Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Esther S Abergel, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Esther S Abergel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19152
My ideal client is ready to work and ready to make changes. They are open to "homework" and excited about feeling better. They may have been suffering from depression or anxiety their whole lives, or had something recently happen, which caused this change. Their goals are to feel more comfortable in their lives, reduce symptoms, or be ready to let go of something from their past which seems to keep getting in the way. They want to get better because they are ready to stop living an unhappy life.
My ideal client is ready to work and ready to make changes. They are open to "homework" and excited about feeling better. They may have been suffering from depression or anxiety their whole lives, or had something recently happen, which caused this change. Their goals are to feel more comfortable in their lives, reduce symptoms, or be ready to let go of something from their past which seems to keep getting in the way. They want to get better because they are ready to stop living an unhappy life.
(215) 608-9825 View (215) 608-9825
Photo of Emily Carey, LPC Intern
Emily Carey
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
Are you feeling like no one really gets you or understands what you're going through? Are you having trouble connecting with others? Do you want to reclaim your life? Everyone has their own struggles and experiences that we might not know how to deal with. When these challenges happen, it’s normal to feel sad, anxious, or angry, but it can be tough to handle these feelings by yourself. Therapy is a place where you can find support to grow, heal, and work towards a more fulfilling life!
Are you feeling like no one really gets you or understands what you're going through? Are you having trouble connecting with others? Do you want to reclaim your life? Everyone has their own struggles and experiences that we might not know how to deal with. When these challenges happen, it’s normal to feel sad, anxious, or angry, but it can be tough to handle these feelings by yourself. Therapy is a place where you can find support to grow, heal, and work towards a more fulfilling life!
(267) 452-2377 View (267) 452-2377
Photo of Anne Lukins, LSW, MSS, MFA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anne Lukins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSS, MFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing overwhelming emotion, relationship challenges, or difficulty parenting? I work with parents, coparents, partners, and individuals 13 or older. As a clinician at Daisy + Co. Therapy, an all-queer and gender-affirming private practice, I am here to offer unwavering hope and compassion. I use a trauma informed approach, and I offer full program DBT, as well as Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy.
Are you experiencing overwhelming emotion, relationship challenges, or difficulty parenting? I work with parents, coparents, partners, and individuals 13 or older. As a clinician at Daisy + Co. Therapy, an all-queer and gender-affirming private practice, I am here to offer unwavering hope and compassion. I use a trauma informed approach, and I offer full program DBT, as well as Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy.
(484) 372-4422 View (484) 372-4422
Photo of Tara Sullivan-Butrica, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tara Sullivan-Butrica
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or mood swings? It can be incredibly challenging to manage emotions, especially when you’re unsure where to start. If you’re struggling with negative thinking or need help with committing to growth & healing, you’re not alone. As an LCSW specializing in anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, I’m here to help you navigate these difficult emotions and start your journey toward healing and self-discovery. I also offer TMS Therapy, providing an effective, medication-free option for treating depression.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or mood swings? It can be incredibly challenging to manage emotions, especially when you’re unsure where to start. If you’re struggling with negative thinking or need help with committing to growth & healing, you’re not alone. As an LCSW specializing in anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, I’m here to help you navigate these difficult emotions and start your journey toward healing and self-discovery. I also offer TMS Therapy, providing an effective, medication-free option for treating depression.
(856) 291-9855 View (856) 291-9855
Photo of Ashley King, MSEd, EdM, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashley King
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, EdM, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Three beliefs I hold that influence how I practice are 1) human beings are not problems to be solved 2) therapy is ultimately about relationship 3) the process itself is the solution. We humans are infinitely complex; we're full of opposition and paradox. Our culture pushes quick fixes and immediate answers, but lasting change rarely comes about when we work in this way. I'm interested in helping you come into fuller, richer, more conscious relationship with all of your moving and sometimes disparate parts. Together we will work from the inside out through a deep, relational process.
Three beliefs I hold that influence how I practice are 1) human beings are not problems to be solved 2) therapy is ultimately about relationship 3) the process itself is the solution. We humans are infinitely complex; we're full of opposition and paradox. Our culture pushes quick fixes and immediate answers, but lasting change rarely comes about when we work in this way. I'm interested in helping you come into fuller, richer, more conscious relationship with all of your moving and sometimes disparate parts. Together we will work from the inside out through a deep, relational process.
