Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Andrew Gold, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Andrew Gold
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94107
It can be so easy to take on responsibilities that are not ours and blame ourselves for things that were out of our control. In therapy, my hope is to offer a space to hear your story and move at a pace that feels safe for you. I welcome conversations of all sorts but am especially interested in working with grief, anxiety, self-compassion, the end of life, meaning and purpose, complex trauma, and PTSD.
It can be so easy to take on responsibilities that are not ours and blame ourselves for things that were out of our control. In therapy, my hope is to offer a space to hear your story and move at a pace that feels safe for you. I welcome conversations of all sorts but am especially interested in working with grief, anxiety, self-compassion, the end of life, meaning and purpose, complex trauma, and PTSD.
(415) 870-8475 View (415) 870-8475
Photo of Pete Van Auken, MFT, LEP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Pete Van Auken
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LEP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am a psychotherapist with offices in San Francisco and Marin, and I provide individual therapy for adults and teens. I have a holistic and integrative approach to therapy, helping people to explore and resolve deeper issues that might be holding them back or manifesting as depression or anxiety. I specialize in helping clients to navigate major life transitions, overcome feelings of being stuck or overwhelmed, improve their relationships, and live with a stronger sense of vitality and authenticity.
I am a psychotherapist with offices in San Francisco and Marin, and I provide individual therapy for adults and teens. I have a holistic and integrative approach to therapy, helping people to explore and resolve deeper issues that might be holding them back or manifesting as depression or anxiety. I specialize in helping clients to navigate major life transitions, overcome feelings of being stuck or overwhelmed, improve their relationships, and live with a stronger sense of vitality and authenticity.
(415) 326-9551 View (415) 326-9551
Photo of Diana Urman, LCSW, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Diana Urman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Human sexuality is an endless source of self-knowledge through which we tap into our subconsciousness. In most people it is suppressed and hidden from our conscious minds due to the rigid cultural and religious belief systems along with our personal beliefs. Learning about ourselves through our sexual expressions will help some of us obtain wisdom and knowledge about who we are. Most of non-sexual issues stem from unhealthy self-perceptions, specifically from denying our own sexuality and freedom to express ourselves sexually. Ability to fully realize ourselves comes from expanding our consciousness through exploring our sexuality and sensuality.
Human sexuality is an endless source of self-knowledge through which we tap into our subconsciousness. In most people it is suppressed and hidden from our conscious minds due to the rigid cultural and religious belief systems along with our personal beliefs. Learning about ourselves through our sexual expressions will help some of us obtain wisdom and knowledge about who we are. Most of non-sexual issues stem from unhealthy self-perceptions, specifically from denying our own sexuality and freedom to express ourselves sexually. Ability to fully realize ourselves comes from expanding our consciousness through exploring our sexuality and sensuality.
(415) 480-2924 View (415) 480-2924
Photo of Marina Kopman, PsyD, Psychologist
Marina Kopman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Are your feelings of sadness, anger, guilt and confusion about your relationships or other matters getting you down? Have your children's, wife's, husband's, parents', other relatives', or friends' behavior driven you to your wits' end? Are you coping with your inner demons with alcohol and other drugs? Have your experiences of immigration, war, or prison left your nerves numbed, overwhelmed, or shattered? If so, call me and decide for yourself if I can help you as I have successfully assisted others feel better and live healthier lives.
Are your feelings of sadness, anger, guilt and confusion about your relationships or other matters getting you down? Have your children's, wife's, husband's, parents', other relatives', or friends' behavior driven you to your wits' end? Are you coping with your inner demons with alcohol and other drugs? Have your experiences of immigration, war, or prison left your nerves numbed, overwhelmed, or shattered? If so, call me and decide for yourself if I can help you as I have successfully assisted others feel better and live healthier lives.
(415) 968-2057 View (415) 968-2057
Photo of Alison Murphy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alison Murphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103
Whether you're trying to fight anxiety and depression, beat addictions or if you have struggled through a traumatic experience, there are techniques that can provide relief from symptoms and challenge negative ways of thinking, improve your relationships and your experiences at work. If you are ready to develop new skills and strategies to break free from what is holding you back from your goals, then let me use my professional experience to partner with you in realizing your potential for healing and growth.
Whether you're trying to fight anxiety and depression, beat addictions or if you have struggled through a traumatic experience, there are techniques that can provide relief from symptoms and challenge negative ways of thinking, improve your relationships and your experiences at work. If you are ready to develop new skills and strategies to break free from what is holding you back from your goals, then let me use my professional experience to partner with you in realizing your potential for healing and growth.
