Depression Therapists in Oakdale, MN

Photo of Renee Penticoff, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Renee Penticoff
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Penticoff is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in individual, adolescent and family therapy. With over 25 years of experience providing therapy and community based services, Dr. Penticoff serves as a private practitioner working with a broad spectrum of clients. Among her areas of expertise are adolescent struggles, depression, anxiety disorders in children, and family therapy. Dr. Penticoff is an interactive, solution-focused therapist. Her therapeutic approach is to provide support and insight oriented feedback to help clients effectively address personal life challenges.
Dr. Penticoff is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in individual, adolescent and family therapy. With over 25 years of experience providing therapy and community based services, Dr. Penticoff serves as a private practitioner working with a broad spectrum of clients. Among her areas of expertise are adolescent struggles, depression, anxiety disorders in children, and family therapy. Dr. Penticoff is an interactive, solution-focused therapist. Her therapeutic approach is to provide support and insight oriented feedback to help clients effectively address personal life challenges.
(651) 401-8059 View (651) 401-8059
Photo of Sara Bowd, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sara Bowd
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
My experience includes treating trauma, depression, anxiety, autism as well as grief and loss.
As a mental health professional, I strive to create a safe and secure space that is free of judgement in order to facilitate exploration and inner healing. I believe establishing a therapeutic relationship based on trust, care and acceptance is so important. From my own journey with mental health, I understand how exhausting and frustrating it can be to get the help you need within the traditional mental health system. I want you to know that you are not alone.
My experience includes treating trauma, depression, anxiety, autism as well as grief and loss.
As a mental health professional, I strive to create a safe and secure space that is free of judgement in order to facilitate exploration and inner healing. I believe establishing a therapeutic relationship based on trust, care and acceptance is so important. From my own journey with mental health, I understand how exhausting and frustrating it can be to get the help you need within the traditional mental health system. I want you to know that you are not alone.
(651) 800-7512 View (651) 800-7512
Photo of Brittanie Omodt, MA, LPC, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brittanie Omodt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128  (Online Only)
Availability for 6am, 7am, and 8am appointments beginning in September! I work with folks who are 18 years old or older, and am licensed with both MN and WI. I enjoy helping those who are struggling with a variety of stressors and symptoms such as anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions (e.g., parenthood, college, ending of relationships, jobs, moving, etc.), grief and loss, and low self-esteem. I strongly believe in meeting people where they are at when they walk through the door without judgment. I pull from a variety of therapeutic techniques based on the individual’s needs such as Humanistic, Existential, and CBT.
Availability for 6am, 7am, and 8am appointments beginning in September! I work with folks who are 18 years old or older, and am licensed with both MN and WI. I enjoy helping those who are struggling with a variety of stressors and symptoms such as anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions (e.g., parenthood, college, ending of relationships, jobs, moving, etc.), grief and loss, and low self-esteem. I strongly believe in meeting people where they are at when they walk through the door without judgment. I pull from a variety of therapeutic techniques based on the individual’s needs such as Humanistic, Existential, and CBT.
(651) 424-1587 View (651) 424-1587
Photo of Joseph Krohn, MPS, LADC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Joseph Krohn
Pre-Licensed Professional, MPS, LADC
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
Hello! I'm Joe, and I am deeply committed to providing a safe, inclusive space for everyone to explore their journey. With a background as a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor and with a Master of Professional Studies in Integrated Behavioral Health, I have developed specializations including LGBTQ+ related concerns, anxiety and depression management, and enhancing self-worth and self-esteem. These specialties, along with training and experience in additional areas, enable me to guide you through life's uncertainties with empathy and compassion, tailoring our sessions to meet your unique needs.
Hello! I'm Joe, and I am deeply committed to providing a safe, inclusive space for everyone to explore their journey. With a background as a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor and with a Master of Professional Studies in Integrated Behavioral Health, I have developed specializations including LGBTQ+ related concerns, anxiety and depression management, and enhancing self-worth and self-esteem. These specialties, along with training and experience in additional areas, enable me to guide you through life's uncertainties with empathy and compassion, tailoring our sessions to meet your unique needs.
