Therapists in Clovis, CA

Photo of Allison Ressler - Playground of Life Therapeutic Services, LLC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Playground of Life Therapeutic Services, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93612
Does your partner seem detached or distracted? When you turn to your partner are they empathetic or cold and distant? Do you feel the more you try with your partner the further away they become? Relationship struggles are bigger than what most may think, they hurt us to our core. Betrayals, addictions, and affairs can be repaired.
Does your partner seem detached or distracted? When you turn to your partner are they empathetic or cold and distant? Do you feel the more you try with your partner the further away they become? Relationship struggles are bigger than what most may think, they hurt us to our core. Betrayals, addictions, and affairs can be repaired.
(559) 234-4381 View (559) 234-4381
Photo of Michelle Dunn - Dunn Psychological Services, Inc., PhD, Psychologist
Dunn Psychological Services, Inc.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93612
As awareness surrounding mental health increases, so do concerns from parents or individuals who feel that something may not be quite right. More and more individuals have been coming in after relating to a social media influencer posts surrounding a variety of mental health concerns. We also see parents coming in with more awareness about signs of neurodevelopmental disorders and wanting evaluations for their children as early as possible so they can begin early interventions. We are here to help provide answers to those questions and guide the next step in treatment.
As awareness surrounding mental health increases, so do concerns from parents or individuals who feel that something may not be quite right. More and more individuals have been coming in after relating to a social media influencer posts surrounding a variety of mental health concerns. We also see parents coming in with more awareness about signs of neurodevelopmental disorders and wanting evaluations for their children as early as possible so they can begin early interventions. We are here to help provide answers to those questions and guide the next step in treatment.
(559) 206-8957 View (559) 206-8957
Photo of Melisenda Stone, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melisenda Stone
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clovis, CA 93612  (Online Only)
Are you wanting to have more compassion towards yourself and others? Are you desiring safe and secure attachments? Would you like to have the skills and mindset to overcome challenges and navigate transitions? Do you want to feel confident and empowered to make the best decisions for you and your family? Are you seeking support in the valleys and tough seasons? Perhaps you are desiring to live in an authentic and intentional way that fosters joy, creativity, and a sense of calm. There is hope and life can be lived in such a way.
Are you wanting to have more compassion towards yourself and others? Are you desiring safe and secure attachments? Would you like to have the skills and mindset to overcome challenges and navigate transitions? Do you want to feel confident and empowered to make the best decisions for you and your family? Are you seeking support in the valleys and tough seasons? Perhaps you are desiring to live in an authentic and intentional way that fosters joy, creativity, and a sense of calm. There is hope and life can be lived in such a way.
(559) 785-2865 View (559) 785-2865
Photo of Rebecca Otten, MA, LMFT, PPS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rebecca Otten
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, PPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clovis, CA 93612  (Online Only)
As a therapist I am very down to earth and practical. I meet clients where they are and provide them the tools that can be useful in everyday struggles.
As a therapist I am very down to earth and practical. I meet clients where they are and provide them the tools that can be useful in everyday struggles.
(559) 549-6066 View (559) 549-6066
Photo of Brianne Perriera, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brianne Perriera
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Brie and I have been providing therapy for over 12 years with a variety of diverse populations and presenting concerns. Most people seek services because they want a change or improvement in some aspect of their life. If you are here reading this, then you are likely ready for change in your life too. Initially, clients can often feel stuck in their emotions or life circumstances, using the same ways of coping that haven't been effective. I'm here to help those clients get "unstuck" and make true progress towards their goals.
Hello! My name is Brie and I have been providing therapy for over 12 years with a variety of diverse populations and presenting concerns. Most people seek services because they want a change or improvement in some aspect of their life. If you are here reading this, then you are likely ready for change in your life too. Initially, clients can often feel stuck in their emotions or life circumstances, using the same ways of coping that haven't been effective. I'm here to help those clients get "unstuck" and make true progress towards their goals.
(559) 838-4256 View (559) 838-4256
Photo of Amanda J Flood, MS, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Amanda J Flood
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93612  (Online Only)
As a Registered Associate Marriage and Family Therapist at Roubicek and Thacker, I work with individuals experiencing anxiety, PTSD, depression or low self-esteem due to chronic illness, abuse, religious/spiritual concerns, or codependency. I also works with couples navigating their relationship after infidelity or sexual addiction/compulsivity. I am familiar with the deaf and hard of hearing community, and their culture while being conversationally fluent in sign language. My approaches to counseling are from a Humanistic, Existential, Person-centered perspective while utilizing research based Cognitive Behavioral strategies.