(215) 995-0219 View (215) 995-0219
Photo of Akia Izzard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Akia Izzard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Kia Izzard. I’m a licensed clinical social worker. I’ve been a social worker for over 20 years. I assist clients in increasing their insight and awareness of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. I delve into what’s going on presently. I listen and help them to reflect and feel validated. I don’t subscribe to any one therapeutic modality other than telling your story, which I do with narrative therapy techniques. I believe that those who are marginalized, those who experience trauma, or those who feel like they don’t have a voice, can benefit from narrative therapy techniques.
Hello, my name is Kia Izzard. I’m a licensed clinical social worker. I’ve been a social worker for over 20 years. I assist clients in increasing their insight and awareness of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. I delve into what’s going on presently. I listen and help them to reflect and feel validated. I don’t subscribe to any one therapeutic modality other than telling your story, which I do with narrative therapy techniques. I believe that those who are marginalized, those who experience trauma, or those who feel like they don’t have a voice, can benefit from narrative therapy techniques.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Gillian Martenson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gillian Martenson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125
I'm Gillian (GILL-lee-en) and I provide relational therapy to adults, couples, and adolescents. I have expertise in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, co-occurring disorders, mood disorders, adjustment disorders, individuals with chronic/terminal illness, professionals working in helping fields, work-place stressors, relationship stress, post-partum anxiety, and parents of young children. I expanded my practice and additionally offer Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP). KAP can be helpful for people who have depression or anxiety, are feeling “stuck”, and want to get out of a default way of thinking.
I'm Gillian (GILL-lee-en) and I provide relational therapy to adults, couples, and adolescents. I have expertise in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, co-occurring disorders, mood disorders, adjustment disorders, individuals with chronic/terminal illness, professionals working in helping fields, work-place stressors, relationship stress, post-partum anxiety, and parents of young children. I expanded my practice and additionally offer Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP). KAP can be helpful for people who have depression or anxiety, are feeling “stuck”, and want to get out of a default way of thinking.
(215) 253-8336 View (215) 253-8336
Photo of Nancy Van Saun, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy Van Saun
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
Greetings! Let me introduce myself, I'm Nancy Van Saun, LCSW. My license number is CW 013529. I have been trained in numerous modalities and theoretical frameworks. I try to adapt my approach to the client's needs. I have worked with many varying populations as well. I feel this gives me a broad perspective on a client's life experience.
Greetings! Let me introduce myself, I'm Nancy Van Saun, LCSW. My license number is CW 013529. I have been trained in numerous modalities and theoretical frameworks. I try to adapt my approach to the client's needs. I have worked with many varying populations as well. I feel this gives me a broad perspective on a client's life experience.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Amy Rodriguez, Pre-Licensed Professional
Amy Rodriguez
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
My approach integrates modern therapeutic techniques with a deep respect for the impact of attachment styles and ancestral patterns on our lives. Whether you're struggling with personal relationships, grappling with unresolved trauma, or simply seeking personal growth, I provide a nurturing space to explore and heal.
My approach integrates modern therapeutic techniques with a deep respect for the impact of attachment styles and ancestral patterns on our lives. Whether you're struggling with personal relationships, grappling with unresolved trauma, or simply seeking personal growth, I provide a nurturing space to explore and heal.
(267) 486-4210 View (267) 486-4210
Photo of Jae (Jennifer) Swanson, MMT, MT-BC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jae (Jennifer) Swanson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MMT, MT-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapist and music therapist. I enjoy working with kids, teens, and adults of all ages. I approach therapy from an anti-oppressive and systems perspective, meaning that my primary lens seeks to understand systemic barriers and discriminatory cultural contexts that impact the well-being of those I work with. I am well positioned to work with folks who are LGBTQIA+ and/or inhabit non-traditional family/relationship structures. I have many years of experience working with folks who are grieving, chronically/terminally ill, autistic, depressed, anxious, and folks who have experienced trauma.
I am a psychotherapist and music therapist. I enjoy working with kids, teens, and adults of all ages. I approach therapy from an anti-oppressive and systems perspective, meaning that my primary lens seeks to understand systemic barriers and discriminatory cultural contexts that impact the well-being of those I work with. I am well positioned to work with folks who are LGBTQIA+ and/or inhabit non-traditional family/relationship structures. I have many years of experience working with folks who are grieving, chronically/terminally ill, autistic, depressed, anxious, and folks who have experienced trauma.
