Internal Family Systems (IFS) Therapists in Roseville, MN

James Owen Engen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
Using Narrative Therapy, Internal Family System ( IFS), and Brain Spotting, you will be able to move forward and find contentment.
Your recent loss has brought up many questions for you about the future. You've been wondering how you will survive and move forward now that someone so important to you is gone. You're not trying to deny the loss, but you don't know how to adapt to it. While others continue life as usual, you feel your life has reached a standstill. You can't go back to the way things used to be and you're not sure how things can go on. You were not ready to say goodbye, and now you're not ready to continue your life without them. You wish you could find relief from this grief.
Using Narrative Therapy, Internal Family System ( IFS), and Brain Spotting, you will be able to move forward and find contentment.
Your recent loss has brought up many questions for you about the future. You've been wondering how you will survive and move forward now that someone so important to you is gone. You're not trying to deny the loss, but you don't know how to adapt to it. While others continue life as usual, you feel your life has reached a standstill. You can't go back to the way things used to be and you're not sure how things can go on. You were not ready to say goodbye, and now you're not ready to continue your life without them. You wish you could find relief from this grief.
(651) 413-3061 View (651) 413-3061
Photo of Kay Blassingame, MA, LPCC, EMDR, Counselor
Kay Blassingame
Counselor, MA, LPCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
I am trained in EMDR, Inner Child Therapy, IFS, & Somatic Focusing.
My practice is currently accepting new patients. We're are urged to practice self-love and compassion, have good boundaries, and healthy relationships, but if you’re stuck in anxiety, self-criticism, or depression, it is hard to do. I help unlock your innate ability to offer compassion towards yourself in your past, present and future. Issues that I address include emotional/physical abuse, poor self-esteem and negative self-talk, grief, stress from relationships, jobs or society, depression and anxiety, and boundary setting.
I am trained in EMDR, Inner Child Therapy, IFS, & Somatic Focusing.
My practice is currently accepting new patients. We're are urged to practice self-love and compassion, have good boundaries, and healthy relationships, but if you’re stuck in anxiety, self-criticism, or depression, it is hard to do. I help unlock your innate ability to offer compassion towards yourself in your past, present and future. Issues that I address include emotional/physical abuse, poor self-esteem and negative self-talk, grief, stress from relationships, jobs or society, depression and anxiety, and boundary setting.
(651) 565-7285 View (651) 565-7285
Photo of Denise Zajac - Twin Cities Mental Health & Couples Center, MAT, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Twin Cities Mental Health & Couples Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAT, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113
My systemic, non-judgmental, holistic and integrative process integrates family structure, relationship dynamics, specific cognitive- behavioral, experiential, Internal family systems, EMDR and spirituality/mindfulness approaches.
I work collaboratively with individuals, couples, & families to help them cultivate a deeper self-awareness, discover new ways of expression, transform dysfunctional patterns, have more satisfying relationships and ensue a more meaningful life. Research has shown having purpose and meaning in life increases overall wellbeing and life satisfaction, improves mental and physical health, enhances resiliency and self-esteem, and decreases the chances of depression.
My systemic, non-judgmental, holistic and integrative process integrates family structure, relationship dynamics, specific cognitive- behavioral, experiential, Internal family systems, EMDR and spirituality/mindfulness approaches.
I work collaboratively with individuals, couples, & families to help them cultivate a deeper self-awareness, discover new ways of expression, transform dysfunctional patterns, have more satisfying relationships and ensue a more meaningful life. Research has shown having purpose and meaning in life increases overall wellbeing and life satisfaction, improves mental and physical health, enhances resiliency and self-esteem, and decreases the chances of depression.
(612) 279-8054 View (612) 279-8054
Photo of Renee Davidson, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Renee Davidson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113
In sessions you can expect Internal Family Systems work, Mindfulness-based, and Somatic-based therapies.
The world and our individual lives can change rapidly. Overwhelm, anxiety and depression are some of the many byproducts. As J. Krishnamurti stated: "It is no sign of health to be well adjusted to a sick society." Whether you are new to therapy, previously tried therapy, or are have an acute need for support, I welcome you to my practice. I can help with symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and grief. Clients say they leave the first session feeling seen and heard, with less anxiety & tension, and more ease, openness & hope. You will walk out of sessions knowing yourself in new ways with tools to help yourself in life.
In sessions you can expect Internal Family Systems work, Mindfulness-based, and Somatic-based therapies.
The world and our individual lives can change rapidly. Overwhelm, anxiety and depression are some of the many byproducts. As J. Krishnamurti stated: "It is no sign of health to be well adjusted to a sick society." Whether you are new to therapy, previously tried therapy, or are have an acute need for support, I welcome you to my practice. I can help with symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and grief. Clients say they leave the first session feeling seen and heard, with less anxiety & tension, and more ease, openness & hope. You will walk out of sessions knowing yourself in new ways with tools to help yourself in life.
(651) 299-4679 View (651) 299-4679
Photo of Heather A Liebswager, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Heather A Liebswager
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
I am a trauma informed therapist with training in TF-CBT, Anchors Relational (former AIR), Traumatic Stress Studies, IFS, and YTT yoga teacher training.
