Therapists in Fairhope, AL

Photo of undefined - Neuroflourish, LLC, MA, LPC, ICP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Neuroflourish, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ICP
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
Neuroflourish is where psychology and technology meet! We are a company founded by licensed professional therapists here on the gulf coast. Our holistic approach is based on a client-specific protocol. We review history and severity of symptoms, analyze lifestyle habits, and evaluate complementary therapies when needed. Using a methodology such as this which focuses on on the “whole person” allows us to be extremely dynamic in our approach with clients. Our goal is to transform the lives of people suffering from debilitating conditions brought about due to illness, injuries, mental health disorders, stress, and trauma.
Neuroflourish is where psychology and technology meet! We are a company founded by licensed professional therapists here on the gulf coast. Our holistic approach is based on a client-specific protocol. We review history and severity of symptoms, analyze lifestyle habits, and evaluate complementary therapies when needed. Using a methodology such as this which focuses on on the “whole person” allows us to be extremely dynamic in our approach with clients. Our goal is to transform the lives of people suffering from debilitating conditions brought about due to illness, injuries, mental health disorders, stress, and trauma.
(251) 202-4573 View (251) 202-4573
Photo of Dr. Heather Harcourt, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Heather Harcourt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532  (Online Only)
Therapy is a choice you make to support your personal growth, strengthen your mental health and define and work towards life goals. Every person has seasons of life where they struggle and this is an ideal time to work with a therapist. My clients are often feeling depressed or anxious when they start therapy and together we work to find a path that allows them to overcome challenges by developing skills and deepening understanding of who they are, how they came to be the person they are and who they want to become as they reach towards a happier version of themselves.
Therapy is a choice you make to support your personal growth, strengthen your mental health and define and work towards life goals. Every person has seasons of life where they struggle and this is an ideal time to work with a therapist. My clients are often feeling depressed or anxious when they start therapy and together we work to find a path that allows them to overcome challenges by developing skills and deepening understanding of who they are, how they came to be the person they are and who they want to become as they reach towards a happier version of themselves.
(251) 842-2085 View (251) 842-2085
Photo of Ansley Hanson Beverly, LICSW, PIP, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ansley Hanson Beverly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
Working with teens and early twenties is my specialty. This age group has unique needs and wants. They are trying to figure out who they are and what they want to pursue in life. Often times certain events or ways of thinking can start to interfere with this stage of maturing. The young people I work with are striving to belong, feel good about themselves and succeed.
Working with teens and early twenties is my specialty. This age group has unique needs and wants. They are trying to figure out who they are and what they want to pursue in life. Often times certain events or ways of thinking can start to interfere with this stage of maturing. The young people I work with are striving to belong, feel good about themselves and succeed.
(251) 322-4047 View (251) 322-4047
Photo of Tara Tate, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tara Tate
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
Not accepting new clients
UPDATE as of 5/17/24... I currently am NOT able to take on new clients and don't foresee beings able until fall. I appreciate your interest and apologize for any inconvenience this may create. We all struggle in life sometimes and need help! In this day and age it can be hard to find the space to discuss the challenges of life with someone in a safe and genuine way. I enjoy meeting people where they are at in life, without judgement, and helping them sort out their next steps whether they be for improvement, maintenance, or understanding.
UPDATE as of 5/17/24... I currently am NOT able to take on new clients and don't foresee beings able until fall. I appreciate your interest and apologize for any inconvenience this may create. We all struggle in life sometimes and need help! In this day and age it can be hard to find the space to discuss the challenges of life with someone in a safe and genuine way. I enjoy meeting people where they are at in life, without judgement, and helping them sort out their next steps whether they be for improvement, maintenance, or understanding.
(251) 270-2441 View (251) 270-2441
Photo of Augusta F Kantra, MS, LPC, CMMT, RYT 500, Licensed Professional Counselor
Augusta F Kantra
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CMMT, RYT 500
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
I love working with motivated people who are ready to take a bold and compassionate look at their patterns - behavioral and emotional. I feel that people need help uncovering their own resources and that personal empowerment is the key to living more fully. Being out of "balance," whether that's behaviorally, emotionally, or spiritually, causes tremendous distress. My main goal in treatment is to help my client restore balance, thereby creating the opportunity to develop healthy, mindful choices in all areas of life.
I love working with motivated people who are ready to take a bold and compassionate look at their patterns - behavioral and emotional. I feel that people need help uncovering their own resources and that personal empowerment is the key to living more fully. Being out of "balance," whether that's behaviorally, emotionally, or spiritually, causes tremendous distress. My main goal in treatment is to help my client restore balance, thereby creating the opportunity to develop healthy, mindful choices in all areas of life.