(215) 608-0625 View (215) 608-0625
Photo of Ryan Fiordimondo, MA, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ryan Fiordimondo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Do you ever find yourself excessively ruminating, "beating yourself up," or feeling trapped in those "worst case scenarios"? Do you talk to yourself in ways you would never talk to a friend? I'm here to help you take the first step in challenging those self-critical cycles. Together, we can start the journey of cultivating self-love and acceptance.
Do you ever find yourself excessively ruminating, "beating yourself up," or feeling trapped in those "worst case scenarios"? Do you talk to yourself in ways you would never talk to a friend? I'm here to help you take the first step in challenging those self-critical cycles. Together, we can start the journey of cultivating self-love and acceptance.
(610) 510-6261 View (610) 510-6261
Photo of Kira Markoff, PhD, LCSW, CCTP, YTT200, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kira Markoff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, CCTP, YTT200
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Welcome. I'm a clinical social worker licensed in Maryland.
Welcome. I'm a clinical social worker licensed in Maryland.
(240) 332-4482 View (240) 332-4482
Photo of Donnetta Watson - The Art of Evolving, LLC, ATR-BC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
The Art of Evolving, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I have over 11 years of post graduate clinical experience working with children, teens, and adults. I support those navigating depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, grief, life transitions, relationship challenges, racism, discrimination, bullying, identity exploration, and workplace issues. I embrace the collaborative power of the therapeutic relationship to support clients with identifying and achieving realistic goals. I seek to empower clients with the skills of coping, insight, and self-awareness to navigate life and lead the lives they choose.
I have over 11 years of post graduate clinical experience working with children, teens, and adults. I support those navigating depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, grief, life transitions, relationship challenges, racism, discrimination, bullying, identity exploration, and workplace issues. I embrace the collaborative power of the therapeutic relationship to support clients with identifying and achieving realistic goals. I seek to empower clients with the skills of coping, insight, and self-awareness to navigate life and lead the lives they choose.
(267) 214-2486 View (267) 214-2486
Photo of Courtney Douds, LCSW, MSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Douds
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MEd
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
If you’re stuck in self-destructive conflicts with family, unable to move on from difficult experiences in your past, or paralyzed by anxiety, I can help. Whether you’re looking to work through trauma, set boundaries with your relatives, change dynamics with a romantic partner, or reconnect with what gives you pleasure, I can guide you in taking that first step. As a teen coping with my parents’ messy divorce, I turned to self-harm while also journeying through my own sexual self-discovery. Therapy and safe relationships helped me feel better by speaking about my pain rather than keeping it inside or taking it out on myself.
If you’re stuck in self-destructive conflicts with family, unable to move on from difficult experiences in your past, or paralyzed by anxiety, I can help. Whether you’re looking to work through trauma, set boundaries with your relatives, change dynamics with a romantic partner, or reconnect with what gives you pleasure, I can guide you in taking that first step. As a teen coping with my parents’ messy divorce, I turned to self-harm while also journeying through my own sexual self-discovery. Therapy and safe relationships helped me feel better by speaking about my pain rather than keeping it inside or taking it out on myself.
(484) 915-1050 View (484) 915-1050
Photo of Jessica B Covitz, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica B Covitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
Sometimes we look around and life is not the way we want it to be: full of disappointment, stress, sadness or loss. Sometimes we need help finding our way. In my practice, I seek to create a compassionate, supportive space for collaborative exploration, growth and positive change. I create a place where you can be seen and acknowledged, and you can give words to feelings and experiences, to discover greater understanding and self- awareness. When we understand our patterns of behaviors and feelings, we can free ourselves of the unwanted burdens that weigh us down, and live more fully and happily in the present.
Sometimes we look around and life is not the way we want it to be: full of disappointment, stress, sadness or loss. Sometimes we need help finding our way. In my practice, I seek to create a compassionate, supportive space for collaborative exploration, growth and positive change. I create a place where you can be seen and acknowledged, and you can give words to feelings and experiences, to discover greater understanding and self- awareness. When we understand our patterns of behaviors and feelings, we can free ourselves of the unwanted burdens that weigh us down, and live more fully and happily in the present.
(215) 740-7681 View (215) 740-7681
Photo of Kirsten Lynne Walker, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kirsten Lynne Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is to build a trusting relationship where you can start to explore your questions, current pain points, and life story without fear of judgment. My specialty is working with individuals navigating significant changes in their life - loss, identity formation, exploring sexuality, navigating divorce, or becoming a new parent. My approach draws from anti-racist, trauma informed, psychodynamic, systems-focused frameworks.