I have helped many people succeed with life transitions that were struggling to make changes on their own. It’s difficult to know what to do when you’re hurting while also navigating a change in relationship or job or moving. It can feel very isolating. In therapy you’re able to take the time for you to get the answers you’re looking for and the relief from the pain. If you are a person who is suffering from separation or divorce, a person who is anxious about a change in career, or has experienced trauma(s) that impact you today I can help.
I am a trauma informed therapist with training in TF-CBT, Anchors Relational (former AIR), Traumatic Stress Studies, IFS, and YTT yoga teacher training.
I have helped many people succeed with life transitions that were struggling to make changes on their own. It’s difficult to know what to do when you’re hurting while also navigating a change in relationship or job or moving. It can feel very isolating. In therapy you’re able to take the time for you to get the answers you’re looking for and the relief from the pain. If you are a person who is suffering from separation or divorce, a person who is anxious about a change in career, or has experienced trauma(s) that impact you today I can help.
(651) 376-2604 View (651) 376-2604
Photo of Kelly Heagle, MA, LMFT, RPT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kelly Heagle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
Life can be overwhelming at times. I offer safe and warm space and gentle guidance to help you tap into your own inner wisdom. I enjoy working with clients as they transition to new phases of life. Transitions from college to work, from single to partnered, partnered to unpartnered, becoming a new parent, starting a new career or venture. Clients describe me as down to earth, creative, compassionate, funny, direct, warm and intuitive. I have speciality in grief and loss, parenting, adoption and family of origin patterns I draw from theories of IFS, Attachment, Narrative and Somatic/Experiential modalities.
Life can be overwhelming at times. I offer safe and warm space and gentle guidance to help you tap into your own inner wisdom. I enjoy working with clients as they transition to new phases of life. Transitions from college to work, from single to partnered, partnered to unpartnered, becoming a new parent, starting a new career or venture. Clients describe me as down to earth, creative, compassionate, funny, direct, warm and intuitive. I have speciality in grief and loss, parenting, adoption and family of origin patterns I draw from theories of IFS, Attachment, Narrative and Somatic/Experiential modalities.
(612) 324-5088 View (612) 324-5088
Photo of Faten Hope Khoury - Twin Cities Mental Health&Couples Faten Khoury , Post, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Twin Cities Mental Health&Couples Faten Khoury
Marriage & Family Therapist, Post, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
For support in managing difficulties in your personal & professional lives caused by unresolved traumas or conflict, therapy can help. I work with individuals, couples, & families to help collaboratively tackle the challenges they are facing, through creating a new insight & forming an action, solution plan. Additionally, I practice EMDR therapy, AEDP, Brainspotting and Neurofeedback and find it powerful in healing a range of psychological concerns including depression, anxiety, shame and trauma and areas where clients experience "being stuck". My practice is based on years of well-established evidence-based effective treatments.
For support in managing difficulties in your personal & professional lives caused by unresolved traumas or conflict, therapy can help. I work with individuals, couples, & families to help collaboratively tackle the challenges they are facing, through creating a new insight & forming an action, solution plan. Additionally, I practice EMDR therapy, AEDP, Brainspotting and Neurofeedback and find it powerful in healing a range of psychological concerns including depression, anxiety, shame and trauma and areas where clients experience "being stuck". My practice is based on years of well-established evidence-based effective treatments.
(651) 760-5407 View (651) 760-5407
Photo of Bekah Saliterman, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bekah Saliterman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
Therapy is a process that can be challenging and at times hard, yet an exciting journey to be embraced. I believe in mindfulness, sincerity, honesty, and that people are inherently strong and have many of their own internal answers. Therapy is a partnership that encompasses a growth process that provides knowledge and tools to life's amazing roadmap. I work with clients to develop a collaborative approach to address concerns to meeting personal goals and the potential they believe in. I am passionate about my work and have deep respect for the clients I work with and the risks they take.
Therapy is a process that can be challenging and at times hard, yet an exciting journey to be embraced. I believe in mindfulness, sincerity, honesty, and that people are inherently strong and have many of their own internal answers. Therapy is a partnership that encompasses a growth process that provides knowledge and tools to life's amazing roadmap. I work with clients to develop a collaborative approach to address concerns to meeting personal goals and the potential they believe in. I am passionate about my work and have deep respect for the clients I work with and the risks they take.
(651) 314-3722 View (651) 314-3722
Photo of Julian Sachs, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julian Sachs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
I know how hard it can be to make those first steps. I am here to support you as you grow towards a better and more sustainable future. I specialize in identity and role exploration along with the managing the related disorders that come with masking, keeping up appearances, or lost sense of self. These can include depression, big emotions, stress, burnout and high anxiety- especially among those working in high pressure jobs or other stressful roles. This also includes exploring identity and social roles as an LGBTIA+ or Autistic person, dissociative disorders, ADHD and executive functioning challenges in general.
I know how hard it can be to make those first steps. I am here to support you as you grow towards a better and more sustainable future. I specialize in identity and role exploration along with the managing the related disorders that come with masking, keeping up appearances, or lost sense of self. These can include depression, big emotions, stress, burnout and high anxiety- especially among those working in high pressure jobs or other stressful roles. This also includes exploring identity and social roles as an LGBTIA+ or Autistic person, dissociative disorders, ADHD and executive functioning challenges in general.