(251) 219-0218 View (251) 219-0218
Photo of Lucas Hester, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lucas Hester
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
Hey there, my name’s Lucas, and I’m a licensed therapist who works with teens, adults, and couples! I work with clients on specific issues they highlight and see as the things that need to be addressed the most, but I also take a holistic approach and address whatever you and I through therapy identify as compounding factors - be they internal, such as trauma, or external, such as relationship troubles.
Hey there, my name’s Lucas, and I’m a licensed therapist who works with teens, adults, and couples! I work with clients on specific issues they highlight and see as the things that need to be addressed the most, but I also take a holistic approach and address whatever you and I through therapy identify as compounding factors - be they internal, such as trauma, or external, such as relationship troubles.
(251) 572-1050 View (251) 572-1050
Photo of Kinsey Miller, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kinsey Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
I am a licensed professional counselor & national certified counselor who specializes in working with children & adolescents. I use an eclectic approach which may include cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, client centered, therapeutic art & play techniques and other methods to personalize the sessions to what works best with each unique individual. I have experience in treating children & teens with a wide variety of mental health concerns . I have trauma focused training in both TF-CBT & Child Parent Psychotherapy(CPP). I strive to create a safe and welcoming atmosphere where both you and your child will feel welcome.
I am a licensed professional counselor & national certified counselor who specializes in working with children & adolescents. I use an eclectic approach which may include cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, client centered, therapeutic art & play techniques and other methods to personalize the sessions to what works best with each unique individual. I have experience in treating children & teens with a wide variety of mental health concerns . I have trauma focused training in both TF-CBT & Child Parent Psychotherapy(CPP). I strive to create a safe and welcoming atmosphere where both you and your child will feel welcome.
(251) 235-5460 View (251) 235-5460
Photo of Suzanne Brown Glass, MA, ALC, Counselor
Suzanne Brown Glass
Counselor, MA, ALC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
“When a person realizes he has been deeply heard, his eyes moisten. I think in some real sense he is weeping for joy. It is as though he were saying, ‘Thank God, somebody heard me. Someone knows what it’s like to be me" (Carl Rogers). I believe that therapy is an equal partnership and I view my clients as experts in their own lives. Through mutual respect, empathetic listening, and positive regard, I work alongside my clients to help them find resolution and peace.
“When a person realizes he has been deeply heard, his eyes moisten. I think in some real sense he is weeping for joy. It is as though he were saying, ‘Thank God, somebody heard me. Someone knows what it’s like to be me" (Carl Rogers). I believe that therapy is an equal partnership and I view my clients as experts in their own lives. Through mutual respect, empathetic listening, and positive regard, I work alongside my clients to help them find resolution and peace.
(251) 220-1617 View (251) 220-1617
Photo of Anna Meherg, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Anna Meherg
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
Hi, I'm Anna, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Associate who enjoys working with teens, adults, families, and couples. Life's journey can be challenging, especially when navigating things such as grief, family issues, relational issues, and life transitions. I'm here to walk alongside you and offer a place of support, empathy, and collaboration as we work together towards identifying your goals and taking the steps necessary for growth, healing, and change.
Hi, I'm Anna, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Associate who enjoys working with teens, adults, families, and couples. Life's journey can be challenging, especially when navigating things such as grief, family issues, relational issues, and life transitions. I'm here to walk alongside you and offer a place of support, empathy, and collaboration as we work together towards identifying your goals and taking the steps necessary for growth, healing, and change.
(251) 241-5910 View (251) 241-5910
Photo of undefined - Eden Matthews LPC, LPC, LMHC, Counselor
Eden Matthews LPC
Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532  (Online Only)
I enjoy providing a safe place to explore one's need for clarity. Life presents difficult challenges that we need help with sometimes, and in today's climate of individualism and business, it is hard to naturally find this safe place. I do my best to encourage clients to embrace truths that will move them into a more peaceful existence. Being willing to explore one's self is a brave act that deserves honor and respect. I also enjoy group experiences as I have observed our nature to encourage one another in our process.
I enjoy providing a safe place to explore one's need for clarity. Life presents difficult challenges that we need help with sometimes, and in today's climate of individualism and business, it is hard to naturally find this safe place. I do my best to encourage clients to embrace truths that will move them into a more peaceful existence. Being willing to explore one's self is a brave act that deserves honor and respect. I also enjoy group experiences as I have observed our nature to encourage one another in our process.
(251) 257-7634 View (251) 257-7634
Photo of Kylie Hunter, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kylie Hunter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
