Psychodynamic Therapists in Perry Hall, MD

Photo of Stacey Gray - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Nottingham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Nottingham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Perry Hall, MD 21128
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(855) 524-5193 View (855) 524-5193
Photo of Marianna Mujica Holistic Coach And Psychotherapist, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marianna Mujica Holistic Coach And Psychotherapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Perry Hall, MD 21128  (Online Only)
Enrolling for Online ADHD Coaching Body Doubling Support Six Week Series Saturday mornings starting May 25th. Are you a creative talented person whose executive functioning challenges are limiting your success? Need real talk and guidance from an empathic laser focused direct down-to-earth coach (and licensed psychotherapist) who will maintain your confidentiality, genuinely care about you and teach strategies for quick relief? Let's work together to create positive changes. Online individual daytime coaching available.
Enrolling for Online ADHD Coaching Body Doubling Support Six Week Series Saturday mornings starting May 25th. Are you a creative talented person whose executive functioning challenges are limiting your success? Need real talk and guidance from an empathic laser focused direct down-to-earth coach (and licensed psychotherapist) who will maintain your confidentiality, genuinely care about you and teach strategies for quick relief? Let's work together to create positive changes. Online individual daytime coaching available.
(410) 983-3687 View (410) 983-3687
Photo of Nathalie Savell, CHHC, LCPC
Nathalie Savell
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, CHHC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perry Hall, MD 21128
Therapy for Anxiety, Burn out, Stress, Life transitions, Relationship Challenges. You are realizing that you have struggled long enough and are ready to have a professional perspective to support you with your well-being. You are wanting to live more true to yourself, be rid of anxieties, anger, resentment, or navigate a challenging life change with more grace. We look at your challenges from a holistic perspective, so that we can find all the angles that could be helpful to support you at this time. I specialize in blended family issues. You don't have to do this alone, you deserve support and to be well-resourced to be your best!
Therapy for Anxiety, Burn out, Stress, Life transitions, Relationship Challenges. You are realizing that you have struggled long enough and are ready to have a professional perspective to support you with your well-being. You are wanting to live more true to yourself, be rid of anxieties, anger, resentment, or navigate a challenging life change with more grace. We look at your challenges from a holistic perspective, so that we can find all the angles that could be helpful to support you at this time. I specialize in blended family issues. You don't have to do this alone, you deserve support and to be well-resourced to be your best!
(410) 220-6472 View (410) 220-6472
Photo of Martha Edwards LCSW-C - Martha Edwards, LCSW-C Hearing & Deaf Therapy Srvs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Martha Edwards, LCSW-C Hearing & Deaf Therapy Srvs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Perry Hall, MD 21128  (Online Only)
Accepting Telehealth Clients at this time. Put down the weight of your aloneness, and ease into the conversation. (David Whyte, Everything Is Waiting For You) Let us create a safe space to explore feelings of shame and loneliness, and begin your journey into building a strong, expressive sense of self. Together we can address issues including feelings of Depression, Anxiety, Anger/Rage, and how you relate in all of the relationships in your life. Using a Psycho-dynamic approach, services are provided in English, American Sign Language or Tactile Sign Language.
Accepting Telehealth Clients at this time. Put down the weight of your aloneness, and ease into the conversation. (David Whyte, Everything Is Waiting For You) Let us create a safe space to explore feelings of shame and loneliness, and begin your journey into building a strong, expressive sense of self. Together we can address issues including feelings of Depression, Anxiety, Anger/Rage, and how you relate in all of the relationships in your life. Using a Psycho-dynamic approach, services are provided in English, American Sign Language or Tactile Sign Language.
(410) 927-1516 View (410) 927-1516
Photo of John DeHart, PsyD, Psychologist
John DeHart
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Perry Hall, MD 21128  (Online Only)
John DeHart is a Licensed Psychologist with 13 years of experience. He has worked with diverse clientele but has particular experience working with college students, gay men and other LGBTQ+ individuals, those with HIV and other chronic health conditions, and people with complex trauma. He has training as a generalist, most often helping people to work through life transitions, relationship issues, sexuality, narcissistic abuse, depression, anxiety, and trauma. John received his doctorate from Chestnut Hill College in Philadelphia. He received training at several colleges, medical centers, and community mental health agencies.