As a Registered Associate Marriage and Family Therapist at Roubicek and Thacker, I work with individuals experiencing anxiety, PTSD, depression or low self-esteem due to chronic illness, abuse, religious/spiritual concerns, or codependency. I also works with couples navigating their relationship after infidelity or sexual addiction/compulsivity. I am familiar with the deaf and hard of hearing community, and their culture while being conversationally fluent in sign language. My approaches to counseling are from a Humanistic, Existential, Person-centered perspective while utilizing research based Cognitive Behavioral strategies.
(559) 780-8612 View (559) 780-8612
Photo of Rebekah Weimer, APCC, MPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Rebekah Weimer
Pre-Licensed Professional, APCC, MPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clovis, CA 93612
In my practice, I incorporate techniques such as self-esteem building, mindfulness, visualization, and goal-setting to foster personal growth and resilience. For athletes, I focus on enhancing mental toughness, motivation, and overall performance. For non-athletes, I offer compassionate support for navigating life’s stressors, fostering emotional balance, and achieving personal goals.
In my practice, I incorporate techniques such as self-esteem building, mindfulness, visualization, and goal-setting to foster personal growth and resilience. For athletes, I focus on enhancing mental toughness, motivation, and overall performance. For non-athletes, I offer compassionate support for navigating life’s stressors, fostering emotional balance, and achieving personal goals.
(559) 364-3548 View (559) 364-3548
Photo of Beverly L Stocks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beverly L Stocks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93612
Hello, and thank you for reaching out on your journey to balance and healing. My approach is strength based with a focus on empowering those who may not feel empowered, to help identify strength for those who may not feel strong, to foster movement for those who feel stuck, and to build resilience for those who may be struggling. If this sounds all too familiar, please don't hesitate to call and schedule an appointment.
Hello, and thank you for reaching out on your journey to balance and healing. My approach is strength based with a focus on empowering those who may not feel empowered, to help identify strength for those who may not feel strong, to foster movement for those who feel stuck, and to build resilience for those who may be struggling. If this sounds all too familiar, please don't hesitate to call and schedule an appointment.
(559) 472-9538 View (559) 472-9538
Photo of Brandon Waugh, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brandon Waugh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611
Hi, my name is Brandon Waugh and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based out of San Diego California, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in anxiety, stress, and depression using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Person-Centered Therapy, and a whole system perspective to help my clients work toward their mental health and life goals. My approach varies based on the needs of each of my clients. I most frequently use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Person-Centered Therapy while maintaining a whole system perspective.
Hi, my name is Brandon Waugh and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based out of San Diego California, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in anxiety, stress, and depression using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Person-Centered Therapy, and a whole system perspective to help my clients work toward their mental health and life goals. My approach varies based on the needs of each of my clients. I most frequently use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Person-Centered Therapy while maintaining a whole system perspective.
(559) 462-8986 View (559) 462-8986
Photo of Mark Brody, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mark Brody
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611
Therapy can seem different or intimidating at times, but it doesn’t have to be. My aim is to create a thoughtful connection and help reduce any apprehensions by maintaining a relaxed demeanor, displaying genuine interest, and continually striving for authenticity. The process of therapy can help individuals or couples become unstuck. We all experience patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Gaining insight into these patterns helps us discover where change is necessary. Enacting change is always up to the individual or couple, but my goal is to help you get there to take charge.
Therapy can seem different or intimidating at times, but it doesn’t have to be. My aim is to create a thoughtful connection and help reduce any apprehensions by maintaining a relaxed demeanor, displaying genuine interest, and continually striving for authenticity. The process of therapy can help individuals or couples become unstuck. We all experience patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Gaining insight into these patterns helps us discover where change is necessary. Enacting change is always up to the individual or couple, but my goal is to help you get there to take charge.
(559) 551-3198 View (559) 551-3198
Photo of Jamie McDonough, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jamie McDonough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clovis, CA 93611  (Online Only)
It can be difficult when you want to improve your life but don't know where to begin. You may be feeling anxious, sad, stressed, and overwhelmed. You often overthink, have difficulty being present in the moment, tend to be a people pleaser, or struggle with perfectionism. I help men and women who are overwhelmed with balancing work and relationships. As trust is built in the therapeutic relationship through collaboration and connection we can begin the healing process.
