Therapists in Thomasville, GA

Photo of Rosemary R Gamin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosemary R Gamin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
Rosemary is honored to walk alongside another person in their pursuit of personal, relational, spiritual growth, insight and healing. Rosemary specializes in women's issues, working with both adults and adolescents, with treatment goals that address trauma resolution, eating disorders, relationship strain, and areas that affect overall mental health. She also has significant experience working with couples and families to promote healthy communication, relational healing and connection. In compliance with the No Surprises Act, consumers have the right to receive a Good Faith Estimate upon the start of treatment.
Rosemary is honored to walk alongside another person in their pursuit of personal, relational, spiritual growth, insight and healing. Rosemary specializes in women's issues, working with both adults and adolescents, with treatment goals that address trauma resolution, eating disorders, relationship strain, and areas that affect overall mental health. She also has significant experience working with couples and families to promote healthy communication, relational healing and connection. In compliance with the No Surprises Act, consumers have the right to receive a Good Faith Estimate upon the start of treatment.
(229) 658-4699 View (229) 658-4699
Lori L Nelson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
I consider it an honor to be a counselor -- to help a person gain greater freedom, integration, and connectedness. I will provide my expertise, compassion, and steady support; I look for you to bring your openness and faith in your own renewal.
I consider it an honor to be a counselor -- to help a person gain greater freedom, integration, and connectedness. I will provide my expertise, compassion, and steady support; I look for you to bring your openness and faith in your own renewal.
(229) 234-1881 View (229) 234-1881
Photo of Catherine B Howell, PhD, Psychologist
Catherine B Howell
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31757
Our focus is to promote emotional wellness. We provide therapeutic services in a quiet and peaceful environment that is located just far enough outside of Thomasville, Georgia, to encourage a sense of removing oneself from the stress of daily life. We have Therapy Dogs in the office to assist with our patient's level of comfort. We also provide Equine Assisted Psychotherapy on our small farm when weather is permitting. This form of therapy is solution-focused and does not require any experiences with horses. It is all "on the ground" and takes place in a safe location.
Our focus is to promote emotional wellness. We provide therapeutic services in a quiet and peaceful environment that is located just far enough outside of Thomasville, Georgia, to encourage a sense of removing oneself from the stress of daily life. We have Therapy Dogs in the office to assist with our patient's level of comfort. We also provide Equine Assisted Psychotherapy on our small farm when weather is permitting. This form of therapy is solution-focused and does not require any experiences with horses. It is all "on the ground" and takes place in a safe location.
(229) 261-1179 View (229) 261-1179
Photo of Claire E Brown, PhD, Psychologist
Claire E Brown
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
If you are seeking a therapist for help with psychological or neuropsychological problems including depression, relationship conflict , fear and anxiety, work issues, traumatic brain injury, PTSD, or other psychological, neuropsychological, or emotional difficulties, I am happy to meet with you to explore possibilities for work together. I offer psychotherapy from an eclectic perspective drawing primarily from object relations, cognitive, and neuropsychodynamic approaches.
If you are seeking a therapist for help with psychological or neuropsychological problems including depression, relationship conflict , fear and anxiety, work issues, traumatic brain injury, PTSD, or other psychological, neuropsychological, or emotional difficulties, I am happy to meet with you to explore possibilities for work together. I offer psychotherapy from an eclectic perspective drawing primarily from object relations, cognitive, and neuropsychodynamic approaches.
(229) 473-0926 View (229) 473-0926
Photo of Melanie Storrusten, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melanie Storrusten
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
Hello, I'm so glad you're taking these first steps towards support, healing, and relief. Whether you're struggling with grief, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, big decisions, the long-lasting impact of trauma, or any human challenge - therapy can be a place to gain tools, learn about yourself, make impactful changes, and above all to be seen, heard, and accepted. Therapy can also be hard work - facing uncomfortable feelings and truths. My work is infused with compassion and humor to make the hard parts a little softer. And my most favorite part of our work together will be the celebrations of your successes along the way.
Hello, I'm so glad you're taking these first steps towards support, healing, and relief. Whether you're struggling with grief, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, big decisions, the long-lasting impact of trauma, or any human challenge - therapy can be a place to gain tools, learn about yourself, make impactful changes, and above all to be seen, heard, and accepted. Therapy can also be hard work - facing uncomfortable feelings and truths. My work is infused with compassion and humor to make the hard parts a little softer. And my most favorite part of our work together will be the celebrations of your successes along the way.
