Addiction Therapists in Shoreview, MN
![Photo of Cyrus Davani, LPCC, LCPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f47ea359-7aa3-4a4d-80a0-cbda0bdf47bf/3/320x400.jpeg)
So you're contemplating counseling? I’m glad you stopped by! My name is Cyrus and I’m approaching close to 10 yrs of professional counseling which includes working in substance abuse treatment, corrections (jail), community, and private practice. I've worked with both individuals going through a difficult life transition and people who would likely never seek counseling on their own. In short, my experience has allowed me to work with a diverse clientele. Generally though, I work with those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, addiction, or personality disorder(s)—if that's where you're at, I want to help by coming alongside.
So you're contemplating counseling? I’m glad you stopped by! My name is Cyrus and I’m approaching close to 10 yrs of professional counseling which includes working in substance abuse treatment, corrections (jail), community, and private practice. I've worked with both individuals going through a difficult life transition and people who would likely never seek counseling on their own. In short, my experience has allowed me to work with a diverse clientele. Generally though, I work with those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, addiction, or personality disorder(s)—if that's where you're at, I want to help by coming alongside.
![Photo of Tom Graske, MA, LP, CSAT, RN, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3cb2b9c9-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/4/320x400.jpeg)
My specialty is working with men who struggle with sexual addiction.
Feeling confused and overwelmed? With over 30 years of clinical experience, my goal is to help you reach clarity and peace of mind with a caring and supportive approach. Whether you are struggling with sexual addiction, anxiety, depression or relationship problems, we will work together to reach your personal goals.
My specialty is working with men who struggle with sexual addiction.
Feeling confused and overwelmed? With over 30 years of clinical experience, my goal is to help you reach clarity and peace of mind with a caring and supportive approach. Whether you are struggling with sexual addiction, anxiety, depression or relationship problems, we will work together to reach your personal goals.
![Photo of Seth Dahle, MS, LADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8a2a6baf-f802-4a59-8254-9641e7d4a6d4/2/320x400.jpeg)
We believe that too often families are excluded from the care of substance use and mental health issues. Our approach is rooted in the understanding that substance use disorders, mental health challenges, and family dynamics are interconnected. Our team combines compassionate care with evidence-based practices to deliver an effective, individualized approach. Whether addressing substance use, mental health, or family relationship concerns, we utilize methods such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, family systems therapy, and motivational interviewing in our approach. We do not take insurance and are private pay only, at this time.
We believe that too often families are excluded from the care of substance use and mental health issues. Our approach is rooted in the understanding that substance use disorders, mental health challenges, and family dynamics are interconnected. Our team combines compassionate care with evidence-based practices to deliver an effective, individualized approach. Whether addressing substance use, mental health, or family relationship concerns, we utilize methods such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, family systems therapy, and motivational interviewing in our approach. We do not take insurance and are private pay only, at this time.
![Photo of Jenna Hobbs, PsyD, LP, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c5e7f38-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Depression, Anxiety (worry, panic, phobias), Trauma/Sexual abuse, Relationships, Substance Abuse, Grief and loss, Clinical hypnosis, Occupational stress management, Health related issues (i.
I work with adolescents and adults as a collaborative, supportive partner to improve mental health and overall wellbeing. My therapeutic approaches integrate cognitive, behavioral, and insight-focused strategies. This warm and personal style helps clients work through ingrained and unhealthy patterns that keep them stuck in emotional distress and unfulfilling relationships. I have a mindful and holistic perspective, and emphasize integrating mind, body, and spirit in healing. I address many presenting issues in addition to welcoming concerns about physical and mental health. I am trained in clinical hypnosis, and enjoy working creatively to find effective solutions to inspire lasting change.
Depression, Anxiety (worry, panic, phobias), Trauma/Sexual abuse, Relationships, Substance Abuse, Grief and loss, Clinical hypnosis, Occupational stress management, Health related issues (i.
I work with adolescents and adults as a collaborative, supportive partner to improve mental health and overall wellbeing. My therapeutic approaches integrate cognitive, behavioral, and insight-focused strategies. This warm and personal style helps clients work through ingrained and unhealthy patterns that keep them stuck in emotional distress and unfulfilling relationships. I have a mindful and holistic perspective, and emphasize integrating mind, body, and spirit in healing. I address many presenting issues in addition to welcoming concerns about physical and mental health. I am trained in clinical hypnosis, and enjoy working creatively to find effective solutions to inspire lasting change.