(415) 650-4926 View (415) 650-4926
Photo of Brooke Barnett, PsyD, Psychologist
Brooke Barnett
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Through compassion, humor, and gentle challenge, I work to create a supportive environment to help individuals and families overcome temporary setbacks, heal old wounds, and change dysfunctional patterns. My areas of expertise include anxiety, interpersonal trauma, issues related to parenting, early childhood mental health, and disruptions in early attachment.
Through compassion, humor, and gentle challenge, I work to create a supportive environment to help individuals and families overcome temporary setbacks, heal old wounds, and change dysfunctional patterns. My areas of expertise include anxiety, interpersonal trauma, issues related to parenting, early childhood mental health, and disruptions in early attachment.
(415) 423-1107 View (415) 423-1107
Photo of Jodi A Walsh, LCSW-QS, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jodi A Walsh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-QS, LICSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California, Utah, Missouri, Florida, Virginia, DC & Colorado with 12 years of experience in the field of Social Work. I specialize in working with individuals who experience anxiety, depression, adjustment and relationship challenges. I help you focus on changing your mindset and addressing self limiting thoughts that prevent you from feeling productive and fulfilled. I utilize solution focused, cognitive behavioral and mindfulness techniques to facilitate this change. My goal is to provide my clients with a safe therapeutic space to grow, heal, transition and pivot into their purpose.
I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California, Utah, Missouri, Florida, Virginia, DC & Colorado with 12 years of experience in the field of Social Work. I specialize in working with individuals who experience anxiety, depression, adjustment and relationship challenges. I help you focus on changing your mindset and addressing self limiting thoughts that prevent you from feeling productive and fulfilled. I utilize solution focused, cognitive behavioral and mindfulness techniques to facilitate this change. My goal is to provide my clients with a safe therapeutic space to grow, heal, transition and pivot into their purpose.
(415) 367-0263 View (415) 367-0263
Photo of George J Moore, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
George J Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
You finally left the office after another long day. This should be when you can take a deep breath and relax, but it’s not. The day’s stress is still with you, and you have no way to shut it off. And in some ways, this is more comfortable for you. You’ve spent so long training yourself to ignore your own needs that it’s easier to stay focused on everyone and everything else. But lately, you’ve begun to wonder what it’s all for. You see other people enjoying full lives. Meanwhile, you’re stuck in this narrow existence. You love your career, but there must be more to life than this. Now is the time to make a change.
You finally left the office after another long day. This should be when you can take a deep breath and relax, but it’s not. The day’s stress is still with you, and you have no way to shut it off. And in some ways, this is more comfortable for you. You’ve spent so long training yourself to ignore your own needs that it’s easier to stay focused on everyone and everything else. But lately, you’ve begun to wonder what it’s all for. You see other people enjoying full lives. Meanwhile, you’re stuck in this narrow existence. You love your career, but there must be more to life than this. Now is the time to make a change.
(707) 309-7093 View (707) 309-7093
Photo of Harmony Mandela Martinez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Harmony Mandela Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94121
Now offering services for Teens, couples and individuals. Therapy is a process of growth and self-discovery. In our sessions we find old patterns that do not serve you and new growth that will offer new patterns to enjoy a more fulfilling life. I will use many methods with you exploring emotions, thoughts, body sensations and behavior. I work collaboratively with you to set goals and treatment that is personal to your needs and situation in a non-judgmental environment.
Now offering services for Teens, couples and individuals. Therapy is a process of growth and self-discovery. In our sessions we find old patterns that do not serve you and new growth that will offer new patterns to enjoy a more fulfilling life. I will use many methods with you exploring emotions, thoughts, body sensations and behavior. I work collaboratively with you to set goals and treatment that is personal to your needs and situation in a non-judgmental environment.
(628) 258-6948 View (628) 258-6948
Photo of Rhea Mistades, MA, CHT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rhea Mistades
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CHT, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Do you feel stuck? Many people begin psychotherapy because they feel something is "off". They are dissatisfied, but unclear about what they want; they feel that "something is missing," but they're not sure what it is. Others begin psychotherapy because they find themselves repeatedly cycling through unhealthy relationship patterns and they want to change. Additionally, we all have traumas and woundings within us, to varying degrees. Psychotherapy can help untangle these knots and move you through suffering and pain towards greater health, integration, wholeness, vitality, and well-being.
