Therapists in American Fork, UT

Photo of Adelle Thomas, LCMHC, MS, Counselor
Adelle Thomas
Counselor, LCMHC, MS
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
I specialize in Developmental and Complex trauma, PTSD, attachment disruptions and relationship strain, mood dysregulation, and life transitions.
I specialize in Developmental and Complex trauma, PTSD, attachment disruptions and relationship strain, mood dysregulation, and life transitions.
(385) 421-9753 View (385) 421-9753
Photo of Whittney Howard, MFTI, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Whittney Howard
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFTI
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Whittney is a Marriage and Family Therapist Intern (MFTi). She has completed a bachelor's degree in Family Science from Utah Valley University, and she is currently attending Utah Tech University's Marriage and Family Therapy master's program. Whittney has certifications in domestic violence, psychological first aid (PFA), drug addiction (SBIRT), skills for psychological recovery (SPR), trauma-focused treatment (TF-CBT, CCTS), and others. She is passionate about meeting clients where they're at, creating a safe space for them to explore and be vulnerable, and collaborating to create change that is both sustainable and meaningful.
Whittney is a Marriage and Family Therapist Intern (MFTi). She has completed a bachelor's degree in Family Science from Utah Valley University, and she is currently attending Utah Tech University's Marriage and Family Therapy master's program. Whittney has certifications in domestic violence, psychological first aid (PFA), drug addiction (SBIRT), skills for psychological recovery (SPR), trauma-focused treatment (TF-CBT, CCTS), and others. She is passionate about meeting clients where they're at, creating a safe space for them to explore and be vulnerable, and collaborating to create change that is both sustainable and meaningful.
(435) 292-3291 View (435) 292-3291
Photo of Brad Tanner, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brad Tanner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Life's challenges can be overwhelming, leaving you knocked down and unsure how to regain happiness. Intensive Outpatient Treatment Program maybe just what you're looking for being tailored to combat anxiety, trauma, and depression issues. We're dedicated to guiding you toward hope and healing, providing tools to connect, boost self-esteem, and manage life's anxieties effectively. Regain control and embrace joy through our program.
Life's challenges can be overwhelming, leaving you knocked down and unsure how to regain happiness. Intensive Outpatient Treatment Program maybe just what you're looking for being tailored to combat anxiety, trauma, and depression issues. We're dedicated to guiding you toward hope and healing, providing tools to connect, boost self-esteem, and manage life's anxieties effectively. Regain control and embrace joy through our program.
(801) 850-0794 View (801) 850-0794
Eliana Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
Eliana Martinez is a Spanish speaking mental health provider. She received her bachelor’s degree in social work from Brigham Young University and her master’s in social work from the University of Utah. She began her career working as a psychiatric social worker and served ethnically diverse and LGBTQ students and families throughout schools in Los Angeles. She has also worked in the emergency departments; NICU; labor and delivery.
Eliana Martinez is a Spanish speaking mental health provider. She received her bachelor’s degree in social work from Brigham Young University and her master’s in social work from the University of Utah. She began her career working as a psychiatric social worker and served ethnically diverse and LGBTQ students and families throughout schools in Los Angeles. She has also worked in the emergency departments; NICU; labor and delivery.
(801) 823-4402 View (801) 823-4402
Photo of Sydney Williams, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sydney Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Do you feel disconnected and not empowered in your life? Are you seeking better ways to cope with stress and anxiety? Are you struggling with body image and feeling like you are not enough? Are you struggling with the "shoulds" and "should nots" of food? Are you looking for your voice and to be seen? You can find healing and authenticity, where you no longer have to listen to the negative voices telling you that you are not enough. There is a path to hope and healing where you can feel empowered and in control of your life, your body, and how you show up in this world. There is a safe environment where you can heal right here.
Do you feel disconnected and not empowered in your life? Are you seeking better ways to cope with stress and anxiety? Are you struggling with body image and feeling like you are not enough? Are you struggling with the "shoulds" and "should nots" of food? Are you looking for your voice and to be seen? You can find healing and authenticity, where you no longer have to listen to the negative voices telling you that you are not enough. There is a path to hope and healing where you can feel empowered and in control of your life, your body, and how you show up in this world. There is a safe environment where you can heal right here.
(385) 220-7829 View (385) 220-7829
Photo of Doris Willey, MFTI, Pre-Licensed Professional
Doris Willey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFTI
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
Not everyone’s advice resonates, and you may still be on your journey to find the guidance that aligns with your core values. I am empathically attuned to listening in a non-judgmental way that uplifts you and helps you find the support you need. I bring my life’s experience, wisdom, and valuable training to the table as I approach therapy in a personalized and empathic style to fit each individual’s needs. I ensure that I provide a safe environment wherein individuals can process what they choose with respect and compassion.