Hi, I’m Kylie! I focus on treating adolescents and adults living with depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, substance use, trauma and related concerns. I apply a holistic approach to therapy practice, recognizing all aspects of each person, their past and environment in understanding their presenting problem and goals.
Hi, I’m Kylie! I focus on treating adolescents and adults living with depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, substance use, trauma and related concerns. I apply a holistic approach to therapy practice, recognizing all aspects of each person, their past and environment in understanding their presenting problem and goals.
(251) 351-4365 View (251) 351-4365
Photo of Rebecca Washburn, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Washburn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
I am passionate about walking with people along their path of personal growth and development. I have helped clients move through transitions in their lives, recognize their own self-worth and overcome patterns of depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. I see life as a journey and am interested in helping clients get in touch with their own natural wisdom and intuition as a source of guidance and direction. Just like any part of nature, when we connect with our true essence, we find a state of balance, healing and wholeness.
I am passionate about walking with people along their path of personal growth and development. I have helped clients move through transitions in their lives, recognize their own self-worth and overcome patterns of depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. I see life as a journey and am interested in helping clients get in touch with their own natural wisdom and intuition as a source of guidance and direction. Just like any part of nature, when we connect with our true essence, we find a state of balance, healing and wholeness.
(251) 270-2417 View (251) 270-2417
Photo of Hiram Keith Johnson, MA, LCSW, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hiram Keith Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, PIP
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
Hiram has over 30 years of clinical counseling experience and the genuine passion for helping people in need. He specializes in individuals, marriage/relationships, and adolescents. Key issues include anxiety/depression, communication, conflict resolution, grief/trauma, divorce, blended families, parenting skills, substance abuse, pornography, infidelity and the mending of trust, ADD for all ages, and anger management issues. It does take a great amount of courage to reach out. Counseling helps to empower you in overcoming and/or managing life's numerous painful challenges.
Hiram has over 30 years of clinical counseling experience and the genuine passion for helping people in need. He specializes in individuals, marriage/relationships, and adolescents. Key issues include anxiety/depression, communication, conflict resolution, grief/trauma, divorce, blended families, parenting skills, substance abuse, pornography, infidelity and the mending of trust, ADD for all ages, and anger management issues. It does take a great amount of courage to reach out. Counseling helps to empower you in overcoming and/or managing life's numerous painful challenges.
(251) 216-1351 View (251) 216-1351
Photo of Kari Whatley, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kari Whatley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, and general life stresses can be overwhelming. How would it feel to like yourself more? How would it feel to wake up in a life you love, with habits that help you feel fulfilled and whole? Together, we can overcome the things that are holding you back. I view counseling as “new skills for old problems” or “more tools for your toolbox.” There really are practical solutions for anxiety, depression, and all of life’s challenges and difficult seasons. Counseling can help you find those solutions, and it can help you overcome the roadblocks that keep you from succeeding.
Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, and general life stresses can be overwhelming. How would it feel to like yourself more? How would it feel to wake up in a life you love, with habits that help you feel fulfilled and whole? Together, we can overcome the things that are holding you back. I view counseling as “new skills for old problems” or “more tools for your toolbox.” There really are practical solutions for anxiety, depression, and all of life’s challenges and difficult seasons. Counseling can help you find those solutions, and it can help you overcome the roadblocks that keep you from succeeding.
(251) 551-7664 View (251) 551-7664
Photo of Darlene B Wareham - Breath Of Life Counseling, LMFT, BCPCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Darlene B Wareham - Breath Of Life Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BCPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
Life is a journey and many times it is not easy. My goal and purpose in counseling is to help my clients through the challenges and crises of life. In those difficult times it is hard to be objective and make the best decisions for ourselves and others. The counseling process can provide new objective perspectives and understanding. I listen, understand, stay calm and am not judgmental. Since we are created spiritual as well as physical and psychological I believe including the spiritual component can bring resolution to the source of the issues and not just symptom reduction.
Life is a journey and many times it is not easy. My goal and purpose in counseling is to help my clients through the challenges and crises of life. In those difficult times it is hard to be objective and make the best decisions for ourselves and others. The counseling process can provide new objective perspectives and understanding. I listen, understand, stay calm and am not judgmental. Since we are created spiritual as well as physical and psychological I believe including the spiritual component can bring resolution to the source of the issues and not just symptom reduction.
(251) 270-2659 View (251) 270-2659
