Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA

Photo of Julia Savoni, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Savoni
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Have you been feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and disconnected from others? Do you tend to self-doubt, or have previously been called a “people pleaser”? These problems are far too common when we experience difficulty with boundaries, and challenges with our self esteem. Are you ready to improve your connection with yourself and others?
Have you been feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and disconnected from others? Do you tend to self-doubt, or have previously been called a “people pleaser”? These problems are far too common when we experience difficulty with boundaries, and challenges with our self esteem. Are you ready to improve your connection with yourself and others?
(424) 380-7444 View (424) 380-7444
Photo of Catherine Vu, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Catherine Vu
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
I am an Asian-American therapist seeking to create a healing and culturally affirming environment for Children, Teens, and Young Adults. Life as a POC can be confusing to navigate as we can have traditions, values, and obligations that oppose our American cultural upbringing. This therapeutic space will be a safe container for those looking to explore their identity, purpose, and authenticity.
I am an Asian-American therapist seeking to create a healing and culturally affirming environment for Children, Teens, and Young Adults. Life as a POC can be confusing to navigate as we can have traditions, values, and obligations that oppose our American cultural upbringing. This therapeutic space will be a safe container for those looking to explore their identity, purpose, and authenticity.
(310) 750-4902 View (310) 750-4902
Photo of Phyllis Dworsky, PhD, Psychologist
Phyllis Dworsky
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
Dr. Phyllis E. Dworsky is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 1997. Dr. Dworsky offers both cognitive behavioral techniques to work toward goals and psychodynamic understanding as to what sabotages goals and triggers anxiety, depression, and anger. She also offers support and communication strategies for couples with a strong background in Gottman techniques. In her spare time, Dr. Dworsky enjoys hiking, yoga, poetry, and literature.
Dr. Phyllis E. Dworsky is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 1997. Dr. Dworsky offers both cognitive behavioral techniques to work toward goals and psychodynamic understanding as to what sabotages goals and triggers anxiety, depression, and anger. She also offers support and communication strategies for couples with a strong background in Gottman techniques. In her spare time, Dr. Dworsky enjoys hiking, yoga, poetry, and literature.
(424) 349-3847 View (424) 349-3847
Photo of Nicole R Sela, MA, LPCC, NCC, Counselor
Nicole R Sela
Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Do you have trouble managing your anger? Have you been told by loved ones, coworkers, or friends that you have trouble managing your anger? Are you looking for someone who hears you with an impartial ear? I specialize in helping clients manage anger, adapting to a life of responding rather than reacting. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to help clients adapt successful coping strategies. I also work with clients who have a history of childhood trauma, and as well provide couples counseling and see many clients who are struggling with depression and anxiety.
Do you have trouble managing your anger? Have you been told by loved ones, coworkers, or friends that you have trouble managing your anger? Are you looking for someone who hears you with an impartial ear? I specialize in helping clients manage anger, adapting to a life of responding rather than reacting. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to help clients adapt successful coping strategies. I also work with clients who have a history of childhood trauma, and as well provide couples counseling and see many clients who are struggling with depression and anxiety.
(818) 405-8255 View (818) 405-8255
Photo of Anna Pirkl, MFT, ATR, LAADC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Anna Pirkl
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, ATR, LAADC
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
You might be looking for support to manage a challenge that has come your way. This is a wise and life affirming choice. I find that obstacles arise as a way of offering an invitation to develop as human beings. It definitely doesn’t look and feel that way at first, but, as we look back on experiences, we know this is so. Meeting that invitation head on by having the neutral and clear guidance of a trained third party can make all the difference.
You might be looking for support to manage a challenge that has come your way. This is a wise and life affirming choice. I find that obstacles arise as a way of offering an invitation to develop as human beings. It definitely doesn’t look and feel that way at first, but, as we look back on experiences, we know this is so. Meeting that invitation head on by having the neutral and clear guidance of a trained third party can make all the difference.
(424) 377-7417 View (424) 377-7417
Photo of Yvonne Janette Co, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Yvonne Janette Co
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90267
I create a safe environment in which you can discover and actualize your true self. Finding and accessing your internal compass enables you to chart your own course and fulfill your potential. We will collaboratively set goals that advance your true self, minimize barriers that impede your growth, facilitate acceptance of what you cannot change, and allow for the redirection of energy towards what you can accomplish. So often life becomes about hanging on and weathering whatever storm comes next. My goal is for you to do more than survive. I want you to thrive.