(229) 702-7486 View (229) 702-7486
Photo of Lori Allison Stubbs, LCSW, CAMSII, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lori Allison Stubbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAMSII
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
Everyone has a story. What’s yours? I aim to supply you with the tools and resources you need to navigate your story. I provide a safe space for individuals to feel listened to and accepted. I am inclusive in my practice, including LGBTQIA+ affirming, and aim to be neurodiversity-affirming in a safe space. I enjoy working with those looking to transition into what life offers them.
Everyone has a story. What’s yours? I aim to supply you with the tools and resources you need to navigate your story. I provide a safe space for individuals to feel listened to and accepted. I am inclusive in my practice, including LGBTQIA+ affirming, and aim to be neurodiversity-affirming in a safe space. I enjoy working with those looking to transition into what life offers them.
(229) 267-3914 View (229) 267-3914
Photo of La'Trina Annette O'Neal, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
La'Trina Annette O'Neal
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
I am a thoughtful and creative therapist with a passion for seeing family’s restored. I am committed to helping families/individuals heal and flourish. I will help you tap into the skills and tools you need to live your best life. Together you will realize your strength and call upon your courage to be filled up and live a life poured out.
I am a thoughtful and creative therapist with a passion for seeing family’s restored. I am committed to helping families/individuals heal and flourish. I will help you tap into the skills and tools you need to live your best life. Together you will realize your strength and call upon your courage to be filled up and live a life poured out.
(229) 261-1018 View (229) 261-1018
Photo of Leslie Perez - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792  (Online Only)
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(229) 297-2278 View (229) 297-2278
Photo of Nicole Washington Gatlin, LPC, RPT-S, NCACII, CEAP, CCS, Counselor
Nicole Washington Gatlin
Counselor, LPC, RPT-S, NCACII, CEAP, CCS
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31757
I believe that everyone was born with the ability to live a rewarding life. In my work I strive to assist individuals in identifying and bringing this ability to the forefront. Through a partnership of commitment we can explore the avenue to healing
I believe that everyone was born with the ability to live a rewarding life. In my work I strive to assist individuals in identifying and bringing this ability to the forefront. Through a partnership of commitment we can explore the avenue to healing
(229) 228-5545 View (229) 228-5545
Photo of Chimere Brooks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chimere Brooks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Thomasville, GA 31792
Peace and Light! I am Chimere L. Brooks, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and therapist dedicated to helping adults navigate the complexity of stress in their lives. As an empathetic person who sees the best in people, my career in mental health has been a natural calling. Leading with curiosity, kindness, and compassion, my goal is to provide a space where you can express yourself freely and to teach practical skills that help you live life with confidence.
Peace and Light! I am Chimere L. Brooks, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and therapist dedicated to helping adults navigate the complexity of stress in their lives. As an empathetic person who sees the best in people, my career in mental health has been a natural calling. Leading with curiosity, kindness, and compassion, my goal is to provide a space where you can express yourself freely and to teach practical skills that help you live life with confidence.
(229) 363-4330 View (229) 363-4330
Photo of Shannon P Williams, MSP, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shannon P Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSP, LPC
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
Shannon is a Licensed Professional Counselor in multiple settings. He has extensive experience with multiple age groups, genders and nationalities. Shannon maintains critical and creative thinking skills essential to counseling and therapy. He is inventive in the implementation of new ideas and or initiatives, with a focus on client interaction. Shannon has worked in a Home for troubled youth, a Church youth counselor for over five years, as well with the elementary, teen, adult, elderly, disabled, and substance abuse populations. Shannon is a strong communicator, listener and motivator. Shannon considers helping others his "passion and gift".
Shannon is a Licensed Professional Counselor in multiple settings. He has extensive experience with multiple age groups, genders and nationalities. Shannon maintains critical and creative thinking skills essential to counseling and therapy. He is inventive in the implementation of new ideas and or initiatives, with a focus on client interaction. Shannon has worked in a Home for troubled youth, a Church youth counselor for over five years, as well with the elementary, teen, adult, elderly, disabled, and substance abuse populations. Shannon is a strong communicator, listener and motivator. Shannon considers helping others his "passion and gift".