John DeHart is a Licensed Psychologist with 13 years of experience. He has worked with diverse clientele but has particular experience working with college students, gay men and other LGBTQ+ individuals, those with HIV and other chronic health conditions, and people with complex trauma. He has training as a generalist, most often helping people to work through life transitions, relationship issues, sexuality, narcissistic abuse, depression, anxiety, and trauma. John received his doctorate from Chestnut Hill College in Philadelphia. He received training at several colleges, medical centers, and community mental health agencies.
(410) 413-7547 View (410) 413-7547
Photo of Kyle Aaron, LCPC
Kyle Aaron
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perry Hall, MD 21128
Are you struggling to find traction and purpose in life? Are you stuck or finding a lack of satisfaction in your relationships? I have extensive experience working with people struggling with a variety of issues and have worked with people at every stage of the their journey. I have helped many clients reclaim their "hero's journey" and find their way out of the maze of anxiety, depression and apathy they may find themselves in. I provide a safe and engaged environment to take the opportunity to explore with you whatever you feel needs attention in your life.
Are you struggling to find traction and purpose in life? Are you stuck or finding a lack of satisfaction in your relationships? I have extensive experience working with people struggling with a variety of issues and have worked with people at every stage of the their journey. I have helped many clients reclaim their "hero's journey" and find their way out of the maze of anxiety, depression and apathy they may find themselves in. I provide a safe and engaged environment to take the opportunity to explore with you whatever you feel needs attention in your life.
(410) 231-7679 View (410) 231-7679
Photo of Hannah Jones, LCPC,  CCFP, ADHD-, CCSP
Hannah Jones
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, CCFP, ADHD-, CCSP
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Perry Hall, MD 21128
As a Certified Compassion Fatigue Professional, I am dedicated to providing an empathetic, reflective, and compassionate approach to therapy.
As a Certified Compassion Fatigue Professional, I am dedicated to providing an empathetic, reflective, and compassionate approach to therapy.
(410) 927-1182 View (410) 927-1182
Photo of Angel McCord, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angel McCord
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Perry Hall, MD 21128  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I believe prioritizing mental health is essential to our well-being and I have a true passion for helping others feel validated, accepted, and supported on this journey. Are you seeking peace from anxiety, relationship struggles, difficulties with life transitions, low self-esteem, body image or other life challenges?
I believe prioritizing mental health is essential to our well-being and I have a true passion for helping others feel validated, accepted, and supported on this journey. Are you seeking peace from anxiety, relationship struggles, difficulties with life transitions, low self-esteem, body image or other life challenges?
(443) 998-8033 View (443) 998-8033
Photo of Colleen Kobus - Am Appts. Available, MS, LCPC
Colleen Kobus - Am Appts. Available
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Perry Hall, MD 21128
9/24/24 Update: Morning appointments available in October. I start as early as 7:15am on weekdays. I SEE you Night Nurses, 5am-er's, and Work From Home folks with flexible work schedules. I'm a straight-shooter w/ a warm caring heart. I work w/ couples experiencing chronic conflict and poor communication, and individual adults with relationship issues, chronic stress, life events/transitions, anxiety, depression, and infertility. I support individuals before & after a breakup, to better understand what went wrong, and how to move forward feeling good, and looking ahead to the future. See my website for more details.
9/24/24 Update: Morning appointments available in October. I start as early as 7:15am on weekdays. I SEE you Night Nurses, 5am-er's, and Work From Home folks with flexible work schedules. I'm a straight-shooter w/ a warm caring heart. I work w/ couples experiencing chronic conflict and poor communication, and individual adults with relationship issues, chronic stress, life events/transitions, anxiety, depression, and infertility. I support individuals before & after a breakup, to better understand what went wrong, and how to move forward feeling good, and looking ahead to the future. See my website for more details.