I create a safe environment in which you can discover and actualize your true self. Finding and accessing your internal compass enables you to chart your own course and fulfill your potential. We will collaboratively set goals that advance your true self, minimize barriers that impede your growth, facilitate acceptance of what you cannot change, and allow for the redirection of energy towards what you can accomplish. So often life becomes about hanging on and weathering whatever storm comes next. My goal is for you to do more than survive. I want you to thrive.
(424) 417-6770 View (424) 417-6770
Photo of Erin Campbell, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erin Campbell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Are you or your child experiencing anxiety, low mood, or trouble with your interpersonal relationships? Are you finding it difficult to communicate effectively with the people in your life? I specialize in working with teens, adults, families, and couples who are struggling with boundaries, communication, and overall barriers in their relationships. In addition to seeing these individuals in my private practice, I have worked within multiple school districts, a treatment center, and a non-profit community mental health center.
Are you or your child experiencing anxiety, low mood, or trouble with your interpersonal relationships? Are you finding it difficult to communicate effectively with the people in your life? I specialize in working with teens, adults, families, and couples who are struggling with boundaries, communication, and overall barriers in their relationships. In addition to seeing these individuals in my private practice, I have worked within multiple school districts, a treatment center, and a non-profit community mental health center.
(424) 242-1074 View (424) 242-1074
Photo of Bryan Sawlsville, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bryan Sawlsville
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
I offer over 25 years' experience in Mental Health and Substance Use treatment services providing direct care across many settings & populations including adults, children, families and couples. While my style is based on presenting goals, attention to mindfulness, personal strengths and narratives are strong foundations to our work. I see people as being expert in themselves and want to honor their experiences in life to help guide treatment. I have success working with interpersonal and family issues, trauma, addiction, substance use, anxiety, depression, anger management, parenting, and crisis intervention.
I offer over 25 years' experience in Mental Health and Substance Use treatment services providing direct care across many settings & populations including adults, children, families and couples. While my style is based on presenting goals, attention to mindfulness, personal strengths and narratives are strong foundations to our work. I see people as being expert in themselves and want to honor their experiences in life to help guide treatment. I have success working with interpersonal and family issues, trauma, addiction, substance use, anxiety, depression, anger management, parenting, and crisis intervention.
(310) 426-8860 View (310) 426-8860
Photo of Victor Cohen, PhD, Psychologist
Victor Cohen
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I believe that if we turn within, we can find the resources to deal with any problem and we can create a life of satisfaction, love and joy. My ideal client wants a safe, caring relationship in which to open up, share and be authentic. The journey to being oneself is very exciting and for me, therapy is about accepting oneself, expressing oneself and being honest. Doing this inner work with a guide naturally opens doors to connection and resolution of relationship and family problems and creates enthusiasm and a sense of satisfaction and purpose in one's life.
I believe that if we turn within, we can find the resources to deal with any problem and we can create a life of satisfaction, love and joy. My ideal client wants a safe, caring relationship in which to open up, share and be authentic. The journey to being oneself is very exciting and for me, therapy is about accepting oneself, expressing oneself and being honest. Doing this inner work with a guide naturally opens doors to connection and resolution of relationship and family problems and creates enthusiasm and a sense of satisfaction and purpose in one's life.
(424) 218-9854 View (424) 218-9854
Photo of Antanissha Tyler, PsyD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Antanissha Tyler
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
If your child or teen is struggling and you're not sure how to help them, having a safe place to explore with a trained professional can help you both. Sometimes when you're in the middle of everything, it's hard to really see. You have such intimate, valuable observations as a parent, but adding that to the objective, experience informed information from a professional can bring the big picture together and organize everything so there's a clear path forward.
If your child or teen is struggling and you're not sure how to help them, having a safe place to explore with a trained professional can help you both. Sometimes when you're in the middle of everything, it's hard to really see. You have such intimate, valuable observations as a parent, but adding that to the objective, experience informed information from a professional can bring the big picture together and organize everything so there's a clear path forward.
(310) 692-7604 View (310) 692-7604
Photo of Sara Sedlik Haynes, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sara Sedlik Haynes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I specialize in couple counseling, relationship dynamics, self-esteem, communication issues, and other issues like trauma, anxiety and ADHD. I work with adults and older teens who feel ready to do deep work. The problem is that most people wait, hoping things will shift on their own...but that rarely works. Therapy is effective because it moves us from a state of dysregulation to regulation; when the brain-body connection is in balance, our whole life from decision-making, performance and relationships are easier and more fulfilling. If your goal is to feel more in control and less frustrated, I will help you.