(229) 798-4971 View (229) 798-4971
Photo of Lakeisha McNeil, LPC, Counselor
Lakeisha McNeil
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31757  (Online Only)
I am Licensed Professional Counselor and I have dedicated my life to helping individuals in need of finding their light through life's most darkest of times. For over 10 years I have worked with children, individuals and families in various settings. I am very passionate about counseling and committed to helping the clients that I serve to restore peace and find solace in difficult times. A few of my therapeutic approaches include CBT, REBT, Mindfulness, and Motivational Interviewing.
I am Licensed Professional Counselor and I have dedicated my life to helping individuals in need of finding their light through life's most darkest of times. For over 10 years I have worked with children, individuals and families in various settings. I am very passionate about counseling and committed to helping the clients that I serve to restore peace and find solace in difficult times. A few of my therapeutic approaches include CBT, REBT, Mindfulness, and Motivational Interviewing.
(229) 303-5917 View (229) 303-5917
Photo of Rodney G. Larson, MA, LPC, BCN, NCC, CHT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rodney G. Larson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, BCN, NCC, CHT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Thomasville, GA 31792
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed, disorganized, or forgetful or unfocused? Do you swing from feeling “stressed-out” to depressed? Are you experiencing the long term effects from early childhood trauma - neglect or physical abuse- that culminated in Complex P.T.S.D. symptoms. You may be dealing with other bio-psycho-social issues which contribute to feeling anxious or moody or brain issues such as ADD, P.T.S.D. or T.B.I. Although my focus is on providing brain training with biofeedback/neurofeedback, my approach is holistic and compassionate, encouraging clients to explore their wise mind, body and brain for positive change.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, disorganized, or forgetful or unfocused? Do you swing from feeling “stressed-out” to depressed? Are you experiencing the long term effects from early childhood trauma - neglect or physical abuse- that culminated in Complex P.T.S.D. symptoms. You may be dealing with other bio-psycho-social issues which contribute to feeling anxious or moody or brain issues such as ADD, P.T.S.D. or T.B.I. Although my focus is on providing brain training with biofeedback/neurofeedback, my approach is holistic and compassionate, encouraging clients to explore their wise mind, body and brain for positive change.
(678) 971-0199 View (678) 971-0199
Photo of J. J. Widener, LPC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
J. J. Widener
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Thomasville, GA 31792
Waitlist for new clients
Up front, I'm not the therapist for everyone. I don't have a flowery sales pitch about self-fulfillment and safe spaces, I'll probably be wearing an old t-shirt and jeans, I encourage expressive profanity, and I have more tattoos than your average therapist. Most of my caseload is trauma and PTSD. Much of the trauma work involves complex trauma with co-occurring dissociation, personality disorders, substance abuse, and anger. My work with trauma clients includes adult and adolescent survivors of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, both active duty and retired military personnel, and first responders.
Up front, I'm not the therapist for everyone. I don't have a flowery sales pitch about self-fulfillment and safe spaces, I'll probably be wearing an old t-shirt and jeans, I encourage expressive profanity, and I have more tattoos than your average therapist. Most of my caseload is trauma and PTSD. Much of the trauma work involves complex trauma with co-occurring dissociation, personality disorders, substance abuse, and anger. My work with trauma clients includes adult and adolescent survivors of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, both active duty and retired military personnel, and first responders.
(678) 719-0929 View (678) 719-0929
Photo of Ana Serena Weeks, MS, NCC, LMHCI, LAPC, Counselor
Ana Serena Weeks
Counselor, MS, NCC, LMHCI, LAPC
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
I have significant experience working with women with addiction issues and trauma. I look forward to collaborating with you by offering support, compassion, and strategies to aid you in your journey. I have a keen interest in working with persons who have experienced sexual trauma as well as trauma as a result of medical and/or dental procedures.
I have significant experience working with women with addiction issues and trauma. I look forward to collaborating with you by offering support, compassion, and strategies to aid you in your journey. I have a keen interest in working with persons who have experienced sexual trauma as well as trauma as a result of medical and/or dental procedures.
(229) 304-2173 View (229) 304-2173
Photo of Shakilah Rene Williams - Truth Is Therapy & More, LPC, CADC-II, CAM-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Truth Is Therapy & More
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CADC-II, CAM-S
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792  (Online Only)
Do you feel pulled in a million directions, unable to fit it all in? Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, work, and health? Is it hard to be kind to yourself? I help high performers manage anxiety and avoid burnout. Together, we can identify what's not working and get you back to balance. We'll use a whole-self approach, addressing the needs of your mind, body and spirit. I also integrate mindfulness, self-care, art, and therapeutic journaling to help you develop a stronger relationship with yourself.
