Marriage Counseling Therapists in Millersville, MD
![Photo of DeVon Stokes - DeVon Stokes, PhD, LLC, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3eae065c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
My background is in clinical, family and health psychology, and marital/family therapy.
Relationship problems can result from prolonged grief, excessive guilt, low self-esteem or having very few boundaries. Problems may occur from a series of failed or stormy relationships, being over-controlling or being too inflexible. They can arise from developmental "shocks," losses or being emotionally starved. Problems can result from violence, molestation, abuses, or feeling empty and disconnected. They may also occur from addictions, codependent choices, chronic illnesses, neurobiology or the quality of healthcare. And relationship problems can result from paralyzing fear of harm or being alone, or any combination of the above.
My background is in clinical, family and health psychology, and marital/family therapy.
Relationship problems can result from prolonged grief, excessive guilt, low self-esteem or having very few boundaries. Problems may occur from a series of failed or stormy relationships, being over-controlling or being too inflexible. They can arise from developmental "shocks," losses or being emotionally starved. Problems can result from violence, molestation, abuses, or feeling empty and disconnected. They may also occur from addictions, codependent choices, chronic illnesses, neurobiology or the quality of healthcare. And relationship problems can result from paralyzing fear of harm or being alone, or any combination of the above.
![Photo of Kirsty Wheelton, LGMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/40c267c7-4a1b-4bfd-b33c-9524bb2bd990/1/320x400.jpeg)
Kirsty Wheelton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LGMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
Accepting new clients! Kirsty is a Licensed Graduated Marriage and Family Therapist who offers a person-centered, individualized approach to treatment that combines Strategic Family Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, as well as Mindfulness. Kirsty has experience working with individuals from all walks of life. She completed her internship working with children and families using a variety of approaches and has spent the past several years working with individuals in the young adult population. Kirsty works with children, adults, couples and families.
Accepting new clients! Kirsty is a Licensed Graduated Marriage and Family Therapist who offers a person-centered, individualized approach to treatment that combines Strategic Family Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, as well as Mindfulness. Kirsty has experience working with individuals from all walks of life. She completed her internship working with children and families using a variety of approaches and has spent the past several years working with individuals in the young adult population. Kirsty works with children, adults, couples and families.
![Photo of Shawna Lindberg, MA, LCMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d5367262-d42c-46ad-8e1c-a87ba6d40c9e/2/320x400.jpeg)
Shawna Lindberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LCMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
Sometimes life is hard. You may feel stressed out trying to do it all, and your brain just keeps going and going. Perhaps it even keeps you up at night. You may be a parent with a career, spouse, and kids, and it's a struggle to find time for yourself with all that's going on in life. Being home more these last few years can bring new challenges to your relationships. If this sounds familiar, I can help. As a marriage and family therapist, I help women overcome trauma, deal with every day stress, and improve their relationships with others.
Sometimes life is hard. You may feel stressed out trying to do it all, and your brain just keeps going and going. Perhaps it even keeps you up at night. You may be a parent with a career, spouse, and kids, and it's a struggle to find time for yourself with all that's going on in life. Being home more these last few years can bring new challenges to your relationships. If this sounds familiar, I can help. As a marriage and family therapist, I help women overcome trauma, deal with every day stress, and improve their relationships with others.
![Photo of Elena Fairley, LCPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0f49029d-fb32-4bac-a9f1-0701bebe57ae/1/320x400.png)
Elena M. Fairley is a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of Mississippi and a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in the state of Maryland who has 25 years of experience partnering with adults, couples, and children seeking help with depression, anxiety, PTSD, life transitions, relationship issues, and children's issues. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from the University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa) and received her Master of Science in Family Counseling from Alabama A&M University.
Elena M. Fairley is a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of Mississippi and a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in the state of Maryland who has 25 years of experience partnering with adults, couples, and children seeking help with depression, anxiety, PTSD, life transitions, relationship issues, and children's issues. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from the University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa) and received her Master of Science in Family Counseling from Alabama A&M University.
![Photo of Reginald Colbert, LCSW-C, CCTP, CSOTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1918fb5a-bf66-4825-8ece-82209d95e23e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Reginald Colbert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, CCTP, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Millersville, MD 21108 (Online Only)
The foundation for personal growth and lasting change consists of strong relationships and being your authentic self. We are all faced with challenges and go through transitions that create a desire for change... something new... something better! Whether you deal with depression, anxiety, past trauma, relationship problems, etc. therapy can help! Through motivation, support and clinical insight, I can help you achieve sustainable change.