(651) 615-6904 View (651) 615-6904
Photo of Adam Palowski - Canvas Health, Oakdale, LPCC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Canvas Health, Oakdale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPCC
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
All are welcome at Canvas Health! Our compassionate clinicians help children, adolescents, adults, and families who struggle with mental illness and substance use disorders through exceptional clinical care. We work with clients from every walk of life who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, addiction, substance use disorders, panic attacks, mood disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and more. We specialize in complex issues that can be addressed through our more than 35 programs.
All are welcome at Canvas Health! Our compassionate clinicians help children, adolescents, adults, and families who struggle with mental illness and substance use disorders through exceptional clinical care. We work with clients from every walk of life who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, addiction, substance use disorders, panic attacks, mood disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and more. We specialize in complex issues that can be addressed through our more than 35 programs.
(651) 433-6187 View (651) 433-6187
Photo of Erin Fox, MA, MMT, MT-BC, MHP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Erin Fox
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MMT, MT-BC, MHP
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
My ideal clients are adolescents, young adults, adults and couples, who are dealing with issues associated with shifting life roles, exploration of identity, anxiety and/or depression, difficulty with relationships, caregiver stress, grief and loss, seeking more meaning and purpose to their life, and/or seeking healing from inner wounds and trauma. I enjoy working with individuals seeking creative ways to explore what is holding them back from leading a fuller life. Through a combination of dialogue, music, and art, we will collaboratively uncover new areas of awareness that lead to positive shifts in their life.
My ideal clients are adolescents, young adults, adults and couples, who are dealing with issues associated with shifting life roles, exploration of identity, anxiety and/or depression, difficulty with relationships, caregiver stress, grief and loss, seeking more meaning and purpose to their life, and/or seeking healing from inner wounds and trauma. I enjoy working with individuals seeking creative ways to explore what is holding them back from leading a fuller life. Through a combination of dialogue, music, and art, we will collaboratively uncover new areas of awareness that lead to positive shifts in their life.
(651) 661-5094 View (651) 661-5094
Photo of Emma Virden, MSW, LGSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emma Virden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
I specialize in working with young children, adults, and parents struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, self-esteem, healthy eating, life transitions, emotional regulation, and parenting concerns. My focus is to first build trust and relationship, establishing a safe space where clients can feel comfortable being vulnerable and voicing experiences. Sessions with me feel like a conversation where you are seen and heard, tailoring the approach to best fit your needs. Client’s can expect lots of humor, transparency, honesty, and compassion.
I specialize in working with young children, adults, and parents struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, self-esteem, healthy eating, life transitions, emotional regulation, and parenting concerns. My focus is to first build trust and relationship, establishing a safe space where clients can feel comfortable being vulnerable and voicing experiences. Sessions with me feel like a conversation where you are seen and heard, tailoring the approach to best fit your needs. Client’s can expect lots of humor, transparency, honesty, and compassion.
(651) 427-3139 View (651) 427-3139
Photo of Rebecca A Murphy, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Rebecca A Murphy
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
MPS is an outpatient psychotherapy clinic in Woodbury that specializes in the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with mental health concerns. We commonly treat the following concerns: Mood Disorders (Depression, Bipolar Disorder), Anxiety Disorders (Generalized, Separation, Social, Phobias, Panic), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Tourettes/Motor Tic Disorder, Life and/or Family Changes, Grief and Loss, Psychosis, Trauma, and Attention & Focus Concerns (ADHD).
MPS is an outpatient psychotherapy clinic in Woodbury that specializes in the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with mental health concerns. We commonly treat the following concerns: Mood Disorders (Depression, Bipolar Disorder), Anxiety Disorders (Generalized, Separation, Social, Phobias, Panic), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Tourettes/Motor Tic Disorder, Life and/or Family Changes, Grief and Loss, Psychosis, Trauma, and Attention & Focus Concerns (ADHD).