Not everyone’s advice resonates, and you may still be on your journey to find the guidance that aligns with your core values. I am empathically attuned to listening in a non-judgmental way that uplifts you and helps you find the support you need. I bring my life’s experience, wisdom, and valuable training to the table as I approach therapy in a personalized and empathic style to fit each individual’s needs. I ensure that I provide a safe environment wherein individuals can process what they choose with respect and compassion.
(385) 685-4094 View (385) 685-4094
Photo of Eden Jerome, MFTI, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Eden Jerome
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFTI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
It would be an honor to help you navigate the complexities of relationships, especially when dealing with trauma or chronic conditions. Having faced my traumas, I understand the fear and challenges that follow. Healing from trauma is tough, but I'll support you. Living with a chronic condition can be frustrating and impact every aspect of life. I empathize with the grief and the longing for a different life. I'm here to support you if you desire guidance to find peace and embrace a life that aligns with your true self.
It would be an honor to help you navigate the complexities of relationships, especially when dealing with trauma or chronic conditions. Having faced my traumas, I understand the fear and challenges that follow. Healing from trauma is tough, but I'll support you. Living with a chronic condition can be frustrating and impact every aspect of life. I empathize with the grief and the longing for a different life. I'm here to support you if you desire guidance to find peace and embrace a life that aligns with your true self.
(385) 526-5979 View (385) 526-5979
Photo of Matthew Benavidez, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Matthew Benavidez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
I know it may feel like all hope is lost. You’ve hit a wall in your relationship, and you don’t see a way around it. You desperately want your partner to see you, and you wish you could understand them. It feels like you’re stuck in a never-ending cycle. Many couples go through this, and it’s a pretty painful experience. You want to make it work, but have no idea how. Fortunately, you can still improve your relationship. Even if you’ve dealt with distance, infidelity, or communication problems for years, you can heal together. You and your partner can learn to leave the resentment behind, and get back to your life together.
I know it may feel like all hope is lost. You’ve hit a wall in your relationship, and you don’t see a way around it. You desperately want your partner to see you, and you wish you could understand them. It feels like you’re stuck in a never-ending cycle. Many couples go through this, and it’s a pretty painful experience. You want to make it work, but have no idea how. Fortunately, you can still improve your relationship. Even if you’ve dealt with distance, infidelity, or communication problems for years, you can heal together. You and your partner can learn to leave the resentment behind, and get back to your life together.
(801) 784-2186 View (801) 784-2186
Photo of Taylor L - Utah Family Therapy, MFTI, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Utah Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003  (Online Only)
In our fast-paced world, life's demands can feel overwhelming. Your anxiety and depression might reach a breaking point, urging you to retreat into solitude. You're NOT alone. I've helped others in similar situations. Daily challenges can confound you, leaving you unsure of your path. This is where teletherapy comes in. Simplify the connection utilizing technology and together, we'll unearth healing, acceptance, and understanding. You needn't tackle this journey solo; together we can heal from the comfort of your home.
In our fast-paced world, life's demands can feel overwhelming. Your anxiety and depression might reach a breaking point, urging you to retreat into solitude. You're NOT alone. I've helped others in similar situations. Daily challenges can confound you, leaving you unsure of your path. This is where teletherapy comes in. Simplify the connection utilizing technology and together, we'll unearth healing, acceptance, and understanding. You needn't tackle this journey solo; together we can heal from the comfort of your home.
(385) 485-6334 View (385) 485-6334
Photo of Holly Brassfield, LCSW, RPT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holly Brassfield
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Is your trauma or excessive worrying getting in the way of you living your best life? Are you a parent who is heartbroken because your child has experienced trauma? You, or your child, deserves to find your own unique healing journey that provides peace and a future you love. Trauma can often make us feel stuck in the past. Many people wonder if therapy will even help or if it is too late! You may find yourself not wanting to try therapy because you don't want to rehash the past or relive it. I don’t believe therapy has to be this way. In fact, therapy can be about us creating a future that you are excited to have.
Is your trauma or excessive worrying getting in the way of you living your best life? Are you a parent who is heartbroken because your child has experienced trauma? You, or your child, deserves to find your own unique healing journey that provides peace and a future you love. Trauma can often make us feel stuck in the past. Many people wonder if therapy will even help or if it is too late! You may find yourself not wanting to try therapy because you don't want to rehash the past or relive it. I don’t believe therapy has to be this way. In fact, therapy can be about us creating a future that you are excited to have.
