Therapists in Vacaville, CA

Photo of Sherie Mahlberg - Community Counseling Center , LMFT, AMFT, ACSW, Marriage & Family Therapist
Community Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, AMFT, ACSW
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Your journey is unique; We prioritize a client-centered approach that tailors therapy to your specific goals and aspirations. Our therapists work collaboratively with you to identify meaningful objectives, track progress, and celebrate achievements. Choosing to prioritize yourself and seek therapy is a significant step toward prioritizing your mental health and well-being.
Your journey is unique; We prioritize a client-centered approach that tailors therapy to your specific goals and aspirations. Our therapists work collaboratively with you to identify meaningful objectives, track progress, and celebrate achievements. Choosing to prioritize yourself and seek therapy is a significant step toward prioritizing your mental health and well-being.
(707) 702-4759 View (707) 702-4759
Photo of Tiffany Pardo, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tiffany Pardo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vacaville, CA 95687
In this busy hectic daily grind we call life imagine therapy in a way that feels safe and comfortable. Are you trying to adjust to a new life transition? It could be the adjustment to parenthood, work/school issues, coping with a medical diagnosis, facing infertility, or grief after the loss of a loved one. Perhaps you're feeling down or anxious—maybe you’re unsure about the future of a relationship or just feeling that you aren't living the life you were meant to lead. Whatever your needs, I’m here to offer support.
In this busy hectic daily grind we call life imagine therapy in a way that feels safe and comfortable. Are you trying to adjust to a new life transition? It could be the adjustment to parenthood, work/school issues, coping with a medical diagnosis, facing infertility, or grief after the loss of a loved one. Perhaps you're feeling down or anxious—maybe you’re unsure about the future of a relationship or just feeling that you aren't living the life you were meant to lead. Whatever your needs, I’m here to offer support.
(707) 203-0637 View (707) 203-0637
Photo of Jamila Banks, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jamila Banks
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Jamila Banks is a California licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) with over 13 years of experience of working in the mental health field. She graduated from the University of Southern California(USC), with a BA in Political Science and Psychology and received her masters in psychology, Marriage & Family Therapy, from University of LaVerne, in 2011. Jamila initially began working in the mental health field in an Addiction & Treatment crisis center in 2010, working with adults battling various addictions and mental health disorders. Jamila takes a collaborative approach in her work,
Jamila Banks is a California licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) with over 13 years of experience of working in the mental health field. She graduated from the University of Southern California(USC), with a BA in Political Science and Psychology and received her masters in psychology, Marriage & Family Therapy, from University of LaVerne, in 2011. Jamila initially began working in the mental health field in an Addiction & Treatment crisis center in 2010, working with adults battling various addictions and mental health disorders. Jamila takes a collaborative approach in her work,
(707) 597-7896 View (707) 597-7896
Photo of Samia Estrada - Dignus Wellness, PsyD, Psychologist
Dignus Wellness
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vacaville, CA 95687  (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist whose interests and experience include trauma, mental health, physical health, chronic pain, happiness, well-being, immigration, and diversity issues. I believe we all have the capacity within us to improve our lives, in one way or another, but sometimes we need some guidance. In my work, I try to teach my patients what is happening with their minds and bodies, as well as skills they can utilize to get better. Education is very important, and it makes a difference in the way we make changes. I provide services that are welcoming, compassionate, genuine, and have your best interest at heart.
I am a clinical psychologist whose interests and experience include trauma, mental health, physical health, chronic pain, happiness, well-being, immigration, and diversity issues. I believe we all have the capacity within us to improve our lives, in one way or another, but sometimes we need some guidance. In my work, I try to teach my patients what is happening with their minds and bodies, as well as skills they can utilize to get better. Education is very important, and it makes a difference in the way we make changes. I provide services that are welcoming, compassionate, genuine, and have your best interest at heart.
(707) 329-3824 View (707) 329-3824
Photo of Jana M Santiago, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jana M Santiago
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vacaville, CA 95687  (Online Only)
Does parenting your teen have you in tears? Does it feel like the harder you try to build that relationship the farther away you seem to feel?
Does parenting your teen have you in tears? Does it feel like the harder you try to build that relationship the farther away you seem to feel?
(707) 733-4351 View (707) 733-4351
Photo of Beverly E Simon, LCSW, C-ASWCM, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beverly E Simon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-ASWCM
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95687  (Online Only)
Everyone faces difficulties in their lives, using Christian principals and beliefs, helping the client being able to overcome his or her circumstances and not let life 's problems overtake you. You should live a life of joy and happiness. Loss and grief happens everyday, with help you can work through it. Therapists can treat symptoms but all therapists look for the root of the client's problem, work with the client to help solve the problem, thereby the client can move forward out of the problem.