![Photo of Carrie Niles, MA, LPCC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/29eed72f-8040-4e5f-8d42-378084654405/3/320x400.jpeg)
Carrie Niles
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Shoreview, MN 55126
Supportive co-exploration of emotions and patterns that often underlie mental health symptoms can increase hope, facilitate meaning and connection, and improve overall wellness. I aim to create a warm and safe environment that encourages individuals, families, and couples to identify, explore, and heal their particular areas of pain. Professional interests include trauma and attachment with an understanding of the ways the brain and nervous system, emotions, and relationships are impacted throughout the lifespan. Others include depression, anxiety, addiction, grief and loss, relational conflict, and life transitions. LGBTQIA allied.
Supportive co-exploration of emotions and patterns that often underlie mental health symptoms can increase hope, facilitate meaning and connection, and improve overall wellness. I aim to create a warm and safe environment that encourages individuals, families, and couples to identify, explore, and heal their particular areas of pain. Professional interests include trauma and attachment with an understanding of the ways the brain and nervous system, emotions, and relationships are impacted throughout the lifespan. Others include depression, anxiety, addiction, grief and loss, relational conflict, and life transitions. LGBTQIA allied.
![Photo of Lauren Fullerton, MS, LADC, LPCC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4949acb6-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Lauren Fullerton
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LADC, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Shoreview, MN 55126
I have additional experience and specialize with co-occurring substance and mental health issues, adolescents, individual adults, depression, anxiety, anger management, domestic violence, and CBT.
Hello! I am committed to offering an understanding, safe, supportive, and collaborative environment. I believe that you know yourself best and I empower you to find your voice and create changes to overcome obstacles. I work with you to navigate the roads of change and to find a life that is fulfilling to you. I believe that awareness is essential, and together we will look at recurring patterns of thoughts and behaviors in your life. I incorporate mindfulness based skills to create a more powerful connection between your mind and body. I believe that with this knowledge about yourself, you can find inner peace and self-acceptance.
I have additional experience and specialize with co-occurring substance and mental health issues, adolescents, individual adults, depression, anxiety, anger management, domestic violence, and CBT.
Hello! I am committed to offering an understanding, safe, supportive, and collaborative environment. I believe that you know yourself best and I empower you to find your voice and create changes to overcome obstacles. I work with you to navigate the roads of change and to find a life that is fulfilling to you. I believe that awareness is essential, and together we will look at recurring patterns of thoughts and behaviors in your life. I incorporate mindfulness based skills to create a more powerful connection between your mind and body. I believe that with this knowledge about yourself, you can find inner peace and self-acceptance.
![Photo of Jordan Kirsch, MS, LADC, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/12a749e9-b008-4d61-a040-6e3a586a1386/1/320x400.png)
Struggling with mental health concerns, relationship issues or substance use/addiction? Whether you are seeking therapy for yourself, your family or a coupled partnership, I use a person centered approach and empathetic understanding walking with you through the difficulty. An important aspect in my approach to change is motivational interviewing, exploring what your desired life might look like if things were different. Together we set goals and develop strategies to get you there.
Struggling with mental health concerns, relationship issues or substance use/addiction? Whether you are seeking therapy for yourself, your family or a coupled partnership, I use a person centered approach and empathetic understanding walking with you through the difficulty. An important aspect in my approach to change is motivational interviewing, exploring what your desired life might look like if things were different. Together we set goals and develop strategies to get you there.
![Photo of Sharon Stein McNamara - Sharon Stein McNamara Ed.D. Psychology Inc., EdD, LP, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/793ec7e7-469d-48f7-aa6a-b50c5f6ac7c9/2/320x400.jpeg)
Sharon Stein McNamara Ed.D. Psychology Inc.
Psychologist, EdD, LP
Verified Verified
Shoreview, MN 55126
You can make the change you want. And I can help. I can assist you in transforming negative and destructive thoughts and behavior into more helpful and compassionate responses. I start with assessing your particular patterns that are self-defeating to what you would like to change in your life. Then I design a program to help you change these behaviors and cope with your existing situation. This mindfulness-based therapy emphasizes working together to help you with depression, anxiety, addictions, eating disorders, and chronic or emotional pain; resolve relationship issues; or recover from trauma and grief.
