Therapists in Kentucky

View cities and counties in Kentucky
Photo of Ashley Hall, LCSW, CADACIV, CCDP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashley Hall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADACIV, CCDP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
These days people have more difficulties to face and fewer resources to assist in making sense of what is going on around them. Depression, anxiety, and addiction are all on the rise, which effect one's career, family life, and relationships. Constant demands of modern life often clouds the dreams and aspirations we once had. Our personal goals are hindered by our own demons or the damage of situations surrounded by hurt and disappointment outside of our control. Perhaps you are one of the many people in this country today dealing with debt, divorce, substance abuse, relational and family struggles.
These days people have more difficulties to face and fewer resources to assist in making sense of what is going on around them. Depression, anxiety, and addiction are all on the rise, which effect one's career, family life, and relationships. Constant demands of modern life often clouds the dreams and aspirations we once had. Our personal goals are hindered by our own demons or the damage of situations surrounded by hurt and disappointment outside of our control. Perhaps you are one of the many people in this country today dealing with debt, divorce, substance abuse, relational and family struggles.
(502) 316-6400 View (502) 316-6400
Photo of Lynda Campbell Pearman, MHR, LPCC
Lynda Campbell Pearman
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MHR, LPCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
During the recent time of shelter in place, we found a need to be connected to others more than ever. For most people, the pandemic increased anxiety, loneliness and stressed our personal and family resources. Many experienced echoes of past trauma that interfered with their present relationships. When anxiety and anger begins to surface, often,the depth of the pain, anger or frustration doesn't make sense. Sometimes it is sadness from grief or a loss from the past or fear of imminent loss. Having grown up in a military family, I understand a lot about adjusting to change and starting over.
During the recent time of shelter in place, we found a need to be connected to others more than ever. For most people, the pandemic increased anxiety, loneliness and stressed our personal and family resources. Many experienced echoes of past trauma that interfered with their present relationships. When anxiety and anger begins to surface, often,the depth of the pain, anger or frustration doesn't make sense. Sometimes it is sadness from grief or a loss from the past or fear of imminent loss. Having grown up in a military family, I understand a lot about adjusting to change and starting over.
(502) 829-6687 View (502) 829-6687
Photo of Cheryl Rosa Gilbert, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cheryl Rosa Gilbert
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40214
Life In Motion works with Veterans, First Responders, and School employees dealing with trauma. We enjoy helping all clients reach the goals they set and work through trauma and be able to live their best lives. Though we specialize in trauma we work with a wide variety of clients. Life In Motion also provides medical management for all your mental health needs.
Life In Motion works with Veterans, First Responders, and School employees dealing with trauma. We enjoy helping all clients reach the goals they set and work through trauma and be able to live their best lives. Though we specialize in trauma we work with a wide variety of clients. Life In Motion also provides medical management for all your mental health needs.
(502) 242-0774 x400 View (502) 242-0774 x400
Photo of Tabitha Ramos, Tabitha Ramos, LCSW, MSSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tabitha Ramos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Tabitha Ramos, LCSW, MSSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Owensboro, KY 42303  (Online Only)
Are you having a hard time finding a therapist who will work around your busy schedule? I provide therapy online on a day that works for you, including evenings or weekends. Wouldn't it be great to have therapy on your own schedule in the comfort of your own home? Maybe you are anxious about trying therapy for the first time. Maybe you find yourself in a never-ending cycle of negative thoughts. Maybe you are contemplating whether to stay or leave your relationship. Whatever it is you are struggling with you deserve to find a therapist who fits your needs AND works around your schedule.
Are you having a hard time finding a therapist who will work around your busy schedule? I provide therapy online on a day that works for you, including evenings or weekends. Wouldn't it be great to have therapy on your own schedule in the comfort of your own home? Maybe you are anxious about trying therapy for the first time. Maybe you find yourself in a never-ending cycle of negative thoughts. Maybe you are contemplating whether to stay or leave your relationship. Whatever it is you are struggling with you deserve to find a therapist who fits your needs AND works around your schedule.
(270) 515-6265 View (270) 515-6265
Photo of Daniel Sulfridge - Living Well Counseling, MA, LPCC
Living Well Counseling
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, KY 40475
Do you find yourself backed into a corner, not knowing what to do? Perhaps it's your relationship, the choices you have made, or an addiction that has lead you on the path you're on. I've assisted many people in finding a new perspective so they can then learn to make new and healthier choices. My hope is for everyone to have a better and more productive life.
Do you find yourself backed into a corner, not knowing what to do? Perhaps it's your relationship, the choices you have made, or an addiction that has lead you on the path you're on. I've assisted many people in finding a new perspective so they can then learn to make new and healthier choices. My hope is for everyone to have a better and more productive life.