Photo of undefined - Lindsey Lee Counseling, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lindsey Lee Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
My name is Lindsey M. Lee and I am a licensed mental health professional in Baldwin County, Alabama. My office is currently located in Fairhope. I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, No. 5241C. I specialize in the treatment of adolescents and young adults struggling with adjustment issues, anxiety, and depression.
My name is Lindsey M. Lee and I am a licensed mental health professional in Baldwin County, Alabama. My office is currently located in Fairhope. I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, No. 5241C. I specialize in the treatment of adolescents and young adults struggling with adjustment issues, anxiety, and depression.
(251) 286-5458 View (251) 286-5458
Photo of Deb Hopkins, MS , ALC, Counselor
Deb Hopkins
Counselor, MS , ALC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
Life comes with an unpredictable mix of joy and tragedy. We all carry a unique story, giftedness and purpose. Each of us also experience wounding, challenge and struggle. Whether you've encountered trauma or you find yourself increasingly stressed by the many difficulties of our world, the good news is, there is hope. There are ways to experience healing and build resilience.
Life comes with an unpredictable mix of joy and tragedy. We all carry a unique story, giftedness and purpose. Each of us also experience wounding, challenge and struggle. Whether you've encountered trauma or you find yourself increasingly stressed by the many difficulties of our world, the good news is, there is hope. There are ways to experience healing and build resilience.
(251) 322-7728 View (251) 322-7728
Photo of undefined - Psychotherapy Associates LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Psychotherapy Associates LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I provide therapy for families, couples, and individuals using an holistic approach, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Solution Focused, and Family Systems Therapy with a goal to resolve core conflicts, develop healthy cognitive patterns and find solutions to overcome such issues as anxiety, panic, depression, PTSD, trauma, stress, relationship issues and other life changing events.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I provide therapy for families, couples, and individuals using an holistic approach, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Solution Focused, and Family Systems Therapy with a goal to resolve core conflicts, develop healthy cognitive patterns and find solutions to overcome such issues as anxiety, panic, depression, PTSD, trauma, stress, relationship issues and other life changing events.
(251) 270-0430 View (251) 270-0430
Photo of David S Kantra, PsyD, CMMT, RYT-500, Psychologist
David S Kantra
Psychologist, PsyD, CMMT, RYT-500
Verified Verified
Fairhope, AL 36532
Waitlist for new clients
As a practical, interactive, solution focused therapist for over 30 years, my treatment approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help clients resolve current problems and long-standing patterns. With sensitivity and compassion, I help clients find solutions to a wide range of life challenges and psychological issues. Blending conventional and alternatives approaches, I draw on a variety of styles and techniques to incorporate what will be most helpful for each client. I work with each client to help them build on their strengths to identify and achieve life goals.
As a practical, interactive, solution focused therapist for over 30 years, my treatment approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help clients resolve current problems and long-standing patterns. With sensitivity and compassion, I help clients find solutions to a wide range of life challenges and psychological issues. Blending conventional and alternatives approaches, I draw on a variety of styles and techniques to incorporate what will be most helpful for each client. I work with each client to help them build on their strengths to identify and achieve life goals.
(251) 268-9994 View (251) 268-9994
Photo of Chris Mitchum, MS, ALC, Counselor
Chris Mitchum
Counselor, MS, ALC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairhope, AL 36532
As a counselor specializing in the treatment of OCD and anxiety, I bring a unique blend of personal experience and professional expertise to my practice. Having overcome my own struggles with OCD, I possess a deep understanding of the challenges individuals face in managing these conditions. Drawing from my background as a former Marine and Firefighter/Paramedic, I integrate principles of discipline, resilience, and crisis management into my therapeutic approach. Utilizing evidence-based modalities such as ERP, CBT, and ACT, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and effective care tailored to each client's needs.
As a counselor specializing in the treatment of OCD and anxiety, I bring a unique blend of personal experience and professional expertise to my practice. Having overcome my own struggles with OCD, I possess a deep understanding of the challenges individuals face in managing these conditions. Drawing from my background as a former Marine and Firefighter/Paramedic, I integrate principles of discipline, resilience, and crisis management into my therapeutic approach. Utilizing evidence-based modalities such as ERP, CBT, and ACT, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and effective care tailored to each client's needs.
(251) 351-3071 View (251) 351-3071

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fairhope, AL

90+

Average cost per session

$136

Therapists in Fairhope, AL who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
71% Self Esteem
68% Relationship Issues
68% Stress
65% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% BlueCross and BlueShield
48% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
48% New Directions | Lucet

How Therapists in Fairhope, AL see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fairhope?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.