Do you feel pulled in a million directions, unable to fit it all in? Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, work, and health? Is it hard to be kind to yourself? I help high performers manage anxiety and avoid burnout. Together, we can identify what's not working and get you back to balance. We'll use a whole-self approach, addressing the needs of your mind, body and spirit. I also integrate mindfulness, self-care, art, and therapeutic journaling to help you develop a stronger relationship with yourself.
(229) 252-3602 View (229) 252-3602
Photo of Adrian Stowers, LCSW, MAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Adrian Stowers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MAC
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792  (Online Only)
I am very passionate about helping adults and adolescents with mental health and substance abuse problems. I offer a safe, non-judgmental setting where people can express themselves and know that they will be heard. I focus on seeing each person as a valued individual, not just the symptoms they display or labels they have been given. I am very welcoming to I members of the LGBTQIA+ community. My practice works with a wide variety of problems such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, addiction (all kinds), adjustment problems, family problems, consequences of legal problems and many others.
I am very passionate about helping adults and adolescents with mental health and substance abuse problems. I offer a safe, non-judgmental setting where people can express themselves and know that they will be heard. I focus on seeing each person as a valued individual, not just the symptoms they display or labels they have been given. I am very welcoming to I members of the LGBTQIA+ community. My practice works with a wide variety of problems such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, addiction (all kinds), adjustment problems, family problems, consequences of legal problems and many others.
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Photo of Yoheved Arzi, LMFT, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Yoheved Arzi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
ASSISTING INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES,CHILDREN,WHO STRUGGLE WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, GRIEF & LOSS, TRAUMA, RELATIONSHIPS, COMMUNICATION, MARITAL PROBLEMS, DIVORCE, PARENTING, ADOPTION, SEXUALITY,ADHD, CHRONIC PAIN. http://yochevetnovels.com/?page_id=21
ASSISTING INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES,CHILDREN,WHO STRUGGLE WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, GRIEF & LOSS, TRAUMA, RELATIONSHIPS, COMMUNICATION, MARITAL PROBLEMS, DIVORCE, PARENTING, ADOPTION, SEXUALITY,ADHD, CHRONIC PAIN. http://yochevetnovels.com/?page_id=21
(229) 234-2191 View (229) 234-2191
Photo of Dana Tatum, LPC, Counselor
Dana Tatum
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Thomasville, GA 31792
I am Dana E. Tatum LPC and my approach is to work with you to find the absolute best avenue toward your personal health and happiness. With this in mind, the most effective modality for positive change and growth will be an approach that is informed by our honest direct dialogue. I focus on how our decisions/cognition affect our behavior and vice versa. These realizations along with an emphasis and awareness on the moment we actually live within shapes and informs our work together.
I am Dana E. Tatum LPC and my approach is to work with you to find the absolute best avenue toward your personal health and happiness. With this in mind, the most effective modality for positive change and growth will be an approach that is informed by our honest direct dialogue. I focus on how our decisions/cognition affect our behavior and vice versa. These realizations along with an emphasis and awareness on the moment we actually live within shapes and informs our work together.
(770) 501-5863 View (770) 501-5863
Photo of Marylynn M. P. Mohr, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marylynn M. P. Mohr
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Thomasville, GA 31792
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Georgia with eight years of experience. I work with a wide array of clients; from survivors of trauma to those struggling with anxiety, coping skills, depression, obsessive-compulsive (OCD), stress, trauma and PTSD, adolescents/teens, dual diagnosis, life transitions, self-esteem, and self-harming. I utilize a mix of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). I also offer parenting assistance to parents struggling with their children's behaviors. I believe the whole family benefits from progress in therapy.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Georgia with eight years of experience. I work with a wide array of clients; from survivors of trauma to those struggling with anxiety, coping skills, depression, obsessive-compulsive (OCD), stress, trauma and PTSD, adolescents/teens, dual diagnosis, life transitions, self-esteem, and self-harming. I utilize a mix of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). I also offer parenting assistance to parents struggling with their children's behaviors. I believe the whole family benefits from progress in therapy.
(470) 252-4385 View (470) 252-4385
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Thomasville, GA

50+

Average cost per session

$100

Therapists in Thomasville, GA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
91% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
68% Self Esteem
66% Stress
64% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
76% Cigna and Evernorth
76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Thomasville, GA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

87% Female
13% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Thomasville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.