(859) 449-7742 View (859) 449-7742
June Barnett
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fort Thomas, KY 41075
June Barnett is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor practicing psychotherapy since 2005. She graduated with a BA from Georgetown College, and an MA in Counseling from The Athenaeum of Ohio. June believes in a patient centered, insight-oriented approach to treatment. Her main areas of focus include Anxiety, Depression and Family/Couples Therapy. In her spare time, she enjoys travel, cooking, and spending time with her family.
June Barnett is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor practicing psychotherapy since 2005. She graduated with a BA from Georgetown College, and an MA in Counseling from The Athenaeum of Ohio. June believes in a patient centered, insight-oriented approach to treatment. Her main areas of focus include Anxiety, Depression and Family/Couples Therapy. In her spare time, she enjoys travel, cooking, and spending time with her family.
(859) 712-8760 View (859) 712-8760
Photo of Kellye Ledbetter, MSW, LCSW, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kellye Ledbetter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
I am a licensed clinical social worker who thrives to provide a safe and therapeutic working relationship with all of my clients. I have licenses to practice in both Kentucky and Ohio. Since 2000, I have worked in a variety of settings in both community and private mental health offices. My practice is geared toward finding solutions to address your underlying issues and accomplish goals we identify together. Therapy is one of the greatest gifts you can give yourself.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who thrives to provide a safe and therapeutic working relationship with all of my clients. I have licenses to practice in both Kentucky and Ohio. Since 2000, I have worked in a variety of settings in both community and private mental health offices. My practice is geared toward finding solutions to address your underlying issues and accomplish goals we identify together. Therapy is one of the greatest gifts you can give yourself.
(859) 667-1415 x1 View (859) 667-1415 x1
Photo of Alicia Chisholm, DSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alicia Chisholm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Harrodsburg, KY 40330  (Online Only)
Experiencing too many sleepless nights, struggling to emotionally connect with those your care about, or simple not reaching personal goals ? I believe in hope and that we all organically come equipped with the necessary tools. I like to describe my therapeutic approach as, you pick the vacation and I am the tour guide - pointing out highlights along the way but its your choice where you choose to spend some time.
Experiencing too many sleepless nights, struggling to emotionally connect with those your care about, or simple not reaching personal goals ? I believe in hope and that we all organically come equipped with the necessary tools. I like to describe my therapeutic approach as, you pick the vacation and I am the tour guide - pointing out highlights along the way but its your choice where you choose to spend some time.
(859) 651-8235 View (859) 651-8235
Photo of Alexandra Winn-Marvin, MSW, CSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexandra Winn-Marvin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CSW
Verified Verified
Wilmore, KY 40390  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Alexandra, and I am a Certified Social Worker with a passion for helping individuals like you overcome obstacles, find clarity, and thrive. I specialize in supporting teens and adults through various life transitions. Whether you're grappling with relationship issues, coping with past trauma, or simply seeking guidance on personal growth, I am here to accompany you on your journey towards healing and empowerment. In therapy sessions, I strive to create a warm and nonjudgmental environment where you can freely express yourself and explore your innermost thoughts and feelings.
Hello! My name is Alexandra, and I am a Certified Social Worker with a passion for helping individuals like you overcome obstacles, find clarity, and thrive. I specialize in supporting teens and adults through various life transitions. Whether you're grappling with relationship issues, coping with past trauma, or simply seeking guidance on personal growth, I am here to accompany you on your journey towards healing and empowerment. In therapy sessions, I strive to create a warm and nonjudgmental environment where you can freely express yourself and explore your innermost thoughts and feelings.
(859) 349-1274 View (859) 349-1274
Photo of Katelyn McCarthy, LPCA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katelyn McCarthy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Owensboro, KY 42303
I believe that every client is resilient and capable of change and personal growth, which can amount to a happy, healthy and gratifying life, as defined by the client. I strive to provide an honest, safe and secure environment to allow clients to open up, share and be their authentic selves. I take a collaborative, compassionate and empathic stance and am committed to tailoring treatment to meet the needs of my clients.
I believe that every client is resilient and capable of change and personal growth, which can amount to a happy, healthy and gratifying life, as defined by the client. I strive to provide an honest, safe and secure environment to allow clients to open up, share and be their authentic selves. I take a collaborative, compassionate and empathic stance and am committed to tailoring treatment to meet the needs of my clients.
(270) 200-5858 View (270) 200-5858
Photo of Jodi Bessinger - Renew Counseling, LLC, Counselor
Renew Counseling, LLC
Counselor
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
Renew Counseling Services was established in 2014, and quickly grew to become a group practice with more than 30 therapists. Our therapists are not only trained in several therapeutic models but also come from different backgrounds and life experiences. ​ The practice was created with the belief that all people can make great strides towards personal growth when ready for change. We know trauma plays an important role in the difficulties many face. We are a practice of therapists trained extensively in EMDR, Expressive Therapy, Family Therapy, DBT and CBT. We have many years of experience, knowledge and practice.