You can make the change you want. And I can help. I can assist you in transforming negative and destructive thoughts and behavior into more helpful and compassionate responses. I start with assessing your particular patterns that are self-defeating to what you would like to change in your life. Then I design a program to help you change these behaviors and cope with your existing situation. This mindfulness-based therapy emphasizes working together to help you with depression, anxiety, addictions, eating disorders, and chronic or emotional pain; resolve relationship issues; or recover from trauma and grief.
![Photo of Robert Mantia, LPCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/423b5210-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
So it's come to this. You're looking for a counselor. Maybe you've been putting this off for a long time and something happened just recently to make you take the step. Maybe someone you know thinks you should "get help." Maybe there's something you want to talk about but don't know if you can tell your family or friends. Or maybe it's something totally different. My job is to give you the tools you need to make your current situation better by increasing your knowledge, skills, insight, awareness, and most of all, hope.
So it's come to this. You're looking for a counselor. Maybe you've been putting this off for a long time and something happened just recently to make you take the step. Maybe someone you know thinks you should "get help." Maybe there's something you want to talk about but don't know if you can tell your family or friends. Or maybe it's something totally different. My job is to give you the tools you need to make your current situation better by increasing your knowledge, skills, insight, awareness, and most of all, hope.
I find that it is most helpful to speak on the phone initially when sorting out whether you would be comfortable working with me and to see whether I can be helpful with the issues that you are facing. I have worked as a psychologist and marriage and family therapist for over twenty years. I have experience with a wide range of diagnoses including depression and anxiety. My caseload includes adults, adolescents and children. I see families and couples who are struggling with relationships, mental health problems and adjustment to life's developmental challenges.
I find that it is most helpful to speak on the phone initially when sorting out whether you would be comfortable working with me and to see whether I can be helpful with the issues that you are facing. I have worked as a psychologist and marriage and family therapist for over twenty years. I have experience with a wide range of diagnoses including depression and anxiety. My caseload includes adults, adolescents and children. I see families and couples who are struggling with relationships, mental health problems and adjustment to life's developmental challenges.
![Photo of Jack Stoltzfus - Family Behavioral Healthcare, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/460f14bc-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am America's Launch Coach. Today's parents struggle with how much to support and how much to let go of young adult children. Parents are closer to and more invested in the success of their kids than past generations. It's harder for both parents and young adults to let go. Young adults struggle with depression, anxiety, and trying to succeed in school and life in general. COVID-19 and the depressed economy stress families and lead to greater rates of depression and anxiety, and complicate the normal launch process. I work with both parents and young adults, depending upon who is seeking help.
I am America's Launch Coach. Today's parents struggle with how much to support and how much to let go of young adult children. Parents are closer to and more invested in the success of their kids than past generations. It's harder for both parents and young adults to let go. Young adults struggle with depression, anxiety, and trying to succeed in school and life in general. COVID-19 and the depressed economy stress families and lead to greater rates of depression and anxiety, and complicate the normal launch process. I work with both parents and young adults, depending upon who is seeking help.
![Photo of Beth Marolt, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c4a870b-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/6/320x400.jpeg)
The headlines read : These are the worst of times (Styx,1981). At times our situations can be overwhelming and truly feel like the worst of times. Life can be painful and difficult and sometimes feels out of control. I help clients deal with a variety of “worst of times” including marital conflict, medical crisis or chronic illness, parenting issues, a difficult child/teen, anger, depression/anxiety, etc. I will help you to solve these and other issues, and work together to make lasting changes.
The headlines read : These are the worst of times (Styx,1981). At times our situations can be overwhelming and truly feel like the worst of times. Life can be painful and difficult and sometimes feels out of control. I help clients deal with a variety of “worst of times” including marital conflict, medical crisis or chronic illness, parenting issues, a difficult child/teen, anger, depression/anxiety, etc. I will help you to solve these and other issues, and work together to make lasting changes.