The foundation for personal growth and lasting change consists of strong relationships and being your authentic self. We are all faced with challenges and go through transitions that create a desire for change... something new... something better! Whether you deal with depression, anxiety, past trauma, relationship problems, etc. therapy can help! Through motivation, support and clinical insight, I can help you achieve sustainable change.
![Photo of Traci Brautigan, LCSWC, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4249808a-ef03-4199-8ef3-3e912b04dae4/1/320x400.jpeg)
Traci Brautigan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWC, LCADC
Verified Verified
Millersville, MD 21108
I consider it to be such a privilege to be able to work with clients at the most difficult times in their lives, and to travel the journey with them through recovery, healing, change and self-awareness. I aim to help each client with their own work toward strength, toward purpose, and toward restoration.
I consider it to be such a privilege to be able to work with clients at the most difficult times in their lives, and to travel the journey with them through recovery, healing, change and self-awareness. I aim to help each client with their own work toward strength, toward purpose, and toward restoration.
![Photo of Kristin Miller, LCPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/af2d60db-e83d-4f60-8248-bef03a3709d8/1/320x400.jpeg)
Are you a morning person? Do you like to meet early in the AM to get a great kick start for your day? I have availability early in the morning and I offer over 9 years of experience working with adults, teenagers, LGBTQ clients, and couples. I promise empathy, trust, and commitment to creating a safe space for you to open up. I believe you have the solutions inside of you already and you probably just need to set aside the time and space to discover them! Why not start first thing in the morning from the comfort of your home?
Are you a morning person? Do you like to meet early in the AM to get a great kick start for your day? I have availability early in the morning and I offer over 9 years of experience working with adults, teenagers, LGBTQ clients, and couples. I promise empathy, trust, and commitment to creating a safe space for you to open up. I believe you have the solutions inside of you already and you probably just need to set aside the time and space to discover them! Why not start first thing in the morning from the comfort of your home?
![Photo of Jennifer Rhodes, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e1986b31-ff9a-430c-8356-3ca25a9d98f7/8/320x400.jpeg)
Jennifer Rhodes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108 (Online Only)
Often times we view our personal stories through a narrow lens, drafting a narration void of key factors that have shaped who we are, what we are, and who we desire to become. There are times when our peers, society, culture, family, relationships, or even our past continually write our present and future. I strive to return authorship to its proper owner and facilitate the creation of a new and preferred story. I use both solution-focused and narrative therapy to help individuals, couples, and families experience relief from their current obstacles and past experiences.
Often times we view our personal stories through a narrow lens, drafting a narration void of key factors that have shaped who we are, what we are, and who we desire to become. There are times when our peers, society, culture, family, relationships, or even our past continually write our present and future. I strive to return authorship to its proper owner and facilitate the creation of a new and preferred story. I use both solution-focused and narrative therapy to help individuals, couples, and families experience relief from their current obstacles and past experiences.
![Photo of Sarah Citrin, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50c4cb17-9a97-4d4b-adb2-ead0dff4ce6e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Sarah Citrin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
You deserve to live a life that is positive and fulfilling; a life that leaves you feeling excited to wake up each morning and embrace the day’s potential. Finding that “spark” in life can sometimes feel like a struggle. Perhaps you feel anxious and overwhelmed, or find yourself generally losing pleasure in things you once enjoyed. Many of us experience these feelings, but you don’t need to continue struggling alone. I believe that collaboration is key, and together we can address your personal experience, learn to navigate life’s challenges, and help you get back to living your best life.
You deserve to live a life that is positive and fulfilling; a life that leaves you feeling excited to wake up each morning and embrace the day’s potential. Finding that “spark” in life can sometimes feel like a struggle. Perhaps you feel anxious and overwhelmed, or find yourself generally losing pleasure in things you once enjoyed. Many of us experience these feelings, but you don’t need to continue struggling alone. I believe that collaboration is key, and together we can address your personal experience, learn to navigate life’s challenges, and help you get back to living your best life.