Renew Counseling Services was established in 2014, and quickly grew to become a group practice with more than 30 therapists. Our therapists are not only trained in several therapeutic models but also come from different backgrounds and life experiences. ​ The practice was created with the belief that all people can make great strides towards personal growth when ready for change. We know trauma plays an important role in the difficulties many face. We are a practice of therapists trained extensively in EMDR, Expressive Therapy, Family Therapy, DBT and CBT. We have many years of experience, knowledge and practice.
(502) 804-5467 View (502) 804-5467
Photo of Kelli Hood, LPCC-S, NCC, ICCDPD
Kelli Hood
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, NCC, ICCDPD
Verified Verified
Frankfort, KY 40601
Not accepting new clients
Life can bring challenges. Depending on where we are in life, those challenges may seem unmanageable. I want to walk with you on your journey to navigate those challenges in a way that is supportive, and helps you to figure out the next leg of your journey. I want to use compassion to empower clients on their journey toward healing and growth.
Life can bring challenges. Depending on where we are in life, those challenges may seem unmanageable. I want to walk with you on your journey to navigate those challenges in a way that is supportive, and helps you to figure out the next leg of your journey. I want to use compassion to empower clients on their journey toward healing and growth.
(502) 912-1423 View (502) 912-1423
Photo of Dr. Amanda Akers, PsyD, NCSP, Psychologist
Dr. Amanda Akers
Psychologist, PsyD, NCSP
Verified Verified
Morehead, KY 40351  (Online Only)
The most important aspect of therapy is the working relationship between the client and therapist. Through being genuine and building trust, I work to create a relationship that allows my clients to feel comfortable being open and honest. I meet my clients where they are and spend time understanding who they are and what they need. As a clinical psychologist, I work to individualize treatment based on who my client is, as well as incorporating research-based techniques to help them reach their goals. Many clients who have had previous therapy experiences describe our work together as what they imagined and hoped therapy to be.
The most important aspect of therapy is the working relationship between the client and therapist. Through being genuine and building trust, I work to create a relationship that allows my clients to feel comfortable being open and honest. I meet my clients where they are and spend time understanding who they are and what they need. As a clinical psychologist, I work to individualize treatment based on who my client is, as well as incorporating research-based techniques to help them reach their goals. Many clients who have had previous therapy experiences describe our work together as what they imagined and hoped therapy to be.
(912) 342-4928 View (912) 342-4928
Photo of Monica Sewell, MSSW , LCSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Monica Sewell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW , LCSW
Verified Verified
Nicholasville, KY 40356
As a therapist, I believe early intervention is key. Children are growing up in this big world we live in and are expected to know how to regulate their emotions, utilize and explore coping skills, and communicate their wants and needs safely. These skills must be taught, explored, and nurtured throughout the entirety of their life. My goal as a therapist is to set my client’s up for future success by assisting them in developing healthy coping strategies and strengthening their communication skills. I wish to provide a safe space for them to make mistakes, grow, and have fun learning new skills.
As a therapist, I believe early intervention is key. Children are growing up in this big world we live in and are expected to know how to regulate their emotions, utilize and explore coping skills, and communicate their wants and needs safely. These skills must be taught, explored, and nurtured throughout the entirety of their life. My goal as a therapist is to set my client’s up for future success by assisting them in developing healthy coping strategies and strengthening their communication skills. I wish to provide a safe space for them to make mistakes, grow, and have fun learning new skills.
(859) 651-1729 View (859) 651-1729
Photo of Hazel D Parrish - Bridge the Gap Addiction and Mental Health Service, MS, LCADC, LAACD, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Bridge the Gap Addiction and Mental Health Service
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LCADC, LAACD
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40202
We place special emphasis on all addiction disorders moderate and chronic issues. We specialize in non-medical detoxification that place emphasis's on spirituality. We promote abstinence by providing individualized treatment plans, family education, legal resources, local community resources, and Twelve Step groups. We provide other valuable classes court ordered domestic violence (men & women), driver under the influence and marriage/relationship classes. We offer four hour marijuana education classes.
We place special emphasis on all addiction disorders moderate and chronic issues. We specialize in non-medical detoxification that place emphasis's on spirituality. We promote abstinence by providing individualized treatment plans, family education, legal resources, local community resources, and Twelve Step groups. We provide other valuable classes court ordered domestic violence (men & women), driver under the influence and marriage/relationship classes. We offer four hour marijuana education classes.