(612) 324-8084 View (612) 324-8084
Photo of Rachel Champeau Sneve, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Rachel Champeau Sneve
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
I have worked with children with special needs as well as adolescents struggling with depression, anxiety, anger, and LGBTQ identity concerns.
I provide a supportive and encouraging environment where you are free to express frustrations, concerns, and fears you may be experiencing. I firmly believe that people should be accepted and supported for who they are regardless of what they may currently be experiencing.Through such encouragement clients have felt able to face their challenges head on and succeed. I view the therapeutic process as highly collaborative between client and therapist. I often encourage clients to set goals that we can work on together. After all, this journey is about you and I am along to guide you on your way.
I have worked with children with special needs as well as adolescents struggling with depression, anxiety, anger, and LGBTQ identity concerns.
I provide a supportive and encouraging environment where you are free to express frustrations, concerns, and fears you may be experiencing. I firmly believe that people should be accepted and supported for who they are regardless of what they may currently be experiencing.Through such encouragement clients have felt able to face their challenges head on and succeed. I view the therapeutic process as highly collaborative between client and therapist. I often encourage clients to set goals that we can work on together. After all, this journey is about you and I am along to guide you on your way.
(612) 261-0255 View (612) 261-0255
Photo of Greg Meyer - Greg H. Meyer, MA, LP, MA, LP, Psychologist
Greg H. Meyer, MA, LP
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
My expertise includes assessing and counseling adults for depression, anxiety,chemical dependency, and anger regulation.
Prior to my eighteen years as a therapist and psychologist, I worked in the business world in retail sales, management, and company ownership. These life experiences enhance my ability to both understand and empathize with my clients in many of their daily problems. You may be experiencing overwhelming feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and low self-esteem. I can work with you to help manage your feelings and create a plan to address your circumstances. You deserve to live a happy and fulfilling life. I invite you to visit my web site www.gregmeyermalp.com to begin that journey.
My expertise includes assessing and counseling adults for depression, anxiety,chemical dependency, and anger regulation.
Prior to my eighteen years as a therapist and psychologist, I worked in the business world in retail sales, management, and company ownership. These life experiences enhance my ability to both understand and empathize with my clients in many of their daily problems. You may be experiencing overwhelming feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and low self-esteem. I can work with you to help manage your feelings and create a plan to address your circumstances. You deserve to live a happy and fulfilling life. I invite you to visit my web site www.gregmeyermalp.com to begin that journey.
(651) 314-4792 View (651) 314-4792
Photo of Dr. Hannah L Flanery - Hannah Flanery, PhD , PhD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hannah Flanery, PhD
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
I have experience providing CBT, ACT, and DBT for depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, and psychological evaluations.
Life can be hard and throw numerous obstacles in our way. Individuals I work with tend to experience stress and other symptoms that are getting in the way of their ultimate happiness and other important goals. I help others by building a strong foundation in the relationship between the therapist and the client. I tailor treatment with the client's goals in mind. To do this, I use evidence-based treatments as well as a blend of evidence-informed practices.
I have experience providing CBT, ACT, and DBT for depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, and psychological evaluations.
Life can be hard and throw numerous obstacles in our way. Individuals I work with tend to experience stress and other symptoms that are getting in the way of their ultimate happiness and other important goals. I help others by building a strong foundation in the relationship between the therapist and the client. I tailor treatment with the client's goals in mind. To do this, I use evidence-based treatments as well as a blend of evidence-informed practices.
(651) 800-9985 View (651) 800-9985
Photo of Heather Deveny-Leggitt, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Heather Deveny-Leggitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, trauma, attachment issues, family of origin work, and parenting challenges.