![Photo of Lauren Williams - MSB Counseling Services, LLC, MS, LCPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3aa0af57-9517-47b8-94d5-acd75ecc277e/2/320x400.png)
MSB Counseling Services, LLC
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
Welcome. Are you ready to move into your new season of overall wellness within your personal and professional life? Are you tired of feeling stuck navigating alone through relationship conflicts, healthy boundaries, stress management and trauma? MSB Counseling Services specializes in working with college students, children, and adults who experience symptoms such as: anxiety, depression, grief, attention deficit hyperactivity, etc.. We utilize a compassionate, conversational and collaborative approach with treatment modalities, such as CBT and person-centered therapy, in order to assist with activating positive life changes.
Welcome. Are you ready to move into your new season of overall wellness within your personal and professional life? Are you tired of feeling stuck navigating alone through relationship conflicts, healthy boundaries, stress management and trauma? MSB Counseling Services specializes in working with college students, children, and adults who experience symptoms such as: anxiety, depression, grief, attention deficit hyperactivity, etc.. We utilize a compassionate, conversational and collaborative approach with treatment modalities, such as CBT and person-centered therapy, in order to assist with activating positive life changes.
![Photo of Lori Simmons, LCMFT, DBT-C, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/bf3a6abc-84a9-4ea0-9c17-2b51b503f9f0/1/320x400.jpeg)
Lori Simmons
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT, DBT-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you are seeking therapy, you’ve already been working so hard! A unique approach with concrete, directive interventions may be just what you’ve been looking for! I conduct individual and couples sessions, offer extended couples sessions and an intensive weekend option to expedite progress. This work emphasizes connection, alignment with values, forgiveness, acceptance, compassion, and living peacefully in the moment with a healthy sense of self. I can often help people who have been unsuccessful with therapy in the past, have had a return of symptoms after repeated therapy, or are reluctant to engage in the therapeutic process.
If you are seeking therapy, you’ve already been working so hard! A unique approach with concrete, directive interventions may be just what you’ve been looking for! I conduct individual and couples sessions, offer extended couples sessions and an intensive weekend option to expedite progress. This work emphasizes connection, alignment with values, forgiveness, acceptance, compassion, and living peacefully in the moment with a healthy sense of self. I can often help people who have been unsuccessful with therapy in the past, have had a return of symptoms after repeated therapy, or are reluctant to engage in the therapeutic process.
![Photo of Courtney Jones - Bay Area Counseling & Consultation, LLC., MSW, LCSW-C, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c25ea0c3-6d54-4929-8e81-235557731459/2/320x400.jpeg)
Bay Area Counseling & Consultation, LLC.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
Congratulations on taking steps toward a healthier and happier you! Life presents challenges, and we are here to support you through them. Bay Area Counseling & Consultation, LLC (BACC) is a trauma-informed mental health group practice, and it is our privilege to support you on this journey. Our mission is to meet each person where they are and offer empathetic and supportive treatment approaches. We believe that raising awareness of mental health is vital to overall well-being and happiness. Our clinicians use evidence-based practices to treat mental health symptoms and help individuals restore optimal functioning.
Congratulations on taking steps toward a healthier and happier you! Life presents challenges, and we are here to support you through them. Bay Area Counseling & Consultation, LLC (BACC) is a trauma-informed mental health group practice, and it is our privilege to support you on this journey. Our mission is to meet each person where they are and offer empathetic and supportive treatment approaches. We believe that raising awareness of mental health is vital to overall well-being and happiness. Our clinicians use evidence-based practices to treat mental health symptoms and help individuals restore optimal functioning.
![Photo of Brittany Wong, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/14a23997-31e2-4409-bfbf-130948d4798a/2/320x400.jpeg)
Hi! My name is Brittany (She, Her, Hers). I have experience working with adults and families in residential and outpatient clinical settings. I strive to build, uplift, empower, and help individuals discover their inner strengths. I provide a compassionate & innovative care approach, fostering a non-judgmental, safe space. I utilize diverse therapeutic techniques customized to each individual’s unique needs and goals. I have experience working with clients with depression, anger management, grief, anxiety, life transitions, trauma, stress management, mood disorders, women’s issues, and relationship issues.
Hi! My name is Brittany (She, Her, Hers). I have experience working with adults and families in residential and outpatient clinical settings. I strive to build, uplift, empower, and help individuals discover their inner strengths. I provide a compassionate & innovative care approach, fostering a non-judgmental, safe space. I utilize diverse therapeutic techniques customized to each individual’s unique needs and goals. I have experience working with clients with depression, anger management, grief, anxiety, life transitions, trauma, stress management, mood disorders, women’s issues, and relationship issues.