Everyone faces difficulties in their lives, using Christian principals and beliefs, helping the client being able to overcome his or her circumstances and not let life 's problems overtake you. You should live a life of joy and happiness. Loss and grief happens everyday, with help you can work through it. Therapists can treat symptoms but all therapists look for the root of the client's problem, work with the client to help solve the problem, thereby the client can move forward out of the problem.
(707) 562-0562 View (707) 562-0562
Photo of Teresa Noordmans, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Teresa Noordmans
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95687
Hi, I am Teri Noordmans, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who lives in Clovis, CA, working via telemetry. I am also an RN and Certified Christian Conciliator. I have 30 years of experience in private practice focused on individuals, couples, and families. Also as a mediator and conciliator, I have helped couples and families reconcile relationship conflicts and have assisted with divorce mediation and child custody issues. I have worked with a diverse population of clients including adolescents, adults of all ages, couples, and families.
Hi, I am Teri Noordmans, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who lives in Clovis, CA, working via telemetry. I am also an RN and Certified Christian Conciliator. I have 30 years of experience in private practice focused on individuals, couples, and families. Also as a mediator and conciliator, I have helped couples and families reconcile relationship conflicts and have assisted with divorce mediation and child custody issues. I have worked with a diverse population of clients including adolescents, adults of all ages, couples, and families.
(707) 985-2347 View (707) 985-2347
Photo of Gail Gall - Gail Gall, LMFT, RN, CSAT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gail Gall
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RN, CSAT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Anger, Rage, Intense emotions can affect you and the people around you. When your anger turns to constant irritability and you start to 'act out' in unhealthy ways, it's time to get support. When ones sadness or loss becomes deeper and darker it could be depression. Most of these emotions are felt with such intensity that it's overwhelming. Sex and Porn Addiction along with Partner Trauma Betrayal is going to feel very intense and working with someone who has additional expertise in this area is going to be so important for your healing. Couples work with me because they feel safe and supported.
Anger, Rage, Intense emotions can affect you and the people around you. When your anger turns to constant irritability and you start to 'act out' in unhealthy ways, it's time to get support. When ones sadness or loss becomes deeper and darker it could be depression. Most of these emotions are felt with such intensity that it's overwhelming. Sex and Porn Addiction along with Partner Trauma Betrayal is going to feel very intense and working with someone who has additional expertise in this area is going to be so important for your healing. Couples work with me because they feel safe and supported.
(707) 785-4038 View (707) 785-4038
Photo of Dr. Vanessa Perocier, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. Vanessa Perocier
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vacaville, CA 95696  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Though it may not seem like it, you have more strength than you believe, even more than you feel now. I can only imagine your struggle, but I am here to help. We all experience stressors that affect several areas of our lives, sometimes leading us to the edge, especially in the professional world. There is help today, and I can assist with those sticky social situations that seem to have no end. Are your issues causing you high stress? Are they present in your relationships? At work, school, home, and other places? Many of our problems are interconnected and can influence more areas of our lives than we may want to acknowledge.
Though it may not seem like it, you have more strength than you believe, even more than you feel now. I can only imagine your struggle, but I am here to help. We all experience stressors that affect several areas of our lives, sometimes leading us to the edge, especially in the professional world. There is help today, and I can assist with those sticky social situations that seem to have no end. Are your issues causing you high stress? Are they present in your relationships? At work, school, home, and other places? Many of our problems are interconnected and can influence more areas of our lives than we may want to acknowledge.
(707) 314-3170 View (707) 314-3170
Photo of Shannon Gravier, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shannon Gravier
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
If you are struggling with relationships, depression, anxiety, grief, and tired of patterns keeping you from moving forward, then I'm here to walk with you. I can help you understand how to shift your perspective, learn more about your past, how to cope with stressors, how to communicate more effectively, and more. You have it in you, and I can help introduce new skills and awareness in your life.
If you are struggling with relationships, depression, anxiety, grief, and tired of patterns keeping you from moving forward, then I'm here to walk with you. I can help you understand how to shift your perspective, learn more about your past, how to cope with stressors, how to communicate more effectively, and more. You have it in you, and I can help introduce new skills and awareness in your life.
(707) 876-0471 View (707) 876-0471
Photo of Loletta Holloway, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Loletta Holloway
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Have you ever felt alone in a room full of people? Do you want to connect but are afraid to trust? Do you wonder why your relationships and friendships continually fail? Have you ever been afraid to let people see you because you think they might see your brokenness from childhood trauma and abuse? You’re not alone. I would love to help you understand and take all your broke pieces and turn them into the beautiful, strong you that you are meant to be.