(385) 595-5268 View (385) 595-5268
Photo of Karina Bahr, MFTI, Pre-Licensed Professional
Karina Bahr
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFTI
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
Anxiety is a common issue that can affect anyone at any time. Life transitions, such as the birth of a child, starting college, the loss of a loved one, or starting a new job, can be difficult to navigate. Stress is a natural response to the demands of life, but it can become overwhelming if left unmanaged. Grief is a natural response to loss and can be a difficult emotion to process. I want you to know that I see you and I am here to help you gain the skills necessary to help you on your healing journey.
Anxiety is a common issue that can affect anyone at any time. Life transitions, such as the birth of a child, starting college, the loss of a loved one, or starting a new job, can be difficult to navigate. Stress is a natural response to the demands of life, but it can become overwhelming if left unmanaged. Grief is a natural response to loss and can be a difficult emotion to process. I want you to know that I see you and I am here to help you gain the skills necessary to help you on your healing journey.
(385) 336-4339 View (385) 336-4339
Photo of Kelsey Macfarlane, MA, LAMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Kelsey Macfarlane
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
All individuals, couple's and families face challenges. That's where I come in! As your therapist, I will help you navigate self-healing, support in understanding yourself and others while also providing encouragement in finding your own voice and needs. Whether there are concerns with neurodivergence/neurospicy, autism, ADHD (Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), OCD or other areas of living, I am here to help! Challenges faced by a neurodiverse person or couple is unique and requires a unique perspective.
All individuals, couple's and families face challenges. That's where I come in! As your therapist, I will help you navigate self-healing, support in understanding yourself and others while also providing encouragement in finding your own voice and needs. Whether there are concerns with neurodivergence/neurospicy, autism, ADHD (Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), OCD or other areas of living, I am here to help! Challenges faced by a neurodiverse person or couple is unique and requires a unique perspective.
(385) 462-0819 View (385) 462-0819
Photo of Matthew Bridgstock, MSW, LCSW, CSAT, CST, CPTT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Matthew Bridgstock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSAT, CST, CPTT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
I specialize in helping clients deal with relationship trauma and sexual addiction. I'm trained in the Gottman therapy technique for relationships and EMDR. I am also a Sexual Addictions Therapist (CSAT) and a Sex Therapist (CST). I offer a diverse approach and utilize a variety of interventions based upon my extensive training and research.
I specialize in helping clients deal with relationship trauma and sexual addiction. I'm trained in the Gottman therapy technique for relationships and EMDR. I am also a Sexual Addictions Therapist (CSAT) and a Sex Therapist (CST). I offer a diverse approach and utilize a variety of interventions based upon my extensive training and research.
(801) 919-8245 View (801) 919-8245
Photo of Robyn M Day - Life Stone Counseling Centers, LCSW, LSUDC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Life Stone Counseling Centers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LSUDC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Robyn has worked several years in the substance abuse field doing inpatient, outpatient and medication-assisted treatment. She also has experience working with those in the criminal justice system. Robyn is committed to working collaboratively with clients to help them meet their life goals.Robyn practices in the Utah County location.
Robyn has worked several years in the substance abuse field doing inpatient, outpatient and medication-assisted treatment. She also has experience working with those in the criminal justice system. Robyn is committed to working collaboratively with clients to help them meet their life goals.Robyn practices in the Utah County location.
(385) 316-6621 View (385) 316-6621
Photo of Hayley Jorgensen - Utah Family Therapy, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Utah Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
Believing in yourself isn’t easy, but having a supportive cheering section makes a difference! Working with teenagers, young adults, couples, and families to nurture self-compassion, foster personal growth, and shift negative patterns creates positive change. While anxiety and depression may seem ever-present, they can become sources of inner strength. Your story matters, and together, we can discover and live your values, forging the path toward the person you aspire to be. It’s NOT always easy to believe in yourself, identify and live true to your values, and blaze the path forward.
Believing in yourself isn’t easy, but having a supportive cheering section makes a difference! Working with teenagers, young adults, couples, and families to nurture self-compassion, foster personal growth, and shift negative patterns creates positive change. While anxiety and depression may seem ever-present, they can become sources of inner strength. Your story matters, and together, we can discover and live your values, forging the path toward the person you aspire to be. It’s NOT always easy to believe in yourself, identify and live true to your values, and blaze the path forward.
(385) 481-3186 View (385) 481-3186
Photo of Cori Lazarte, MFTI, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Cori Lazarte
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFTI
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
I have worked in the mental/behavioral health field for 7 years, working with state and private clinics as well as community organizations. I have experience with behavioral interventions, mentoring youth in foster/proctor care, and managing mental health clinics. I know how overwhelming it can be to find a therapist who is the right fit. It is important to me to create a safe space where my clients feel seen and their stories can be heard and I believe it a deep honor to work with people in their darkest and most difficult places.
