You are already moving toward gaining a new perspective toward yourself and your relationships. Maybe you have a specific goal in mind-- perhaps to change a dynamic in your marriage or with your your children. Maybe you want to relieve a symptom-- depression, anxiety or a habit you can't change. Maybe you just have the vague sense that parts of your self got left behind.
(816) 339-5672 View (816) 339-5672
Photo of Lisa D Fisher, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lisa D Fisher
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works with adults, adolescents, children and families. I have experience working with clients who are experiencing symptoms of stress, depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, and trauma in a variety of outpatient settings. I utilize a holistic, strengths based approach that combines elements from Neuroscience, Attachment theory, Mindfulness, Cognitive-Behavioral theory, Art and Play therapy. I am now offering Direct Neurofeedback, which offers a drug-free approach to improving brain performance and forming new and enhanced patterns of functioning.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works with adults, adolescents, children and families. I have experience working with clients who are experiencing symptoms of stress, depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, and trauma in a variety of outpatient settings. I utilize a holistic, strengths based approach that combines elements from Neuroscience, Attachment theory, Mindfulness, Cognitive-Behavioral theory, Art and Play therapy. I am now offering Direct Neurofeedback, which offers a drug-free approach to improving brain performance and forming new and enhanced patterns of functioning.
(816) 844-6643 View (816) 844-6643
Photo of Lori Ann Kanke - Lori Kanke, Lcsw, LLC, LCSW, CRADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lori Kanke, Lcsw, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CRADC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Relationships can be very difficult and emotionally exhausting. In fact, problems in relationships can increase depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety can affect all areas of life. I believe that there is hope for anyone who is having problems with relationships or mental health issues. I enjoy helping people make changes and improve their lives. For over 37 years, I've been helping clients with relationship issues, depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. In addition, I've had the privilege to help couples resolve conflicts and improve communications.
Relationships can be very difficult and emotionally exhausting. In fact, problems in relationships can increase depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety can affect all areas of life. I believe that there is hope for anyone who is having problems with relationships or mental health issues. I enjoy helping people make changes and improve their lives. For over 37 years, I've been helping clients with relationship issues, depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. In addition, I've had the privilege to help couples resolve conflicts and improve communications.
(816) 521-6191 View (816) 521-6191
Photo of Nicolette Rogers, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nicolette Rogers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Stop. Take a deep breath, hold it...and slowly release. I’m sure you’re stressed and tense from all your searching. Finding a therapist can be difficult! There’s many assumptions about what therapy looks like, but let me tell you what to expect from me. I’m fairly direct, but I will be as authentic and transparent as I expect you to be. I will work with you to identify past and current experiences that may be impacting your career, relationships, parenting, and even health. Nothing is off limits when it comes to processing your concerns, as everything you experience is valid. Together we focus on healing and growth!
Stop. Take a deep breath, hold it...and slowly release. I’m sure you’re stressed and tense from all your searching. Finding a therapist can be difficult! There’s many assumptions about what therapy looks like, but let me tell you what to expect from me. I’m fairly direct, but I will be as authentic and transparent as I expect you to be. I will work with you to identify past and current experiences that may be impacting your career, relationships, parenting, and even health. Nothing is off limits when it comes to processing your concerns, as everything you experience is valid. Together we focus on healing and growth!
(913) 490-2044 View (913) 490-2044
1

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Joseph, MO

30+

Average cost per session

$107

Therapists in Saint Joseph, MO who prioritize treating:

83% Depression
83% Anxiety
80% Coping Skills
74% Trauma and PTSD
69% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
63% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Aetna
57% Cigna and Evernorth
52% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Saint Joseph, MO see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Joseph?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.