It can be difficult when you want to improve your life but don't know where to begin. You may be feeling anxious, sad, stressed, and overwhelmed. You often overthink, have difficulty being present in the moment, tend to be a people pleaser, or struggle with perfectionism. I help men and women who are overwhelmed with balancing work and relationships. As trust is built in the therapeutic relationship through collaboration and connection we can begin the healing process.
(559) 379-6609 View (559) 379-6609
Photo of Brandy Dickey, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brandy Dickey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My therapy approach is designed to support children, teens, and young adults as they navigate the complexities of growing up. I focus on helping you stop enabling behaviors and offering honest feedback to encourage you to explore and understand issues that might be impacting you. If you’re feeling frustrated and overwhelmed, I’m here to help you seek a deeper understanding of yourself and guide you in developing your inner strengths. My goal is to assist you in recognizing and nurturing your personal potential as you work through your current life obstacles.
My therapy approach is designed to support children, teens, and young adults as they navigate the complexities of growing up. I focus on helping you stop enabling behaviors and offering honest feedback to encourage you to explore and understand issues that might be impacting you. If you’re feeling frustrated and overwhelmed, I’m here to help you seek a deeper understanding of yourself and guide you in developing your inner strengths. My goal is to assist you in recognizing and nurturing your personal potential as you work through your current life obstacles.
(559) 657-6972 View (559) 657-6972
Photo of Guadalupe Vasquez, PsyD, Psychologist
Guadalupe Vasquez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Clovis, CA 93612
Psicologia para evaluaciones de inmigracion...Especializada en evaluaciones de inmigración*Dificultád Extrema *VAWA (Violencia Doméstica) *Visa U (Víctimas de Crimen) *Asilo Político. Se habla Español. Llame hoy para una consulta gratis.
Psicologia para evaluaciones de inmigracion...Especializada en evaluaciones de inmigración*Dificultád Extrema *VAWA (Violencia Doméstica) *Visa U (Víctimas de Crimen) *Asilo Político. Se habla Español. Llame hoy para una consulta gratis.
(559) 412-5675 View (559) 412-5675
Photo of Deborah Corsaro, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Deborah Corsaro
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93619
Hello. My name is Deborah Corsaro and I am a licensed therapist in California. As no two people are alike, I personalize treatment designed to fit your unique and varied needs. I believe in positive growth created by the collaboration between myself and my clients. My approach in working with clients is collaborative and creative. I find using active imagination combined with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectic Behavioral therapy, and Positive Psychology brings the best outcomes for the client. I do not present one type of therapy but a mixture of theories that best suits the client's personal challenges and needs.
Hello. My name is Deborah Corsaro and I am a licensed therapist in California. As no two people are alike, I personalize treatment designed to fit your unique and varied needs. I believe in positive growth created by the collaboration between myself and my clients. My approach in working with clients is collaborative and creative. I find using active imagination combined with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectic Behavioral therapy, and Positive Psychology brings the best outcomes for the client. I do not present one type of therapy but a mixture of theories that best suits the client's personal challenges and needs.
(559) 663-0952 View (559) 663-0952
Photo of Kalisha Goodwin, MS, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Kalisha Goodwin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611
Life is a literal game and I strive to help my clients learn the rules of that game to navigate it with ease and clarity. Life experiences have the ability to make us question our value and our ability to overcome obstacles. In Therapy with me, I utilize an open, honest, yet empathetic and solution focused approach. I believe you have the ability to create the life you desire through discovery and understanding of SELF. With your willingness and my genuine support I believe we can do amazing work on YOU.
Life is a literal game and I strive to help my clients learn the rules of that game to navigate it with ease and clarity. Life experiences have the ability to make us question our value and our ability to overcome obstacles. In Therapy with me, I utilize an open, honest, yet empathetic and solution focused approach. I believe you have the ability to create the life you desire through discovery and understanding of SELF. With your willingness and my genuine support I believe we can do amazing work on YOU.
(559) 527-0359 View (559) 527-0359
Photo of Caitlin D Lowry - Tailwinds Therapy- Equine Assisted Psychotherapy, MS, LMFT, PPS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tailwinds Therapy- Equine Assisted Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, PPS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clovis, CA 93612
Spending time with animals is a proven way to reduce stress, improve mood, and increase happiness. Equine Assisted Psychotherapy is an experiential and solution-oriented treatment model that utilizes ground-based interactions with horses to facilitate change. Tailwinds Therapy offers Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) as well as traditional office therapy options for individuals, families, and groups.