I have worked in the mental/behavioral health field for 7 years, working with state and private clinics as well as community organizations. I have experience with behavioral interventions, mentoring youth in foster/proctor care, and managing mental health clinics. I know how overwhelming it can be to find a therapist who is the right fit. It is important to me to create a safe space where my clients feel seen and their stories can be heard and I believe it a deep honor to work with people in their darkest and most difficult places.
(385) 417-4633 View (385) 417-4633
Photo of Jason P Wootton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jason P Wootton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
My ideal client is someone who may be struggling with issues such as trauma, anxiety, depression, pornography addiction, or other addictive behaviors. They seek relief from emotional pain and a deeper understanding of themselves. Their goals often include improving their mental health, enhancing their self-esteem, and developing healthier coping strategies. Ultimately, they want to lead more fulfilling lives and build better relationships, motivated by a desire for personal growth and healing.
My ideal client is someone who may be struggling with issues such as trauma, anxiety, depression, pornography addiction, or other addictive behaviors. They seek relief from emotional pain and a deeper understanding of themselves. Their goals often include improving their mental health, enhancing their self-esteem, and developing healthier coping strategies. Ultimately, they want to lead more fulfilling lives and build better relationships, motivated by a desire for personal growth and healing.
(385) 399-1839 View (385) 399-1839
Photo of Rachelle Hamill, LCSW, CSAT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachelle Hamill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAT
Verified Verified
American Fork, UT 84003
Meet Rachelle, a compassionate and dedicated therapist with 15 years of expertise in supporting teens and adults through challenges such as sexual addictions, trauma, and navigating narcissistic relationships. Rachelle's approach is grounded in her wealth of experience and skill, offering direct yet kind guidance infused with humor to foster connection and progress. As a mother, business owner, and trusted friend, Rachelle understands the complexities of life and brings a unique perspective to her practice. If you're ready to make meaningful changes in your life, Rachelle is here to support you every step of the way.
Meet Rachelle, a compassionate and dedicated therapist with 15 years of expertise in supporting teens and adults through challenges such as sexual addictions, trauma, and navigating narcissistic relationships. Rachelle's approach is grounded in her wealth of experience and skill, offering direct yet kind guidance infused with humor to foster connection and progress. As a mother, business owner, and trusted friend, Rachelle understands the complexities of life and brings a unique perspective to her practice. If you're ready to make meaningful changes in your life, Rachelle is here to support you every step of the way.
(385) 442-5827 View (385) 442-5827
Photo of Jericho Brent Avery, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jericho Brent Avery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Life is difficult sometimes and can feel overwhelming, lonely, or sad. I have felt that way as well during parts of my life. It’s difficult not to have the complexities of our lives take a toll on our mental health. Grief, loss, addiction, and trauma are all part of my story. However, the stories we believe to be true of ourselves and others are capable of being rewritten. The important factor is identifying through discovery and support of how YOU are the author.Therapy isn't as much learning skills to overcome mental health issues as it is unlearning carried shame, guilt, and negative beliefs to become an emboldened you.
Life is difficult sometimes and can feel overwhelming, lonely, or sad. I have felt that way as well during parts of my life. It’s difficult not to have the complexities of our lives take a toll on our mental health. Grief, loss, addiction, and trauma are all part of my story. However, the stories we believe to be true of ourselves and others are capable of being rewritten. The important factor is identifying through discovery and support of how YOU are the author.Therapy isn't as much learning skills to overcome mental health issues as it is unlearning carried shame, guilt, and negative beliefs to become an emboldened you.
(801) 823-2945 View (801) 823-2945
Photo of Sydney Williams - Evergreen Therapy Collective, LCSW, CSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Evergreen Therapy Collective
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Evergreen Therapy Collective offers individual and couples therapy services to help clients achieve real transformation. With a compassionate and evidence-based approach, our therapists assist individuals with developing effective coping tools, healing trauma, enhancing relationships, and realizing personal goals. Through healing and skills, you will be able to achieve an enjoyable life and the ability to cope through the hardships that come.
Evergreen Therapy Collective offers individual and couples therapy services to help clients achieve real transformation. With a compassionate and evidence-based approach, our therapists assist individuals with developing effective coping tools, healing trauma, enhancing relationships, and realizing personal goals. Through healing and skills, you will be able to achieve an enjoyable life and the ability to cope through the hardships that come.
(801) 516-3713 View (801) 516-3713
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in American Fork, UT

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in American Fork, UT who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
70% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
60% Stress
59% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% EMI Health
80% SelectHealth
68% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in American Fork, UT see their clients

92% In Person and Online
8% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
32% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in American Fork?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.