![Photo of Jeffry David Jeanetta-Wark - Center for Integrated Well-Being, Inc., MA, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c5e50723-2ba3-43b9-9801-f6e9b62e694d/2/320x400.jpeg)
Center for Integrated Well-Being, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shoreview, MN 55126
With over 30 years in holistic psychotherapy, consulting, and education, I craft interventions to meet your goals while honoring your strengths. I lead training for mental health professionals, retreats, and men's groups. The ethos of my Authentic Manhood Programs is that every man can lead a fulfilling life. I provide tools for personal transformation through group work, individual therapy, and experiential learning. My programs develop mature, responsible manhood by focusing on holistic approaches and honoring each man's journey. Regardless of what led you to me, let's navigate blockages and embrace authentic living together.
With over 30 years in holistic psychotherapy, consulting, and education, I craft interventions to meet your goals while honoring your strengths. I lead training for mental health professionals, retreats, and men's groups. The ethos of my Authentic Manhood Programs is that every man can lead a fulfilling life. I provide tools for personal transformation through group work, individual therapy, and experiential learning. My programs develop mature, responsible manhood by focusing on holistic approaches and honoring each man's journey. Regardless of what led you to me, let's navigate blockages and embrace authentic living together.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Charlie Bulman, MPS, LPCC, LADC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9938cd0e-ed0f-4f0c-b41d-e5d12e06f1ed/3/320x400.jpeg)
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Licensed Drug and Alcohol Counselor. He has a long history of working to improve people’s mental wellness and promote recovery and participation in community. Charlie is experienced in working with trauma, depressive disorders, loneliness, anxiety disorders and behavioral issues. Charlie’s training is in integrated behavioral health with an emphasis on addiction and changing repetitive behaviors
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Licensed Drug and Alcohol Counselor. He has a long history of working to improve people’s mental wellness and promote recovery and participation in community. Charlie is experienced in working with trauma, depressive disorders, loneliness, anxiety disorders and behavioral issues. Charlie’s training is in integrated behavioral health with an emphasis on addiction and changing repetitive behaviors
![Photo of Kelly Karels, MA, LMFT, LADC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6b66b8a8-1407-4a15-9c3d-73577b88b4a0/1/320x400.jpeg)
Kelly Karels
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55127 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with individuals in areas of trauma, addiction, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and relational issues.
Waitlist. I believe that we are all story tellers of our own lives. The story evolves based on our past experiences, which in turn, may be how we view the world and our place in it. A few key ingredients people need to thrive are safety, significance and a sense of belonging. We need to be seen and heard. I offer a space that is safe for that to happen.
I work with individuals in areas of trauma, addiction, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and relational issues.
Waitlist. I believe that we are all story tellers of our own lives. The story evolves based on our past experiences, which in turn, may be how we view the world and our place in it. A few key ingredients people need to thrive are safety, significance and a sense of belonging. We need to be seen and heard. I offer a space that is safe for that to happen.
![Photo of Terri M Ulschmid, MA, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0a480c4d-98ea-4711-a18f-7287acddbba1/2/320x400.jpeg)
Terri M Ulschmid
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
White Bear Lake, MN 55127
My specialties include: anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar, personality disorders, spirituality, addiction and recovery, dialectical behavioral therapy, LGBTQIA issues, stress management, women’s issues, grief, and transitions.
Do you feel like you are in a pattern that appears to be repeating? Are you continuing to tell stories, and some can be painful to hold I work with people who experience stress and anxiety, grief and depression. We will do this by naming patterns and I will teach you how to regulate your emotions, learn how to communicate with others by standing up for yourself, and tolerate your emotions through difficult life events and stressful situations without making them worse
My specialties include: anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar, personality disorders, spirituality, addiction and recovery, dialectical behavioral therapy, LGBTQIA issues, stress management, women’s issues, grief, and transitions.
Do you feel like you are in a pattern that appears to be repeating? Are you continuing to tell stories, and some can be painful to hold I work with people who experience stress and anxiety, grief and depression. We will do this by naming patterns and I will teach you how to regulate your emotions, learn how to communicate with others by standing up for yourself, and tolerate your emotions through difficult life events and stressful situations without making them worse
![Photo of Missy Parsons-Stadler, MA, LPCC, LADC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ae28a4df-63a3-452b-95a7-69a9eb42af99/2/320x400.jpeg)
Missy Parsons-Stadler
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55127 (Online Only)
If you've been affected by addiction, emotionally distant parents, or just find yourself struggling in life... I offer a safe and compassionate space for you to explore your struggles and find ways to change dysfunctional relational patterns. If you are ready to start the journey of understanding, acceptance, and work toward change where it's needed...I will hold space for you and start where you are at, with no judgment. My specialty is working with relational change, addictive patterns, and adult women with ADHD or those suspect they might. However, I also enjoy working with anyone in life transition or who are "feeling stuck".