(443) 484-8480 View (443) 484-8480
Photo of Kerriann E Murray, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kerriann E Murray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perry Hall, MD 21128  (Online Only)
If you're a mom who's feeling overwhelmed by the endless ups and downs of parenting, I can help. I'm a telehealth therapist specializing in anxiety, grief and loss, and parenting support. I love to work with moms, caregivers, and helping professionals who need a safe space to talk through their stressors and meet their challenges with a solution-focused mindset. If you're looking for support so that you can show up the way you want to for your people, please visit kerriannmurraylcsw.com today.
If you're a mom who's feeling overwhelmed by the endless ups and downs of parenting, I can help. I'm a telehealth therapist specializing in anxiety, grief and loss, and parenting support. I love to work with moms, caregivers, and helping professionals who need a safe space to talk through their stressors and meet their challenges with a solution-focused mindset. If you're looking for support so that you can show up the way you want to for your people, please visit kerriannmurraylcsw.com today.
(301) 321-8569 View (301) 321-8569

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Paul B Sheesley - Paul B. Sheesley, MA, LPC, LCPC, LCADC, MA, LCPC, LPC, LCADC
Paul B. Sheesley, MA, LPC, LCPC, LCADC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, LPC, LCADC
Verified Verified
White Marsh, MD 21162
My work with individuals, couples and families is drawn from psychodynamic, emotionally focused, cognitive behavioral theories using a variety of thoughtful and targeted interventions.
Therapy is not education or advice-giving. People are unique, so elements of therapy are tailored because healing is different for everybody. My treatment approach is an atmosphere were you can speak your mind safely, to someone who listens, listens intelligently, and cares is important. I believe a successful counseling experience depends on the therapists ability to understand and respect the unique concerns, background, and context of each patient. I am committed to achieving such an understanding in every counseling relationship.
My work with individuals, couples and families is drawn from psychodynamic, emotionally focused, cognitive behavioral theories using a variety of thoughtful and targeted interventions.
Therapy is not education or advice-giving. People are unique, so elements of therapy are tailored because healing is different for everybody. My treatment approach is an atmosphere were you can speak your mind safely, to someone who listens, listens intelligently, and cares is important. I believe a successful counseling experience depends on the therapists ability to understand and respect the unique concerns, background, and context of each patient. I am committed to achieving such an understanding in every counseling relationship.
(443) 991-7787 View (443) 991-7787
Photo of Kristie Lomangino, MA, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristie Lomangino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Nottingham, MD 21236  (Online Only)
My clinical work encompasses attachment, psychodynamic, family systems, cognitive behavioral, gender-affirming, alternative relationships, trauma-focused, and mindfulness-based modalities.
I specialize in working with neurodivergent folks who were diagnosed later in life and have experienced invalidation trauma in childhood which led to Big "T" traumas. I know that you are doing the best can at all times, sometimes that means checking off all of the things on the to-do list, and other times, that means stumbling out of bed only to use the bathroom. Let me assist you in reconnecting to their needs, preferences, opinions, and desires to live their most authentic life. We will connect in a safe space for you to heal from your past and live the life you deserve.
My clinical work encompasses attachment, psychodynamic, family systems, cognitive behavioral, gender-affirming, alternative relationships, trauma-focused, and mindfulness-based modalities.
I specialize in working with neurodivergent folks who were diagnosed later in life and have experienced invalidation trauma in childhood which led to Big "T" traumas. I know that you are doing the best can at all times, sometimes that means checking off all of the things on the to-do list, and other times, that means stumbling out of bed only to use the bathroom. Let me assist you in reconnecting to their needs, preferences, opinions, and desires to live their most authentic life. We will connect in a safe space for you to heal from your past and live the life you deserve.
(410) 914-1929 View (410) 914-1929
Photo of Joseph Kim, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Joseph Kim
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
White Marsh, MD 21162
Life can present us with dark days and many different challenges, and at times it may seem like there is no way out. Perhaps you are trying to manage anxiety or mood swings, coping with a loss, or struggling with relationship issues. At Sure Anchor, we provide you with a safe and supportive environment to identify problems, explore their root cause, and move towards healing and wholeness, all through the lens of the Gospel. I practice from a Biblical perspective, utilizing clinically sound interventions such as CBT and psychodynamic theory.