My approach to therapy is to build a trusting relationship where you can start to explore your questions, current pain points, and life story without fear of judgment. My specialty is working with individuals navigating significant changes in their life - loss, identity formation, exploring sexuality, navigating divorce, or becoming a new parent. My approach draws from anti-racist, trauma informed, psychodynamic, systems-focused frameworks.
(267) 459-9046 View (267) 459-9046
Photo of Meredith Hritz, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Meredith Hritz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
I started my own therapeutic journey when I realized the way I had always done things was not working for me anymore, and I needed some assistance in finding a different path. So often the coping mechanisms that kept us safe in our childhoods keep us from experiencing self-acceptance and the deep and meaningful connections we long to have as adults. Whether you are exhausted by your own people pleasing, mired in self-criticism, or struggling in your relationships, you deserve a place to gain insight into how your patterns have formed and what changes can be made to live a more fulfilling life.
I started my own therapeutic journey when I realized the way I had always done things was not working for me anymore, and I needed some assistance in finding a different path. So often the coping mechanisms that kept us safe in our childhoods keep us from experiencing self-acceptance and the deep and meaningful connections we long to have as adults. Whether you are exhausted by your own people pleasing, mired in self-criticism, or struggling in your relationships, you deserve a place to gain insight into how your patterns have formed and what changes can be made to live a more fulfilling life.
(484) 214-2541 View (484) 214-2541
Photo of Alissa Silverman, PsyD, Psychologist
Alissa Silverman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Life can seem overwhelming at times trying to juggle work, family, and relationships making one feel off balance. Maybe you feel like you are spinning out of control trying to please everyone; only to realize you are unhappy, exhausted, unfulfilled, and even lonely, despite a lot going on around you. I believe all people have the potential for growth and change in their lives. Help me to understand what it's like to walk in your shoes and together we will work to move your life into a space that feels most fulfilling for you to be your best self.
Life can seem overwhelming at times trying to juggle work, family, and relationships making one feel off balance. Maybe you feel like you are spinning out of control trying to please everyone; only to realize you are unhappy, exhausted, unfulfilled, and even lonely, despite a lot going on around you. I believe all people have the potential for growth and change in their lives. Help me to understand what it's like to walk in your shoes and together we will work to move your life into a space that feels most fulfilling for you to be your best self.
(484) 303-4292 View (484) 303-4292
Photo of Francesca Papazis, LAPC, MPhilEd, Pre-Licensed Professional
Francesca Papazis
Pre-Licensed Professional, LAPC, MPhilEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
I believe you know yourself better than anyone else. I also believe humans are built for connection, and when you find a therapist that is the right fit for your needs, therapy can be healing. I specialize in working with anxiety, relationship challenges, sexuality/identity exploration, past/childhood trauma, and attachment healing, though I am here to support you with any topics you choose to bring to session. I encourage safety and empowerment with my clients, compassionately challenging them to work toward their individual goals and embrace their intuitive sense of self.
I believe you know yourself better than anyone else. I also believe humans are built for connection, and when you find a therapist that is the right fit for your needs, therapy can be healing. I specialize in working with anxiety, relationship challenges, sexuality/identity exploration, past/childhood trauma, and attachment healing, though I am here to support you with any topics you choose to bring to session. I encourage safety and empowerment with my clients, compassionately challenging them to work toward their individual goals and embrace their intuitive sense of self.
(267) 651-0660 View (267) 651-0660
Photo of Kathleen Snyder, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathleen Snyder
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I am a L Professional Counselor with a compassion to help people who need support and guidance. I specialize in trauma informed care, depression, anxiety, autism, PTSD, and addiction, as well as the issues that go along with these concerns. I work with children 6 years and older, teenagers, young adults, adults, and aging adults. I believe in using approaches that best fit a person and following the lead of the client as to where they would like their therapy to go.
I am a L Professional Counselor with a compassion to help people who need support and guidance. I specialize in trauma informed care, depression, anxiety, autism, PTSD, and addiction, as well as the issues that go along with these concerns. I work with children 6 years and older, teenagers, young adults, adults, and aging adults. I believe in using approaches that best fit a person and following the lead of the client as to where they would like their therapy to go.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$149

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
61% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.