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Photo of Kevin Kelly, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kevin Kelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
I see individuals and couples. One of my strengths as a therapist is working respectfully with men who would rather not be in therapy. I understand why many men are skeptical about therapy, or uncomfortable talking about feelings, and I do not get judgmental or impatient about this. Men who are concerned that in couple therapy they might be ganged up on and blamed will find that I don't this, to them or their partner. And of course, I also enjoy working with women, and with men who are comfortable with therapy!
I see individuals and couples. One of my strengths as a therapist is working respectfully with men who would rather not be in therapy. I understand why many men are skeptical about therapy, or uncomfortable talking about feelings, and I do not get judgmental or impatient about this. Men who are concerned that in couple therapy they might be ganged up on and blamed will find that I don't this, to them or their partner. And of course, I also enjoy working with women, and with men who are comfortable with therapy!
(651) 447-4878 View (651) 447-4878
Photo of Kyla Reinholdson, MA, LAMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kyla Reinholdson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
Do you feel unseen? Unheard? Overwhelmed? Hopeless? Anxious? Perhaps tired? Do you feel you’re not where you want to be or maybe you don’t recognize yourself anymore? Do you feel like something needs to change but you don't know where to start? Life is a journey of many highs and lows, it gets heavy, cloudy, exhausting and confusing. I want to help you improve the quality of your life by helping you examine yourself, your relationships, skills and strengths.
Do you feel unseen? Unheard? Overwhelmed? Hopeless? Anxious? Perhaps tired? Do you feel you’re not where you want to be or maybe you don’t recognize yourself anymore? Do you feel like something needs to change but you don't know where to start? Life is a journey of many highs and lows, it gets heavy, cloudy, exhausting and confusing. I want to help you improve the quality of your life by helping you examine yourself, your relationships, skills and strengths.
(651) 318-4619 View (651) 318-4619
Photo of Tamara Lynn Tinkham, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Tamara Lynn Tinkham
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
There is typically some pain or a difficult event that brought you here- searching for a psychologist. Perhaps you have a hard decision to make and you’re stressed. I’m glad you’re checking out therapy as part of the solution. Maybe you’re struggling in your relationships or need to find direction. You might be struggling to find peace of mind and know you need to make some internal shifts. I work with academics and activists, entrepreneurs and artists, and many in healthcare themselves. I create a warm and productive environment with safety and flexibility. Please visit my website for further information at: www.TamaraTinkham.com
There is typically some pain or a difficult event that brought you here- searching for a psychologist. Perhaps you have a hard decision to make and you’re stressed. I’m glad you’re checking out therapy as part of the solution. Maybe you’re struggling in your relationships or need to find direction. You might be struggling to find peace of mind and know you need to make some internal shifts. I work with academics and activists, entrepreneurs and artists, and many in healthcare themselves. I create a warm and productive environment with safety and flexibility. Please visit my website for further information at: www.TamaraTinkham.com
(952) 243-5639 View (952) 243-5639
Photo of Hector Rene Matascastillo, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hector Rene Matascastillo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
I am trained in DBT, EMDR (Certified Therapist, Approved Consultant and Trainer), and developed batterer intervention programs. Most of my work deals with the effects of trauma in people's lives and it's behavioral manifestations. The clients I treat vary in issues, from individual to family issues, and from seemingly simple to highly complex cases. My strengths are mostly in the area of stabilizing clients to be able to do their trauma work and then improve their relationships. We want to stop suffering and live the abundant life. A life of joy. A life worth living.
I am trained in DBT, EMDR (Certified Therapist, Approved Consultant and Trainer), and developed batterer intervention programs. Most of my work deals with the effects of trauma in people's lives and it's behavioral manifestations. The clients I treat vary in issues, from individual to family issues, and from seemingly simple to highly complex cases. My strengths are mostly in the area of stabilizing clients to be able to do their trauma work and then improve their relationships. We want to stop suffering and live the abundant life. A life of joy. A life worth living.
(952) 314-4316 View (952) 314-4316
Photo of Lee Thao, MA, LPCC, LADC, CCTP
Lee Thao
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113
Do you find yourself struggling with anxiety, grief, relationships, or a loss of a sense of self that affects your day-to-day life? Does it feel like most of the time you are just going through the motions of life? Just trying to get through the day, answering emails, texts, or calls because you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, frustrated, lost, or sad? Do you question, wonder, or hope that things could be better? Together we work through and move past challenges/losses, make sense of emotions, and learn coping skills to help manage, improve, and overcome difficult relationships.
Do you find yourself struggling with anxiety, grief, relationships, or a loss of a sense of self that affects your day-to-day life? Does it feel like most of the time you are just going through the motions of life? Just trying to get through the day, answering emails, texts, or calls because you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, frustrated, lost, or sad? Do you question, wonder, or hope that things could be better? Together we work through and move past challenges/losses, make sense of emotions, and learn coping skills to help manage, improve, and overcome difficult relationships.