![Photo of Caitlin McGuire, LCSWC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/dd096e12-a01a-474d-b08e-a1ae9b5681e1/2/320x400.jpeg)
Caitlin McGuire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
Congratulations on taking this step in your journey of wellness. I look forward to having the pleasure of walking alongside you in this journey of empowerment! My background has been in in home services, specifically in foster care and adoptions. I have had the opportunity to work in diverse populations, including Baltimore City and Anne Arundel County treating depression, anxiety, bipolar, mood disorders, ADHD, and PTSD. **Caitlin is a board certified clinical supervisor.
Congratulations on taking this step in your journey of wellness. I look forward to having the pleasure of walking alongside you in this journey of empowerment! My background has been in in home services, specifically in foster care and adoptions. I have had the opportunity to work in diverse populations, including Baltimore City and Anne Arundel County treating depression, anxiety, bipolar, mood disorders, ADHD, and PTSD. **Caitlin is a board certified clinical supervisor.
![Photo of Kirsten Johannsen, MSW, LCSW-C, CMIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/47ab0b65-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Kirsten Johannsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C, CMIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
I hope you can absorb and appreciate this moment. You have already made a courageous step toward taking care of you! Whether you are seeking to heal from past or present events, change behaviors, and/or cultivate personal growth - you are to be commended! On your quest, please know that I am a therapist whose sensitivity toward others derives from my perspective on life - that each person's journey is unique yet, feelings are universal. This mindset can be a powerful tool for self-awareness, understanding others, and navigating relational dynamics. We are all connected and not meant to go it alone.
I hope you can absorb and appreciate this moment. You have already made a courageous step toward taking care of you! Whether you are seeking to heal from past or present events, change behaviors, and/or cultivate personal growth - you are to be commended! On your quest, please know that I am a therapist whose sensitivity toward others derives from my perspective on life - that each person's journey is unique yet, feelings are universal. This mindset can be a powerful tool for self-awareness, understanding others, and navigating relational dynamics. We are all connected and not meant to go it alone.
![Photo of Dr. Faith Adebule | Transit Christian Counseling, PsyD, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/336912b0-461d-4fa4-9600-513dc2fd9c3e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Faith Adebule | Transit Christian Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108
Therapy can be a difficult step for most people to take, but you took your first step! At Transit Christian Counseling, we exist to provide comprehensive faith-based and clinically supported counseling to individuals and families to help navigate transitions and increase resilience. We hope to provide a safe and nonjudgmental space for you to explore difficult transitions and openly communicate with your therapist about your thoughts and feelings. Our clients are looking for someone to listen and help them navigate difficult transitions in their lives. They desire growth and are looking to become better versions of themselves.
Therapy can be a difficult step for most people to take, but you took your first step! At Transit Christian Counseling, we exist to provide comprehensive faith-based and clinically supported counseling to individuals and families to help navigate transitions and increase resilience. We hope to provide a safe and nonjudgmental space for you to explore difficult transitions and openly communicate with your therapist about your thoughts and feelings. Our clients are looking for someone to listen and help them navigate difficult transitions in their lives. They desire growth and are looking to become better versions of themselves.
![Photo of Abisola Osifade, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5a8f3e2f-4dde-4d50-818f-39a3d1c55fa1/2/320x400.jpeg)
Abisola Osifade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Millersville, MD 21108 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Understanding how your story shapes the person you become is an integral part of growth and living the best life you envision for yourself. Are you struggling with the aftereffects of a traumatic experience, anxiety, depression or even day to day life challenges? Making the decision to seek the support of a therapist is an empowering choice, so I commend you for taking that step.
Understanding how your story shapes the person you become is an integral part of growth and living the best life you envision for yourself. Are you struggling with the aftereffects of a traumatic experience, anxiety, depression or even day to day life challenges? Making the decision to seek the support of a therapist is an empowering choice, so I commend you for taking that step.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Jennifer Metlen](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/fc5c4fdd-f40f-4362-a5f0-d166b870728c/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jennifer Metlen
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Glen Burnie, MD 21061 (Online Only)
Life is a journey and sometimes we need someone to walk with us to help guide our steps. Asking for someone to walk with us can be difficult and often takes courage. Every individual comes from a different walk of life and has different experiences and strengths that can be utilized during the therapeutic process. Jennifer excels in providing a supportive, empathetic, and non-judgmental environment where you can discover those strengths and work towards the journey you desire. Jennifer graduated from Liberty University with a Masters in Marriage and Family Therapy.