I specialize in couple counseling, relationship dynamics, self-esteem, communication issues, and other issues like trauma, anxiety and ADHD. I work with adults and older teens who feel ready to do deep work. The problem is that most people wait, hoping things will shift on their own...but that rarely works. Therapy is effective because it moves us from a state of dysregulation to regulation; when the brain-body connection is in balance, our whole life from decision-making, performance and relationships are easier and more fulfilling. If your goal is to feel more in control and less frustrated, I will help you.
(310) 341-4761 View (310) 341-4761
Photo of Michelle Bucholtz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Bucholtz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Expect something different with me. I'm creative, I'm straight forward, and I'm pretty sure I'll make you laugh. Who said therapy has to be scary or boring? I have worked in the psychiatric social work field for over 15 years in both England and the United States. I have worked with adults with a wide range of mental health difficulties. I have experience treating adults with anxiety, depression, trauma as well as other mood, psychotic, and substance abuse disorders. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to educate individuals on their symptoms, the roots of those symptoms and how to challenge, cope and work through them.
Expect something different with me. I'm creative, I'm straight forward, and I'm pretty sure I'll make you laugh. Who said therapy has to be scary or boring? I have worked in the psychiatric social work field for over 15 years in both England and the United States. I have worked with adults with a wide range of mental health difficulties. I have experience treating adults with anxiety, depression, trauma as well as other mood, psychotic, and substance abuse disorders. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to educate individuals on their symptoms, the roots of those symptoms and how to challenge, cope and work through them.
(424) 500-5819 View (424) 500-5819
Photo of Veronica Calkins, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Veronica Calkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
A Licensed Psychotherapist specializing in trauma, crisis, grief, anxiety, depression, and relationships. Veronica provides an empathetic and caring environment to work through challenges without judgment. Veronica obtained her B.A. in Psychology with a minor in Applied Developmental Psychology and Master’s in Social Welfare at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She is trained in CBT, DBT, and family and couples therapy. She is also certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the administration of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Deep-Brain Theta Stimulation.
A Licensed Psychotherapist specializing in trauma, crisis, grief, anxiety, depression, and relationships. Veronica provides an empathetic and caring environment to work through challenges without judgment. Veronica obtained her B.A. in Psychology with a minor in Applied Developmental Psychology and Master’s in Social Welfare at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She is trained in CBT, DBT, and family and couples therapy. She is also certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the administration of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Deep-Brain Theta Stimulation.
(310) 905-5816 View (310) 905-5816
Photo of Linda K Reeves, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Linda K Reeves
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
You've found an ally and someone who specializes in providing LGBTQ affirmative treatment to those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender non-binary, questioning or queer. I also love supporting parents and partners who are struggling after learning their loved one's sexual or gender identity is something other than what they believed. You don't have to do this alone. Whether working individually, with a couple or a family, I focus on establishing a safe environment so we can build a trusting relationship enabling you to learn new ways to live with more authenticity and joy.
You've found an ally and someone who specializes in providing LGBTQ affirmative treatment to those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender non-binary, questioning or queer. I also love supporting parents and partners who are struggling after learning their loved one's sexual or gender identity is something other than what they believed. You don't have to do this alone. Whether working individually, with a couple or a family, I focus on establishing a safe environment so we can build a trusting relationship enabling you to learn new ways to live with more authenticity and joy.
(310) 796-9196 View (310) 796-9196
Photo of Solji Kim, MS, APCC
Solji Kim
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Solji, and I’m so glad you’re here. Life brings us beautiful moments to cherish, but also overwhelming challenges. Difficult memories can cloud our joy and make us lose sight of our strengths. Yet, I believe we’re all stronger and wiser than we realize. Even in tough times, there’s a part of you that believes in better days. Let’s navigate this journey together—I’m here to support you at every step.
Hi, I’m Solji, and I’m so glad you’re here. Life brings us beautiful moments to cherish, but also overwhelming challenges. Difficult memories can cloud our joy and make us lose sight of our strengths. Yet, I believe we’re all stronger and wiser than we realize. Even in tough times, there’s a part of you that believes in better days. Let’s navigate this journey together—I’m here to support you at every step.