Life can present us with dark days and many different challenges, and at times it may seem like there is no way out. Perhaps you are trying to manage anxiety or mood swings, coping with a loss, or struggling with relationship issues. At Sure Anchor, we provide you with a safe and supportive environment to identify problems, explore their root cause, and move towards healing and wholeness, all through the lens of the Gospel. I practice from a Biblical perspective, utilizing clinically sound interventions such as CBT and psychodynamic theory.
(410) 204-2386 View (410) 204-2386
Photo of Patricia Robison, PsyD, Psychologist
Patricia Robison
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Nottingham, MD 21236  (Online Only)
Patricia uses an integral approach with key insights and interventions from pharmacological, psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic, existential, multicultural, and transpersonal approaches to psychotherapy.
Patricia Robison is a Licensed Psychologist (LP) in the state of Maryland with more than 15 years of experience working with young adults and adults seeking assistance with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, identity issues, transition issues, stress, grief, and loss. She earned her MA and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from the Fielding Graduate University. She also has a Ph.D. in Pharmacology from Thomas Jefferson University and certifications from the Barbara Brennan School of Healing and the Center for Mind-Body Medicine.
Patricia uses an integral approach with key insights and interventions from pharmacological, psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic, existential, multicultural, and transpersonal approaches to psychotherapy.
Patricia Robison is a Licensed Psychologist (LP) in the state of Maryland with more than 15 years of experience working with young adults and adults seeking assistance with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, identity issues, transition issues, stress, grief, and loss. She earned her MA and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from the Fielding Graduate University. She also has a Ph.D. in Pharmacology from Thomas Jefferson University and certifications from the Barbara Brennan School of Healing and the Center for Mind-Body Medicine.
(410) 505-0670 View (410) 505-0670
Photo of Nikki Lovelace, MS, LCPC
Nikki Lovelace
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
White Marsh, MD 21162  (Online Only)
My approach is eclectic as I incorporate a variety of treatment modalities that include, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(CBT), Emotional Freedom Technique(EFT), Internal Family Systems(IFS), and Psychodynamic.
Hello! Thanks for taking the time to search for a great therapist! Well look no further I am here. (smile) The process of therapy can be very rewarding for those who are ready to take that journey and do the "work" that is necessary to find fulfillment and freedom. I congratulate you on taking this first step and I am excited to accompany you on your journey of self-exploration and healing.
My approach is eclectic as I incorporate a variety of treatment modalities that include, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(CBT), Emotional Freedom Technique(EFT), Internal Family Systems(IFS), and Psychodynamic.
Hello! Thanks for taking the time to search for a great therapist! Well look no further I am here. (smile) The process of therapy can be very rewarding for those who are ready to take that journey and do the "work" that is necessary to find fulfillment and freedom. I congratulate you on taking this first step and I am excited to accompany you on your journey of self-exploration and healing.
(410) 914-4012 View (410) 914-4012
Photo of Shelley Maxwell - Piece of Mind Behavioral Therapy, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Piece of Mind Behavioral Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Nottingham, MD 21236
Our eclectic approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
At Piece of Mind Behavioral Therapy, we are dedicated to helping individuals navigate through life's most challenging moments and find a sense of peace and balance. Our practice specializes in addressing trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and self-harm, offering a compassionate and supportive environment where healing can begin. We also work with individuals experiencing dissociation symptoms, tailoring our approach to meet the unique needs of each client.
Our eclectic approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
At Piece of Mind Behavioral Therapy, we are dedicated to helping individuals navigate through life's most challenging moments and find a sense of peace and balance. Our practice specializes in addressing trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and self-harm, offering a compassionate and supportive environment where healing can begin. We also work with individuals experiencing dissociation symptoms, tailoring our approach to meet the unique needs of each client.