(502) 547-8096 View (502) 547-8096
Photo of Kayla Brock-Provencher, CSW, MFT-A, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kayla Brock-Provencher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW, MFT-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40291
I view therapy as a collaborative process to help a client grow, see the changes they want to see, and accomplish the goals they have set for themselves. I strive to ensure that each client feels that my office is safe and a comforting space in which they can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I believe everyone should have a choice in who they have as a therapist, and that the therapeutic relationship is essential for any change to occur. I accept all Medicaid's, Anthem and Aetna insurance at this time. Private pay is also an option for $100 per session.
I view therapy as a collaborative process to help a client grow, see the changes they want to see, and accomplish the goals they have set for themselves. I strive to ensure that each client feels that my office is safe and a comforting space in which they can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I believe everyone should have a choice in who they have as a therapist, and that the therapeutic relationship is essential for any change to occur. I accept all Medicaid's, Anthem and Aetna insurance at this time. Private pay is also an option for $100 per session.
(502) 829-6561 View (502) 829-6561
Photo of Nicole Griffin, MA, MML, LPCA, Counselor
Nicole Griffin
Counselor, MA, MML, LPCA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
Waitlist for new clients
Our mental health is important to our overall well-being. When it is good, it increases our productivity, enhances our self-image and improves our quality of life. For over 25 years, I've been committed to walking with others through their most challenging times. A safe, non-judgmental and compassionate listener can make all of the difference. I’m here to support you as you pursue change, hope, healing and even a resolve to the issues you face. Recently, I’ve gained additional skills by earning a second master’s degree, this time in Clinical Mental Health.
Our mental health is important to our overall well-being. When it is good, it increases our productivity, enhances our self-image and improves our quality of life. For over 25 years, I've been committed to walking with others through their most challenging times. A safe, non-judgmental and compassionate listener can make all of the difference. I’m here to support you as you pursue change, hope, healing and even a resolve to the issues you face. Recently, I’ve gained additional skills by earning a second master’s degree, this time in Clinical Mental Health.
(502) 325-3931 View (502) 325-3931
Photo of Katherine L Pennington (Formerly Middleton) - Lionheart Trauma Support Services, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lionheart Trauma Support Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, KY 40517
Hey there, thank you for taking the time to check out our profile and learning more about how I along with my team of therapist, TCM and Psych NP can help you. I know seeking therapy is not always easy. Lionheart team tries to make you feel as comfortable and at ease right from the start. Lionheart brings diverse experience, treatment modality and wrap around support. The commonality among all therapeutic staff is our experience and training in working with trauma. My goal for you is to reduce/eliminate your depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, and/or any other trauma related symptoms. Please know there is hope and healing.
Hey there, thank you for taking the time to check out our profile and learning more about how I along with my team of therapist, TCM and Psych NP can help you. I know seeking therapy is not always easy. Lionheart team tries to make you feel as comfortable and at ease right from the start. Lionheart brings diverse experience, treatment modality and wrap around support. The commonality among all therapeutic staff is our experience and training in working with trauma. My goal for you is to reduce/eliminate your depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, and/or any other trauma related symptoms. Please know there is hope and healing.
(859) 757-0056 View (859) 757-0056
Photo of Samantha Mills, CSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Samantha Mills
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, KY 40509
I am an EMDR trained clinician, offering both in office and telehealth services. I am a Certified Social Worker with my Master of Social Work from the University of Kentucky. I enjoy working with adults who are affected by acute and developmental trauma, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. My approach is integrative and person-centered. I often use skills from CBT, DBT, IFS and EMDR. Please fill out the referral form here and include my name. www.keyassetskentucky.com/self-referral.
I am an EMDR trained clinician, offering both in office and telehealth services. I am a Certified Social Worker with my Master of Social Work from the University of Kentucky. I enjoy working with adults who are affected by acute and developmental trauma, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. My approach is integrative and person-centered. I often use skills from CBT, DBT, IFS and EMDR. Please fill out the referral form here and include my name. www.keyassetskentucky.com/self-referral.
(859) 780-7462 View (859) 780-7462
Photo of Jill Rogers, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Jill Rogers
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Lexington, KY 40502
I started Root Energy Wellness to help people be happier and healthier. I will strive to help you find your unique path to overcome obstacles and solve problems by getting to the Root of your struggles in order to create more positive Energy in your life to achieve optimal Wellness. Whether through a particular treatment modality, spiritual exploration, or cognitive or somatic processing, REW is here to help you!
I started Root Energy Wellness to help people be happier and healthier. I will strive to help you find your unique path to overcome obstacles and solve problems by getting to the Root of your struggles in order to create more positive Energy in your life to achieve optimal Wellness. Whether through a particular treatment modality, spiritual exploration, or cognitive or somatic processing, REW is here to help you!
(859) 374-8251 View (859) 374-8251
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How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Kentucky who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
64% Relationship Issues
59% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Elevance

How Therapists in Kentucky see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kentucky?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.