I strive to provide a safe, supportive space for you to feel seen and heard. I believe that gaining insight and approaching oneself with compassion allows for healing. While exploring emotions and relational patterns, I integrate information about current neuro-research that helps make sense of different reactions and/or stuck patterns. Together, we will work through unresolved issues, process them, and begin to move forward.
I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, trauma, attachment issues, family of origin work, and parenting challenges.
I strive to provide a safe, supportive space for you to feel seen and heard. I believe that gaining insight and approaching oneself with compassion allows for healing. While exploring emotions and relational patterns, I integrate information about current neuro-research that helps make sense of different reactions and/or stuck patterns. Together, we will work through unresolved issues, process them, and begin to move forward.
(651) 419-5863 View (651) 419-5863
Photo of Kevin A Johnson, MA, LMFT, LADC, CTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kevin A Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LADC, CTP
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
Waitlist for new clients
My specialties include addiction counseling, relationship issues, trauma recovery, anxiety, and depression.
As a dually licensed mental health professional in the state of MN, I bring a unique blend of expertise to my practice. Holding licenses as an addiction specialist and a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT), I am dedicated to providing compassionate and effective therapy to individuals, couples, and families.
My specialties include addiction counseling, relationship issues, trauma recovery, anxiety, and depression.
As a dually licensed mental health professional in the state of MN, I bring a unique blend of expertise to my practice. Holding licenses as an addiction specialist and a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT), I am dedicated to providing compassionate and effective therapy to individuals, couples, and families.
(651) 564-9958 View (651) 564-9958
Photo of Melinda R Coscarelli, PhD, LPCC, LADC, Counselor
Melinda R Coscarelli
Counselor, PhD, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
I am specialized in neuro-science based interventions which are the most effective for treating everything from trauma such as PTSD, depression, anxiety, self esteem issues, substance use disorders, anger issues and much more.
Are you ready for something better in your life but don't know where to start? Welcome to the next generation in Therapy and Treatment Programming! We are a group of specialized therapists who get right to the root of the issue, helping you feel better much quicker than some of the traditional therapies. We offer evidenced based neuro-science techniques that are effective for treating everything from trauma, PTSD, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, substance abuse and several other concerns. We are warm, welcoming, compassionate and highly skilled. We take good care of our clients, and we will take good care of YOU!
I am specialized in neuro-science based interventions which are the most effective for treating everything from trauma such as PTSD, depression, anxiety, self esteem issues, substance use disorders, anger issues and much more.
Are you ready for something better in your life but don't know where to start? Welcome to the next generation in Therapy and Treatment Programming! We are a group of specialized therapists who get right to the root of the issue, helping you feel better much quicker than some of the traditional therapies. We offer evidenced based neuro-science techniques that are effective for treating everything from trauma, PTSD, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, substance abuse and several other concerns. We are warm, welcoming, compassionate and highly skilled. We take good care of our clients, and we will take good care of YOU!
(651) 372-8567 View (651) 372-8567
Photo of Talia Thompson, LADC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Talia Thompson
Pre-Licensed Professional, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
I am Currently only accepting clients for Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) is the use of prescribed doses of ketamine, the drug, as an adjunct to psychotherapy sessions. KAP shows significant potential in treating mental disorders such as treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder, and other anxiety disorders.
I am Currently only accepting clients for Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) is the use of prescribed doses of ketamine, the drug, as an adjunct to psychotherapy sessions. KAP shows significant potential in treating mental disorders such as treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder, and other anxiety disorders.
(651) 538-2938 View (651) 538-2938
Photo of Cole Riemer, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cole Riemer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
I work with children, teens, and adults experiencing distress and concerns regarding anxiety, self-esteem, focus, obsessions and compulsions, interpersonal relationships, and depression. I recognize that every perspective holds a strength built from each day experienced, and I value utilizing the unique values in every individual to tailor an experience of comfort, motivation, and positive growth.