(410) 324-6922 View (410) 324-6922
Photo of Mirissa Jackson - Relief with Rissa, LLC, LCSW-C, CCTS-II, TF-CBT , BSP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Relief with Rissa, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, CCTS-II, TF-CBT , BSP
Verified Verified
White Marsh, MD 21162  (Online Only)
Welcome, my name is Mirissa Jackson, LCSW-C. I am the owner of the group practice, Relief with Rissa, LLC. Relief with Rissa, LLC believes in curating a safe online environment for African American women and men who have been faced with difficulties, challenges, and traumatic events that has forced them to function from a place of survival. Relief with Rissa, LLC brings a renewed perspective on how traumatic events may be contributing to current symptoms such as: depression, anxiety, PTSD, mood changes, difficulty managing or expressing emotions, self-esteem struggles, and/or ongoing problems in your relationships.
Welcome, my name is Mirissa Jackson, LCSW-C. I am the owner of the group practice, Relief with Rissa, LLC. Relief with Rissa, LLC believes in curating a safe online environment for African American women and men who have been faced with difficulties, challenges, and traumatic events that has forced them to function from a place of survival. Relief with Rissa, LLC brings a renewed perspective on how traumatic events may be contributing to current symptoms such as: depression, anxiety, PTSD, mood changes, difficulty managing or expressing emotions, self-esteem struggles, and/or ongoing problems in your relationships.
(240) 679-8922 View (240) 679-8922
Photo of Mari Pat McGuire, LCSW-C, TEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mari Pat McGuire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, TEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nottingham, MD 21236
Clients often come to Harmony Counseling at a point in their lives when they need assistance or guidance in resolving an issue, sorting through feelings, or learning to cope. We provide a safe and accepting atmosphere in which to discuss concerns and receive support.
Clients often come to Harmony Counseling at a point in their lives when they need assistance or guidance in resolving an issue, sorting through feelings, or learning to cope. We provide a safe and accepting atmosphere in which to discuss concerns and receive support.
(443) 399-2288 View (443) 399-2288
Photo of Erin McConnell, MA, LCPC, LCPAT, Counselor
Erin McConnell
Counselor, MA, LCPC, LCPAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
White Marsh, MD 21162
Are you craving change? Tired of letting fear and anxiety intrude on your life? Do you want to have more meaningful and authentic relationships? Counseling and therapy begins with a longing. Your longing might be for better relationships, more trust in yourself, less anxiety, feeling worthy and lovable, or feeling connected to your passion and purpose in life. I provide individual counseling for adults who are looking to create a future that is better than their past.
Are you craving change? Tired of letting fear and anxiety intrude on your life? Do you want to have more meaningful and authentic relationships? Counseling and therapy begins with a longing. Your longing might be for better relationships, more trust in yourself, less anxiety, feeling worthy and lovable, or feeling connected to your passion and purpose in life. I provide individual counseling for adults who are looking to create a future that is better than their past.
(240) 696-4127 View (240) 696-4127
Photo of Aanchal Mohanty, MS, LGPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Aanchal Mohanty
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
White Marsh, MD 21162  (Online Only)
When relationships hit a rough patch, it can feel overwhelming, isolating, and confusing. My ideal client is someone who may be struggling with the pain of separation—whether that means physical separation, emotional distance, or contemplating a breakup or divorce. They’re feeling stuck between holding on and letting go, yearning for clarity but unsure of what the future holds. Their goal is to find peace, gain deeper self-understanding, and make choices that honor their emotional well-being. They want to grow through the discomfort and explore what’s next—whether that’s reconnecting, healing individually, or starting fresh.
When relationships hit a rough patch, it can feel overwhelming, isolating, and confusing. My ideal client is someone who may be struggling with the pain of separation—whether that means physical separation, emotional distance, or contemplating a breakup or divorce. They’re feeling stuck between holding on and letting go, yearning for clarity but unsure of what the future holds. Their goal is to find peace, gain deeper self-understanding, and make choices that honor their emotional well-being. They want to grow through the discomfort and explore what’s next—whether that’s reconnecting, healing individually, or starting fresh.
(410) 973-7709 View (410) 973-7709
Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.