Have you ever felt alone in a room full of people? Do you want to connect but are afraid to trust? Do you wonder why your relationships and friendships continually fail? Have you ever been afraid to let people see you because you think they might see your brokenness from childhood trauma and abuse? You’re not alone. I would love to help you understand and take all your broke pieces and turn them into the beautiful, strong you that you are meant to be.
(707) 418-3480 View (707) 418-3480
Photo of Kristy Long, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Kristy Long
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688  (Online Only)
Clients who benefit most from my practices struggle with anxiety, depression, panic, somatic symptoms, feeling overwhelmed, not knowing who they are or what they want, feeling isolated, passionless, existentially challenged, lack of motivation, difficulty with boundaries, trauma, problems in relationships or at work, or who have a hard time sticking to a plan. It can be hard to identify exactly why a person feels like they need therapy, but getting started and showing up is the hardest part!
Clients who benefit most from my practices struggle with anxiety, depression, panic, somatic symptoms, feeling overwhelmed, not knowing who they are or what they want, feeling isolated, passionless, existentially challenged, lack of motivation, difficulty with boundaries, trauma, problems in relationships or at work, or who have a hard time sticking to a plan. It can be hard to identify exactly why a person feels like they need therapy, but getting started and showing up is the hardest part!
(916) 794-8915 View (916) 794-8915
Photo of Katie McBain, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Katie McBain
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95687
Hi there, I'm Katie! Each client's needs are different. I work from a client-centered and humanistic approach, which allows me to personalize the treatment to suit each individual; implementing and utilizing approaches that are best suited for and tailored to meet their needs rather than a specific therapeutic modality. I work from a strength-based orientation, utilizing past and current skills as well as gaining new ones to assist the client in overcoming life challenges and improving their quality of life or achieving their goals.
Hi there, I'm Katie! Each client's needs are different. I work from a client-centered and humanistic approach, which allows me to personalize the treatment to suit each individual; implementing and utilizing approaches that are best suited for and tailored to meet their needs rather than a specific therapeutic modality. I work from a strength-based orientation, utilizing past and current skills as well as gaining new ones to assist the client in overcoming life challenges and improving their quality of life or achieving their goals.
(707) 395-6782 View (707) 395-6782
Photo of Kathleen Stutz, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kathleen Stutz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
My focus in therapy is to create trust in order to bring about healing. I provide a safe and nurturing space where my client can explore inner resources and strengths. My holistic and empathic modalities provide support and creative energy necessary to face challenges while letting go of negative patterns and self-destructive behavior. No matter what age we are, we all need to feel connected and experience positive regard.
My focus in therapy is to create trust in order to bring about healing. I provide a safe and nurturing space where my client can explore inner resources and strengths. My holistic and empathic modalities provide support and creative energy necessary to face challenges while letting go of negative patterns and self-destructive behavior. No matter what age we are, we all need to feel connected and experience positive regard.
(707) 412-8927 View (707) 412-8927
Photo of Joanna Quiroz Gomez, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Joanna Quiroz Gomez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vacaville, CA 95688
Are you finding it difficult to manage overwhelming feelings of stress and anxiety? Have you ever gone through a traumatic event or experience that was life altering, leaving you feeling unlike yourself? My hope is to create a safe and empathetic space where you can freely express your feelings, thoughts, and emotions without judgment. Together we may work together to uncover the root causes and develop healthy and effective coping skills and tools that are tailored to your needs and your wants.
Are you finding it difficult to manage overwhelming feelings of stress and anxiety? Have you ever gone through a traumatic event or experience that was life altering, leaving you feeling unlike yourself? My hope is to create a safe and empathetic space where you can freely express your feelings, thoughts, and emotions without judgment. Together we may work together to uncover the root causes and develop healthy and effective coping skills and tools that are tailored to your needs and your wants.
(707) 872-1591 x103 View (707) 872-1591 x103
Photo of Kristina Cook - Second Wind Counseling, LPCC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Second Wind Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Evening Appointments Starting Soon! Brainspotting • EMDR • Adults • Teens • A safe place to discover past roots to your struggles, heal emotional wounds, and move into your future with confidence. Our services focus on providing individual psychotherapy, Brainspotting, & EMDR to adults and teens who struggle with anxiety, depression, relational issues, low self-esteem, codependency, prenatal/postpartum, sports related challenges, or have experienced trauma be that work related, single incident, sexual trauma, or complex trauma. Your mental wellbeing is our highest priority, and we're here to walk this path of healing with you.