Do you feel stuck? Many people begin psychotherapy because they feel something is "off". They are dissatisfied, but unclear about what they want; they feel that "something is missing," but they're not sure what it is. Others begin psychotherapy because they find themselves repeatedly cycling through unhealthy relationship patterns and they want to change. Additionally, we all have traumas and woundings within us, to varying degrees. Psychotherapy can help untangle these knots and move you through suffering and pain towards greater health, integration, wholeness, vitality, and well-being.
(415) 886-1068 View (415) 886-1068
Photo of Rita Camacho, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rita Camacho
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I am a Noe Valley therapist who has navigated through many challenges in life. My experience allows me to offer compassion, empathy and a unique perspective for individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, loneliness, abuse recovery, grief and loss, challenging relationships and divorce. I have extensive experience and compassion with working with individuals who struggle with toxic relationships. My focus is to help individuals and couples cope with life's challenges, and I firmly believe that everyone has the ability to develop a life path that works best for them.
I am a Noe Valley therapist who has navigated through many challenges in life. My experience allows me to offer compassion, empathy and a unique perspective for individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, loneliness, abuse recovery, grief and loss, challenging relationships and divorce. I have extensive experience and compassion with working with individuals who struggle with toxic relationships. My focus is to help individuals and couples cope with life's challenges, and I firmly believe that everyone has the ability to develop a life path that works best for them.
(415) 231-3219 View (415) 231-3219
Photo of Matt McKeithan, PsyD, MA, LPC-A, Psychologist
Matt McKeithan
Psychologist, PsyD, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating those with various mental disorders and behavioral issues to include: ADHD, PTSD, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders. I utilize detailed Psychological Assessment, and empirically supported treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Mindfulness. I am certified as a DBT practitioner and a life coach. Lastly, I integrate a holistic mindset into my practice, where emphasis is placed on gut/brain health, sleep quality, lifestyle, and diet.
I specialize in treating those with various mental disorders and behavioral issues to include: ADHD, PTSD, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders. I utilize detailed Psychological Assessment, and empirically supported treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Mindfulness. I am certified as a DBT practitioner and a life coach. Lastly, I integrate a holistic mindset into my practice, where emphasis is placed on gut/brain health, sleep quality, lifestyle, and diet.
(628) 214-2794 View (628) 214-2794
Photo of Aaron Chavez Martin, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Aaron Chavez Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
I’m a Queer, mixed-race therapist committed to helping other Queer folks learn how to better manage their worry by riding the waves of our emotions, and softening the language we use to describe ourselves. My work focuses on targeting unhelpful thought patterns we convince ourselves to be true, and mute that harsh inner critic. I firmly believe that you are the expert in your own life, which means we will work together to help you reach your goals.
I’m a Queer, mixed-race therapist committed to helping other Queer folks learn how to better manage their worry by riding the waves of our emotions, and softening the language we use to describe ourselves. My work focuses on targeting unhelpful thought patterns we convince ourselves to be true, and mute that harsh inner critic. I firmly believe that you are the expert in your own life, which means we will work together to help you reach your goals.
(415) 968-4296 View (415) 968-4296
Photo of Erica Mainshine, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erica Mainshine
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental space for you where you can bring all of yourself, and explore and integrate experiences, thoughts, and feelings. I offer both goal oriented and more open-ended psychotherapy for adults, teenagers, and couples.
I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental space for you where you can bring all of yourself, and explore and integrate experiences, thoughts, and feelings. I offer both goal oriented and more open-ended psychotherapy for adults, teenagers, and couples.
(415) 472-9748 View (415) 472-9748
Photo of Natasha Smolkin, PsyD, Psychologist
Natasha Smolkin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Natasha Smolkin is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with patients who struggle with chronic pain, stress and anxiety, addiction, interpersonal challenges, depression, self-esteem issues, and many more of life’s mental wellness obstacles. She utilizes an integrative, strength-based approach, which focuses on cultivating sense-of-efficacy around changes, obstacles, and goals.
Dr. Natasha Smolkin is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with patients who struggle with chronic pain, stress and anxiety, addiction, interpersonal challenges, depression, self-esteem issues, and many more of life’s mental wellness obstacles. She utilizes an integrative, strength-based approach, which focuses on cultivating sense-of-efficacy around changes, obstacles, and goals.
(415) 480-5482 View (415) 480-5482
Photo of Sara Fischer Sanford, LCSW, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sara Fischer Sanford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Are you burdened by low self-worth, negative body image, and isolation? Together, we'll unravel the knots of trauma that have held you back. I'm here to guide you on a journey of healing and transformation. As your compassionate therapist, I'll provide unwavering support, motivation, and personalized strategies tailored to your unique needs. Let's reclaim your future. Therapy isn't about overnight miracles, but it's a powerful tool for lasting change. You won't have to face this journey alone. Together, we'll navigate toward a brighter, more fulfilling life. Ready to take the first step? Let's start with a free consultation.