I work with children, teens, and adults experiencing distress and concerns regarding anxiety, self-esteem, focus, obsessions and compulsions, interpersonal relationships, and depression. I recognize that every perspective holds a strength built from each day experienced, and I value utilizing the unique values in every individual to tailor an experience of comfort, motivation, and positive growth.
(651) 240-3597 View (651) 240-3597
Photo of Remington Solstad, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Remington Solstad
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
I currently work with adults(18+) who are struggling with a range of symptoms such as anxiety, depression, life transitions, and low self-esteem. As a therapist, I understand that our life paths have major impacts on how we function within our social systems. I pride myself on meeting my clients where they are and working to find the best approach to therapy for each client. Young adults face a variety of influences from society and social media which impact life in various ways. I specialize in aiding clients with navigating societal pressures, internet related concerns, and the other various issues young adults face daily.
I currently work with adults(18+) who are struggling with a range of symptoms such as anxiety, depression, life transitions, and low self-esteem. As a therapist, I understand that our life paths have major impacts on how we function within our social systems. I pride myself on meeting my clients where they are and working to find the best approach to therapy for each client. Young adults face a variety of influences from society and social media which impact life in various ways. I specialize in aiding clients with navigating societal pressures, internet related concerns, and the other various issues young adults face daily.
(651) 661-3881 View (651) 661-3881
Photo of Elizabeth Thull, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Elizabeth Thull
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
Hi, my name is Elizabeth. Welcome to my profile. I work with people ages 11 and up. In my practice I enjoy working with teens, adults, students, & athletes. I mainly see people managing anxiety, ADHD, relationship issues, depression, and stress. We all face a variety of pressures and it is totally normal to need some help. My goal is to help you learn better ways of coping, managing, and understanding these pressures so that they do not hold you back from your personal successes.
Hi, my name is Elizabeth. Welcome to my profile. I work with people ages 11 and up. In my practice I enjoy working with teens, adults, students, & athletes. I mainly see people managing anxiety, ADHD, relationship issues, depression, and stress. We all face a variety of pressures and it is totally normal to need some help. My goal is to help you learn better ways of coping, managing, and understanding these pressures so that they do not hold you back from your personal successes.
(651) 560-7324 View (651) 560-7324
Photo of Mallaigh McGinley, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mallaigh McGinley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakdale, MN 55128
As a queer person who lives beyond binaries, I look for creative approaches to my clients' unique concerns. I work with children, teens, and adults for individual and family therapy. I specialize in trauma (personal, systemic), interpersonal communication (family dynamics, peer relationships), emotional processing (anxiety, anger, depression, grief), neurodivergence (autism, ADHD), and identity (gender, sexuality, race).
As a queer person who lives beyond binaries, I look for creative approaches to my clients' unique concerns. I work with children, teens, and adults for individual and family therapy. I specialize in trauma (personal, systemic), interpersonal communication (family dynamics, peer relationships), emotional processing (anxiety, anger, depression, grief), neurodivergence (autism, ADHD), and identity (gender, sexuality, race).
(651) 390-7599 View (651) 390-7599
Photo of Samantha Lee, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Samantha Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakdale, MN 55128
I enjoy working with children and families who need help processing through parent-child dynamics, depression, anxiety, behavior, parenting and attachment challenges, self-esteem, peer/school relationships and trauma experiences. When working with families, my goal is to develop a collaborative approach in my therapy sessions. This will look like parents/caregivers having a vital role in the process and being involved in sessions. We will work together to find solutions to help your family work through obstacles and barriers faced on a day to day basis.
I enjoy working with children and families who need help processing through parent-child dynamics, depression, anxiety, behavior, parenting and attachment challenges, self-esteem, peer/school relationships and trauma experiences. When working with families, my goal is to develop a collaborative approach in my therapy sessions. This will look like parents/caregivers having a vital role in the process and being involved in sessions. We will work together to find solutions to help your family work through obstacles and barriers faced on a day to day basis.
(651) 571-5009 View (651) 571-5009
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Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.