Life is a journey and sometimes we need someone to walk with us to help guide our steps. Asking for someone to walk with us can be difficult and often takes courage. Every individual comes from a different walk of life and has different experiences and strengths that can be utilized during the therapeutic process. Jennifer excels in providing a supportive, empathetic, and non-judgmental environment where you can discover those strengths and work towards the journey you desire. Jennifer graduated from Liberty University with a Masters in Marriage and Family Therapy.
![Photo of Sade Cutler - My Empowering Impact, MSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2e56d466-6f2f-421e-b118-85ff08bd623f/1/320x400.jpeg)
My Empowering Impact
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gambrills, MD 21054
Life can get the best of anyone, at anytime, and in those times support is necessary. Looking for the bright side in dark situations can be difficult, however, learning to manage helps to create resilience. From Faith Based/ Christian Counseling, Children & Families, Depression, Anxiety, Grief/Loss, Spirituality, Gerontology, Couples/ Marital Counseling, to Spanish Speaking Psychotherapy - My Empowering Impact’s Diverse Therapist are here to help you. Call Us, Email Us or Visit Us online to Schedule Your Appointment TODAY ! Your Mental Health is Your Wealth !!!!!
Life can get the best of anyone, at anytime, and in those times support is necessary. Looking for the bright side in dark situations can be difficult, however, learning to manage helps to create resilience. From Faith Based/ Christian Counseling, Children & Families, Depression, Anxiety, Grief/Loss, Spirituality, Gerontology, Couples/ Marital Counseling, to Spanish Speaking Psychotherapy - My Empowering Impact’s Diverse Therapist are here to help you. Call Us, Email Us or Visit Us online to Schedule Your Appointment TODAY ! Your Mental Health is Your Wealth !!!!!
![Photo of Christine Haines, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f078ef6d-0413-4df5-9af8-18ddac74ca2f/1/320x400.jpeg)
Christine Haines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Glen Burnie, MD 21061 (Online Only)
Using the principles of psychology and social work, I take a person in the environment perspective. Together, we will engage to discover your strengths and areas of challenge. Explore cope abilities and tolerances with troubling life events; like the death of a loved one or pet, the loss of a job, declining health, financial problems, and/or relationship issues. Possessing almost 10 years' experience as a Christian-counselor we may also focus on building a strong and resilient faith or aspects of your faith which you believe is missing from your life. Among my theoretical orientations, CBT, MBCT, ACT I utilize a faith-based approach
Using the principles of psychology and social work, I take a person in the environment perspective. Together, we will engage to discover your strengths and areas of challenge. Explore cope abilities and tolerances with troubling life events; like the death of a loved one or pet, the loss of a job, declining health, financial problems, and/or relationship issues. Possessing almost 10 years' experience as a Christian-counselor we may also focus on building a strong and resilient faith or aspects of your faith which you believe is missing from your life. Among my theoretical orientations, CBT, MBCT, ACT I utilize a faith-based approach
See more therapy options for Millersville
Marriage Counseling Therapists
How does marriage counseling work?
Marriage counseling works by teaching couples concrete skills to communicate with one another and solve disagreements in healthy ways. A trained mental health professional works with both members of a couple to explore difficulties the couple may be having and helps them develop skills to address these matters. Couples who don’t have any difficulties but want to prepare for marriage may develop skills for the future.
How long does marriage counseling typically last?
Marriage counseling is a short-term form of therapy; the process may last between four and eight sessions. Other forms of relationship guidance from mental health professionals, such as couples therapy, are longer lasting, may focus on the past rather than just the present, and are tailored to the individual couple and their emotions, history, and patterns in the relationship. Couples therapy often lasts for 12 weeks or longer.
Is marriage counseling effective?
Marriage counseling helps many couples develop relationship skills that may not have been acquired or tested in a relationship; partners may be better able to communicate and address conflict following counseling. However, there are many different forms of marriage counseling, and this form of counseling does not have as strong an evidence base as other modalities such as couples therapy.
Is marriage counseling effective if only one partner wants to go?
Yes, marriage counseling can still be effective if one partner convinces the other to engage in the process. Of course, whether counseling is effective depends on the couple’s commitment to work on their relationship; however, the short-term, skills-based nature of marriage counseling makes it a relatively easy “ask” of a partner, and the hesitant individual may see its value once counseling begins.