Are you burdened by low self-worth, negative body image, and isolation? Together, we'll unravel the knots of trauma that have held you back. I'm here to guide you on a journey of healing and transformation. As your compassionate therapist, I'll provide unwavering support, motivation, and personalized strategies tailored to your unique needs. Let's reclaim your future. Therapy isn't about overnight miracles, but it's a powerful tool for lasting change. You won't have to face this journey alone. Together, we'll navigate toward a brighter, more fulfilling life. Ready to take the first step? Let's start with a free consultation.
(415) 949-3073 View (415) 949-3073
Photo of Paul Joseph Ziller - Paul Ziller Psychotherapy, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Paul Ziller Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
Most of our wounding is experienced in relationship, and so our healing needs that too. I offer a compassionate, collaborative home base that responds to what you bring. Face your challenges with skilled support. We'll move at a pace that's attuned to you, balancing qualities of relief with growing edges. Together we can work to help you be in better relationship and balance with yourself and others, build resources, connect to your rich inner life and greater clarity, create an intentional path. Reach out...I offer a FREE 15-minute phone consultation, which concludes with a brief intake, if it's a good fit.
Most of our wounding is experienced in relationship, and so our healing needs that too. I offer a compassionate, collaborative home base that responds to what you bring. Face your challenges with skilled support. We'll move at a pace that's attuned to you, balancing qualities of relief with growing edges. Together we can work to help you be in better relationship and balance with yourself and others, build resources, connect to your rich inner life and greater clarity, create an intentional path. Reach out...I offer a FREE 15-minute phone consultation, which concludes with a brief intake, if it's a good fit.
(415) 599-4084 View (415) 599-4084
Photo of Leilani Mitchell, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Leilani Mitchell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Navigating the complexities of relationships and marriage can be challenging, often leaving couples feeling disconnected and misunderstood. As a therapist with a rich background in working across the lifespan—from infants to adults—I bring a deep sense of empathy and curiosity to understand your unique challenges. My goal is to help you and your partner explore and express your feelings and emotions, uncovering the root of disconnection and conflict, and fostering a deeper, more meaningful connection.
Navigating the complexities of relationships and marriage can be challenging, often leaving couples feeling disconnected and misunderstood. As a therapist with a rich background in working across the lifespan—from infants to adults—I bring a deep sense of empathy and curiosity to understand your unique challenges. My goal is to help you and your partner explore and express your feelings and emotions, uncovering the root of disconnection and conflict, and fostering a deeper, more meaningful connection.
(559) 847-3205 View (559) 847-3205
Photo of Melissa Janosek, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Janosek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Are you trying to figure out who you are, what you want, and how to get there? Does it seem like you think differently than others, procrastinate too often, are having trouble focusing, and feeling stuck? Starting to question if all the partying is getting in the way of your goals? Got a nagging feeling you may need more support than you currently have? Need clarity on your relationships and help on how to communicate things? Not sure about your career path, or totally burned out with the one you're in? Do you feel like you should have it all figured out by now? Let's get into it.
Are you trying to figure out who you are, what you want, and how to get there? Does it seem like you think differently than others, procrastinate too often, are having trouble focusing, and feeling stuck? Starting to question if all the partying is getting in the way of your goals? Got a nagging feeling you may need more support than you currently have? Need clarity on your relationships and help on how to communicate things? Not sure about your career path, or totally burned out with the one you're in? Do you feel like you should have it all figured out by now? Let's get into it.
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Photo of Adam Jelloian, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Adam Jelloian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
In the room with me, you can expect my full attention, understanding, and collaboration as we work together to empower and encourage you to be the person you want to be. Together we will customize a plan that will meet your needs and most importantly your wants and desires for your life. I believe you have the inner strength to overcome what is holding you back, therefore I will be your guide to better understand yourself. Having mutual trust and understanding is crucial, and knowing that you decided to invest in yourself with me is very brave.
In the room with me, you can expect my full attention, understanding, and collaboration as we work together to empower and encourage you to be the person you want to be. Together we will customize a plan that will meet your needs and most importantly your wants and desires for your life. I believe you have the inner strength to overcome what is holding you back, therefore I will be your guide to better understand yourself. Having mutual trust and understanding is crucial, and knowing that you decided to invest in yourself with me is very brave.
(415) 873-4930 View (415) 873-4930
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth
54% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.