(952) 295-4030 View (952) 295-4030
Photo of Patty Dumont, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patty Dumont
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
I help adults learn to effectively cope with anxiety, depression, self esteem/worth, grief/loss and relationship issues. I assist with exploring their thoughts, actions and behaviors, so that they can achieve their goals. I also assist clients in managing life stressors that may be impacting/worsening their overall wellbeing through a whole person approach. I am also trained and offer Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
I help adults learn to effectively cope with anxiety, depression, self esteem/worth, grief/loss and relationship issues. I assist with exploring their thoughts, actions and behaviors, so that they can achieve their goals. I also assist clients in managing life stressors that may be impacting/worsening their overall wellbeing through a whole person approach. I am also trained and offer Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
(941) 242-7531 View (941) 242-7531
Photo of Vessela Kouneva, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Vessela Kouneva
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113  (Online Only)
OPENINGS for Couple's Therapy! Are you struggling with your relationship? Do you fight and have difficulty communicating with your partner? I understand the pain of feeling judged, shut out and rejected and the fear of losing the most important relationship in you life. I can provide a safe space for you and your partner to ask each other and answer one of the most important questions in relationships: "Are you there for me?" I can help you strengthen your bond and rekindle your passion. Call me for a free 15 minutes consultation.
OPENINGS for Couple's Therapy! Are you struggling with your relationship? Do you fight and have difficulty communicating with your partner? I understand the pain of feeling judged, shut out and rejected and the fear of losing the most important relationship in you life. I can provide a safe space for you and your partner to ask each other and answer one of the most important questions in relationships: "Are you there for me?" I can help you strengthen your bond and rekindle your passion. Call me for a free 15 minutes consultation.
(651) 315-8413 View (651) 315-8413
Photo of Lisa LeMay, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lisa LeMay
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113
What I offer is genuine concern, empathy, kindness, and the kind of listening that lets you know you've really been heard and understood. I can help you identify what is causing your pain and will offer practical suggestions and specific tools you can try right away to try to improve your situation. Together we can look at your difficulty, find a way through, and make meaning out of your experience, which will lead you to a more grounded sense of self, healthier relationships, and a more satisfying life.
What I offer is genuine concern, empathy, kindness, and the kind of listening that lets you know you've really been heard and understood. I can help you identify what is causing your pain and will offer practical suggestions and specific tools you can try right away to try to improve your situation. Together we can look at your difficulty, find a way through, and make meaning out of your experience, which will lead you to a more grounded sense of self, healthier relationships, and a more satisfying life.
(612) 979-1345 View (612) 979-1345
Photo of Kelly Evans - Down to Earth Therapy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Down to Earth Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Roseville, MN 55113
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
(651) 376-2749 View (651) 376-2749
Photo of Sharon Stein McNamara - Sharon Stein McNamara Ed.D. Psychology Inc., EdD, LP, Psychologist
Sharon Stein McNamara Ed.D. Psychology Inc.
Psychologist, EdD, LP
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55113
You can make the change you want. And I can help. I can assist you in transforming negative and destructive thoughts and behavior into more helpful and compassionate responses. I start with assessing your particular patterns that are self-defeating to what you would like to change in your life. Then I design a program to help you change these behaviors and cope with your existing situation. This mindfulness-based therapy emphasizes working together to help you with depression, anxiety, addictions, eating disorders, and chronic or emotional pain; resolve relationship issues; or recover from trauma and grief.
You can make the change you want. And I can help. I can assist you in transforming negative and destructive thoughts and behavior into more helpful and compassionate responses. I start with assessing your particular patterns that are self-defeating to what you would like to change in your life. Then I design a program to help you change these behaviors and cope with your existing situation. This mindfulness-based therapy emphasizes working together to help you with depression, anxiety, addictions, eating disorders, and chronic or emotional pain; resolve relationship issues; or recover from trauma and grief.
(651) 760-5181 View (651) 760-5181
Photo of Porsche Peak - Peak Behavioral Health
Peak Behavioral Health
Verified Verified
Roseville, MN 55126
Peak’s dedication to inclusivity begins with all of the members on our Team. Our diverse backgrounds, world-views, experiences and clinical interests have led us to do this important work, together. Our dedication to inclusivity extend beyond the radical acceptance of race, nationality, sexuality, gender, ability, education, religion, culture, socioeconomic status, education and more. Our dedication to this work also means that we never stop learning or looking for new and different ways to be more inclusive, informed and knowledgable to better serve our clients.
Peak’s dedication to inclusivity begins with all of the members on our Team. Our diverse backgrounds, world-views, experiences and clinical interests have led us to do this important work, together. Our dedication to inclusivity extend beyond the radical acceptance of race, nationality, sexuality, gender, ability, education, religion, culture, socioeconomic status, education and more. Our dedication to this work also means that we never stop learning or looking for new and different ways to be more inclusive, informed and knowledgable to better serve our clients.
(651) 383-9159 View (651) 383-9159
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Internal Family Systems (IFS) Therapists