Spending time with animals is a proven way to reduce stress, improve mood, and increase happiness. Equine Assisted Psychotherapy is an experiential and solution-oriented treatment model that utilizes ground-based interactions with horses to facilitate change. Tailwinds Therapy offers Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) as well as traditional office therapy options for individuals, families, and groups.
(559) 847-3122 View (559) 847-3122
Photo of Susana Valdez, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susana Valdez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93612  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, my name is Susana Valdez, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, who works with individuals and specializes in adults who may be experiencing difficult life events, challenges or transitions. I practice a strength based approach to therapy, focusing on each individuals strengths and capacity for resiliency; while taking into consideration how difficult it is to make life changes. I am skilled in Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength Based Therapy and Crisis Intervention.
Hello, my name is Susana Valdez, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, who works with individuals and specializes in adults who may be experiencing difficult life events, challenges or transitions. I practice a strength based approach to therapy, focusing on each individuals strengths and capacity for resiliency; while taking into consideration how difficult it is to make life changes. I am skilled in Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength Based Therapy and Crisis Intervention.
(559) 851-0418 View (559) 851-0418
Photo of David J Miller, LMFT, NCC, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
David J Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93612  (Online Only)
Everyone encounters difficulties in their life and needs a little help. As a professional therapist I want to be that helping person for you. I believe in wellness and recovery; that no matter how difficult the problem may seem there is always room for improvement. Most of life is lived in the relationships between people. As a Marriage and Family Therapist I specialize in helping people improve their relationships at home, at work and when having fun.
Everyone encounters difficulties in their life and needs a little help. As a professional therapist I want to be that helping person for you. I believe in wellness and recovery; that no matter how difficult the problem may seem there is always room for improvement. Most of life is lived in the relationships between people. As a Marriage and Family Therapist I specialize in helping people improve their relationships at home, at work and when having fun.
(559) 344-8579 View (559) 344-8579
Photo of Anna Teresa Mejia, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anna Teresa Mejia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611
Hi! I'm Anna Mejia , a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the greater Los Angeles Area practicing for 8 years. I use Cognitive based and Holistic Approaches in therapy while also applying Psycho Education throughout. I have worked with a wide range of needs. My experience ranges from Severe Mental Illness to people experiencing every day stressors such as Parental Stress and Organizational Skills. I am passionate and very comfortable working with Couples, Parents, Teenagers, Individuals with Relationship Stress, Sexual Abuse Trauma, Cultural Trauma, Work Stress, Depression and Anxiety and Attachments Issues/Impairments.
Hi! I'm Anna Mejia , a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the greater Los Angeles Area practicing for 8 years. I use Cognitive based and Holistic Approaches in therapy while also applying Psycho Education throughout. I have worked with a wide range of needs. My experience ranges from Severe Mental Illness to people experiencing every day stressors such as Parental Stress and Organizational Skills. I am passionate and very comfortable working with Couples, Parents, Teenagers, Individuals with Relationship Stress, Sexual Abuse Trauma, Cultural Trauma, Work Stress, Depression and Anxiety and Attachments Issues/Impairments.
(559) 934-5567 View (559) 934-5567
Photo of Michael Anthony Bacallao, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Anthony Bacallao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clovis, CA 93611  (Online Only)
Hello, and thank you for taking the time to invest in your mental health. Are you having a hard time balancing family, work, and life? Are you struggling with avoidance and anxiety about the future? Are you just ready for a change and aren't sure how to make a plan of action? It's difficult to grow without support and even harder at times to find the tools to carve your own path. If you feel ready to explore how to reach your unique potential; let's figure out some goals, what's in the way, and how we can work through those challenges so you can reach your goals.
Hello, and thank you for taking the time to invest in your mental health. Are you having a hard time balancing family, work, and life? Are you struggling with avoidance and anxiety about the future? Are you just ready for a change and aren't sure how to make a plan of action? It's difficult to grow without support and even harder at times to find the tools to carve your own path. If you feel ready to explore how to reach your unique potential; let's figure out some goals, what's in the way, and how we can work through those challenges so you can reach your goals.
(559) 242-1776 View (559) 242-1776
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Clovis, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Clovis, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
90% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Clovis, CA see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Clovis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.