If you've been affected by addiction, emotionally distant parents, or just find yourself struggling in life... I offer a safe and compassionate space for you to explore your struggles and find ways to change dysfunctional relational patterns. If you are ready to start the journey of understanding, acceptance, and work toward change where it's needed...I will hold space for you and start where you are at, with no judgment. My specialty is working with relational change, addictive patterns, and adult women with ADHD or those suspect they might. However, I also enjoy working with anyone in life transition or who are "feeling stuck".
![Photo of Christy Greene, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f47cd311-d4c8-4973-8a1c-7e47821370fa/1/320x400.jpeg)
Christy Greene
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Oaks, MN 55127 (Online Only)
Taking consideration of your spiritual and cultural beliefs/identities, Christy is often honored to guide those with goals involving relationships, addiction/recovery, gender/sex, self-worth/love, honing intuition, trauma, symptoms of neurodivergence and motivation without perfectionism.
Contrary to the old saying, "change is hard"-change can be peaceful and efficient. When a therapist is tuned in to where you are at and you are motivated and eager to see a new life, transformation feels natural and even enjoyable. Feeling better shouldn't be a chore or scary and your therapist should be invested in the process and have their own therapeutic support to ensure ethical relationships. This is the new normal in sessions with Christy.
Taking consideration of your spiritual and cultural beliefs/identities, Christy is often honored to guide those with goals involving relationships, addiction/recovery, gender/sex, self-worth/love, honing intuition, trauma, symptoms of neurodivergence and motivation without perfectionism.
Contrary to the old saying, "change is hard"-change can be peaceful and efficient. When a therapist is tuned in to where you are at and you are motivated and eager to see a new life, transformation feels natural and even enjoyable. Feeling better shouldn't be a chore or scary and your therapist should be invested in the process and have their own therapeutic support to ensure ethical relationships. This is the new normal in sessions with Christy.
![Photo of Brenda Kittilson, MS, LICSW, LADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3cf0df16-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Brenda Kittilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LICSW, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55126
My specialty is working with adults who have both mental health and substance use issues.
I strongly believe in taking a strengths-based, resilience approach, and in looking for the positive. I am an experienced, licensed mental health therapist, and a chemical dependency counselor. I work with individuals, couples, and families regarding a wide range of issues. I take an individualized, collaborative approach tailored to the needs of the client. Issue areas include: adjustment, grief and loss, relationships, parenting, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, Bipolar disorder, trauma and PTSD, addictions, and dual disorders. I believe in taking a Systems approach in working with couples and families. I find the work of Dr. John Gottman to be especially helpful in overcoming "gridlock."
My specialty is working with adults who have both mental health and substance use issues.
I strongly believe in taking a strengths-based, resilience approach, and in looking for the positive. I am an experienced, licensed mental health therapist, and a chemical dependency counselor. I work with individuals, couples, and families regarding a wide range of issues. I take an individualized, collaborative approach tailored to the needs of the client. Issue areas include: adjustment, grief and loss, relationships, parenting, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, Bipolar disorder, trauma and PTSD, addictions, and dual disorders. I believe in taking a Systems approach in working with couples and families. I find the work of Dr. John Gottman to be especially helpful in overcoming "gridlock."
See more therapy options for Shoreview
Nearby Addiction Therapists Searches for Shoreview
- Blaine
- Circle Pines
- Columbia Heights
- Fridley
- Lino Lakes
- Little Canada
- Maplewood
- New Brighton
- Roseville
- Saint Paul
- Spring Lake Park
- White Bear Lake
Addiction Therapists
What is the best therapy for addiction?
Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.
How long does therapy for addiction take?
There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.
How effective is drug addiction treatment?
Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.
How can you get addiction treatment for someone?
The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.