Evening Appointments Starting Soon! Brainspotting • EMDR • Adults • Teens • A safe place to discover past roots to your struggles, heal emotional wounds, and move into your future with confidence. Our services focus on providing individual psychotherapy, Brainspotting, & EMDR to adults and teens who struggle with anxiety, depression, relational issues, low self-esteem, codependency, prenatal/postpartum, sports related challenges, or have experienced trauma be that work related, single incident, sexual trauma, or complex trauma. Your mental wellbeing is our highest priority, and we're here to walk this path of healing with you.
(707) 314-5860 View (707) 314-5860
Photo of Yessenia Sanchez, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Yessenia Sanchez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Are your thoughts so overwhelming they have you feeling anxious, alone, or never good enough? Is depression and anxiety making you feel misunderstood or even exhausted? I get it. Walking through life feeling unseen is difficult. It can be scary looking for guidance, but therapy can be life changing! Talking to someone you can trust and feel accepted is like a weight off your shoulders. As your therapist, making you feel comfortable is my priority - where you are heard, understood, and seen. I will walk alongside you so you can better understand your thoughts and emotions while giving you respect, and a non-judgmental space.
Are your thoughts so overwhelming they have you feeling anxious, alone, or never good enough? Is depression and anxiety making you feel misunderstood or even exhausted? I get it. Walking through life feeling unseen is difficult. It can be scary looking for guidance, but therapy can be life changing! Talking to someone you can trust and feel accepted is like a weight off your shoulders. As your therapist, making you feel comfortable is my priority - where you are heard, understood, and seen. I will walk alongside you so you can better understand your thoughts and emotions while giving you respect, and a non-judgmental space.
(707) 314-3443 x100 View (707) 314-3443 x100
Photo of Maiko Boyer - Vacaville Therapy Center, AMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Vacaville Therapy Center
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vacaville, CA 95688
Within our office, we have many therapists who are accepting new patients, some with same-week availability. Restoration founded Vacaville's Community Counseling Therapy Center in 2016. The Counseling Center provides a supportive environment for individuals with emotional challenges, mental health issues, and interpersonal difficulties. Through expert guidance, clients gain self-awareness, coping skills, and strategies to navigate life's complexities.
Within our office, we have many therapists who are accepting new patients, some with same-week availability. Restoration founded Vacaville's Community Counseling Therapy Center in 2016. The Counseling Center provides a supportive environment for individuals with emotional challenges, mental health issues, and interpersonal difficulties. Through expert guidance, clients gain self-awareness, coping skills, and strategies to navigate life's complexities.
(707) 532-0304 View (707) 532-0304
Photo of Laurie A. Wender, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laurie A. Wender
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688
Are you tired of bringing things up to loved ones but always ending up in a fight? Whether it's your spouse or your child, being able to communicate is important, but it's often a skill we didn't grow up learning. You can love your family so much and you never really learned how to talk to them. You want things to be easier at home and for everyone to get along. It seems like there's always a fight or argument.
Are you tired of bringing things up to loved ones but always ending up in a fight? Whether it's your spouse or your child, being able to communicate is important, but it's often a skill we didn't grow up learning. You can love your family so much and you never really learned how to talk to them. You want things to be easier at home and for everyone to get along. It seems like there's always a fight or argument.
(707) 416-4594 View (707) 416-4594
Photo of Jean L. Mirando - Jean L. Mirando, MFT, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jean L. Mirando, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vacaville, CA 95688  (Online Only)
Video Visits and Phone Sessions Only, to California residents, adults and teens. 35 + years of Counseling experience with Adults, Couples, Adolescents and Children. Specializing in working with Parents with Strong Willed Children & Teens. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to help reduce symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Mood Disorders. Working to foster Growth and Change from undesired patterns of thinking, and unhealthy Family or Relationship interactions, so that you can identify and work through the challenges you are experiencing. Visit my website at: jeanmirando.com
Video Visits and Phone Sessions Only, to California residents, adults and teens. 35 + years of Counseling experience with Adults, Couples, Adolescents and Children. Specializing in working with Parents with Strong Willed Children & Teens. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to help reduce symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Mood Disorders. Working to foster Growth and Change from undesired patterns of thinking, and unhealthy Family or Relationship interactions, so that you can identify and work through the challenges you are experiencing. Visit my website at: jeanmirando.com
(925) 308-9259 View (925) 308-9259

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Vacaville, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Vacaville, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
71% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
64% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Optum
66% Aetna
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Vacaville, CA see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Vacaville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.