What is Internal Family Systems therapy?

Internal Family Systems (IFS) is a type of talk therapy that focuses on sub-personalities, or “families,” within a person, which may be made up of wounded parts and unpleasant emotions like anger and shame. These sub-personalities can come into conflict with each other and with an individual’s core Self, leaving the person feeling detached from positive traits such as the “8 C’s” of confidence, calmness, creativity, clarity, curiosity, courage, compassion, and connectedness. By healing a patient’s wounded parts, a therapist aims to restore balance and bring on positive change.

How does Internal Family Systems therapy work?

An IFS therapist will work with a patient to identify their particular sub-personalities, recognize the emotions powering them, and release them. By doing so, the patient should become more able to address any underlying problems their sub-personalities may have been trying to protect them from. Ultimately, a patient discovers ways to manage internal and external conflicts on their own, through techniques such as relaxation exercises, journaling, and making charts depicting the relationships between their core Self and their distinct parts.

Does Internal Family Systems therapy work?

IFS therapy has been shown to help people address conditions such as depression, anxiety, panic, fears and phobias, trauma, and substance use disorders. Some research has also found that it can help individuals deal with symptoms of physical health conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, such as pain, everyday functioning, depressive feelings, and low self-compassion. There are some conditions for which IFS treatment, specifically discussions of one’s “parts,” may be less appropriate, such as schizophrenia or other states that involve psychosis or paranoia.

How long does Internal Family Systems therapy take?

As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for IFS therapy. After becoming comfortable with a therapist and the core concepts of IFS, some patients quickly make progress. While experiences vary, most will find that it is a relatively longer-term therapy, involving months and sometimes years of sessions.