(424) 408-1082 View (424) 408-1082
Photo of Ladan Abdollahi, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ladan Abdollahi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Therapy is for everyone. Some attend due to symptoms of depression, anxiety, or other specific disorders; others seek help when experiencing social, familial, academic, or occupational difficulties; and still others pursue therapy to gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their purpose. While the path of every individual is unique, all can benefit from feeling seen, heard, understood, and validated; along with learning healthy coping mechanisms; developing communication and problem-solving skills to successfully address present and future challenges; and accomplishing objectives on the path to achieving self-actualization.
Therapy is for everyone. Some attend due to symptoms of depression, anxiety, or other specific disorders; others seek help when experiencing social, familial, academic, or occupational difficulties; and still others pursue therapy to gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their purpose. While the path of every individual is unique, all can benefit from feeling seen, heard, understood, and validated; along with learning healthy coping mechanisms; developing communication and problem-solving skills to successfully address present and future challenges; and accomplishing objectives on the path to achieving self-actualization.
(323) 690-1837 View (323) 690-1837
Photo of Douglas H Hutton, PsyD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Douglas H Hutton
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I have helped numerous patients in the past 25 years overcome major hurdles emotionally and spiritually, helping them discover for themselves who God has truly meant them to be. Living with depression, anxiety, fear, inhibitions, low-self esteem, relationship problems or the like -- your suffering should not be ignored. Life was not meant to be lived in part, but rather in fullness. My interest is in dealing with the deeper issues that underlie problems so that life can be lived in fullness rather than confusion, frustration and regret.
I have helped numerous patients in the past 25 years overcome major hurdles emotionally and spiritually, helping them discover for themselves who God has truly meant them to be. Living with depression, anxiety, fear, inhibitions, low-self esteem, relationship problems or the like -- your suffering should not be ignored. Life was not meant to be lived in part, but rather in fullness. My interest is in dealing with the deeper issues that underlie problems so that life can be lived in fullness rather than confusion, frustration and regret.
(424) 260-2983 View (424) 260-2983
Photo of Victoria Zal, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Victoria Zal
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
You matter! I'm here to assist you in making your relationships succeed, starting with communication that makes a difference. Together we will uncover your beauty and resilience. Begin your quest to heal, understand and find answers, as well as empower your positive growth. Besides my passion for relationships, couples therapy, psychology, art and life I have experience with parenting, marriage, divorce, dating, couples issues, dealing with family members with ADHD, autism, depression, anxiety, low self esteem, grief, loss, immigration, teenagers, not fitting in and much more. Text directly 310.746.7223
You matter! I'm here to assist you in making your relationships succeed, starting with communication that makes a difference. Together we will uncover your beauty and resilience. Begin your quest to heal, understand and find answers, as well as empower your positive growth. Besides my passion for relationships, couples therapy, psychology, art and life I have experience with parenting, marriage, divorce, dating, couples issues, dealing with family members with ADHD, autism, depression, anxiety, low self esteem, grief, loss, immigration, teenagers, not fitting in and much more. Text directly 310.746.7223
(310) 494-2783 View (310) 494-2783
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Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Not accepting new clients
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Photo of Andrew Jasko, AMFT, MPhil, MA, MDiv, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Andrew Jasko
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MPhil, MA, MDiv
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Are you feeling worn out and weighed down by life or frustrated that what you've tried for healing hasn't worked? I’ll help you unburden from repetitive painful patterns and trauma that keep you stuck in suffering, depression, and anxiety so you can experience radiant aliveness and peace as your natural state, with more fulfilling, harmonious relationships. As a skilled therapist at Q Psychology Group, I view healing as a natural process that can be navigated gently and compassionately. My approach combines parts work, mindfulness, and psychodynamic depth therapy and empowers you to trust your own inner guidance.
Are you feeling worn out and weighed down by life or frustrated that what you've tried for healing hasn't worked? I’ll help you unburden from repetitive painful patterns and trauma that keep you stuck in suffering, depression, and anxiety so you can experience radiant aliveness and peace as your natural state, with more fulfilling, harmonious relationships. As a skilled therapist at Q Psychology Group, I view healing as a natural process that can be navigated gently and compassionately. My approach combines parts work, mindfulness, and psychodynamic depth therapy and empowers you to trust your own inner guidance.
(424) 377-8990 View (424) 377-8990
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA

500+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
86% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Cigna and Evernorth
56% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Manhattan Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.