Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Roslindale, MA

Photo of Kim Riley, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kim Riley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My practice lens is culturally sensitive; family systems informed; strength based; cognitive/behavioral; and solution focused.
It can be the day to day stressors in our lives that may activate us to feel overwhelmed, anxious, unsettled, unfulfilled, confused, and lonely. Our goal will be to work on identifying and using your strengths to help you gain awareness and self understanding as a means to make meaningful and sustainable growth to enhance your day to day living.
My practice lens is culturally sensitive; family systems informed; strength based; cognitive/behavioral; and solution focused.
It can be the day to day stressors in our lives that may activate us to feel overwhelmed, anxious, unsettled, unfulfilled, confused, and lonely. Our goal will be to work on identifying and using your strengths to help you gain awareness and self understanding as a means to make meaningful and sustainable growth to enhance your day to day living.
(508) 714-7252 View (508) 714-7252
Photo of Nathan Whitson, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Nathan Whitson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131
In his work, Nathan draws from various therapeutic techniques, including CBT, ACT, psychodynamic theory, and mindfulness-based practices.
Nathan Whitson (he/him/his) is a psychotherapist with experience working primarily with adults and adolescents. He earned his bachelor’s degree in psychology from New York University and his master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling from Boston College. Nathan has worked with clients spanning a wide range of presenting issues, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, trauma-related disorders, and substance use. Nathan sees clients in our Roslindale office, or via Telehealth.
In his work, Nathan draws from various therapeutic techniques, including CBT, ACT, psychodynamic theory, and mindfulness-based practices.
Nathan Whitson (he/him/his) is a psychotherapist with experience working primarily with adults and adolescents. He earned his bachelor’s degree in psychology from New York University and his master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling from Boston College. Nathan has worked with clients spanning a wide range of presenting issues, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, trauma-related disorders, and substance use. Nathan sees clients in our Roslindale office, or via Telehealth.
(857) 267-9572 View (857) 267-9572
Photo of Sharon Kozuch, LMHC, LPC, MEd, Counselor
Sharon Kozuch
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
My approach is working with both traditional "talk therapy" and cognitive reframing along with integrating a mind-body approach using breathing techniques, mindfulness exercises, and specific mind-body interventions.
Are you looking for a seasoned therapist who specializes in anxiety, life transitions, unresolved trauma, relationship/work conflict, a sense of disconnect from yourself, life? My clients often come to me in a state of overwhelming stress, panicky thoughts, and emotional pain while grappling with a myriad of questions, self-doubt, excessive worry. I understand that having a confidential space to talk freely and understand what's possible for you to feel relief, renewed hope, and confidence is necessary.
My approach is working with both traditional "talk therapy" and cognitive reframing along with integrating a mind-body approach using breathing techniques, mindfulness exercises, and specific mind-body interventions.
Are you looking for a seasoned therapist who specializes in anxiety, life transitions, unresolved trauma, relationship/work conflict, a sense of disconnect from yourself, life? My clients often come to me in a state of overwhelming stress, panicky thoughts, and emotional pain while grappling with a myriad of questions, self-doubt, excessive worry. I understand that having a confidential space to talk freely and understand what's possible for you to feel relief, renewed hope, and confidence is necessary.
(857) 337-2172 View (857) 337-2172
Photo of Alex Bauermeister, LCSW, IAYT, RYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Bauermeister
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, IAYT, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131
My approach incorporates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Internal Family Systems (IFS), and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disorders, and OCD, as well as couples navigating relationship challenges. I am a certified yoga therapist, and often infuse this background into sessions to help clients (both individuals and couples) befriend their body and regulate their nervous system. Most importantly, however, we focus on building trust and connection, and then personalize the therapy based on what will best serve your goals. By making space for humor, celebrating victories, and adding joy-giving behaviors to daily life, I strive to make therapy something you'll look forward to.
My approach incorporates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Internal Family Systems (IFS), and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disorders, and OCD, as well as couples navigating relationship challenges. I am a certified yoga therapist, and often infuse this background into sessions to help clients (both individuals and couples) befriend their body and regulate their nervous system. Most importantly, however, we focus on building trust and connection, and then personalize the therapy based on what will best serve your goals. By making space for humor, celebrating victories, and adding joy-giving behaviors to daily life, I strive to make therapy something you'll look forward to.
(857) 855-4465 View (857) 855-4465
Photo of Rebecca Witte, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Witte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I utilize a multi-modal approach to therapy with a strong emphasis on cognitive behavioral interventions, trauma focused therapy, strength-based orientation, and teaching and enhancing coping skills.
NOT accepting new clients at this time. I have worked with children, adolescents, and young adults in various settings for the past 22 years. I have extensive experience providing family therapy and parent coaching, as well as, individual therapy for adults managing life transitions, stress, and who are seeking mental health support. I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, ASD, social skill deficits, behavior control difficulties, and grief and loss. Helping individuals to strengthen their self-esteem, improve their insight, and create a stronger and more valued sense of self is a passion of mine.
I utilize a multi-modal approach to therapy with a strong emphasis on cognitive behavioral interventions, trauma focused therapy, strength-based orientation, and teaching and enhancing coping skills.
NOT accepting new clients at this time. I have worked with children, adolescents, and young adults in various settings for the past 22 years. I have extensive experience providing family therapy and parent coaching, as well as, individual therapy for adults managing life transitions, stress, and who are seeking mental health support. I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, ASD, social skill deficits, behavior control difficulties, and grief and loss. Helping individuals to strengthen their self-esteem, improve their insight, and create a stronger and more valued sense of self is a passion of mine.
(720) 463-1327 View (720) 463-1327
Photo of Dr. Joanne R. Grassia, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. Joanne R. Grassia
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
Are you seeking support for increased self-insight and a more purposeful focus on wellbeing in your own mind and heart and relationships? I have trained in several therapeutic modalities throughout my professional life, including person-centered, gestalt, CBT, psychodynamic, narrative, collaborative and organizational and family systems approaches. In the therapy space, my clients explore clarifying their own beliefs, managing their emotional reactions in relationships, using their voices more effectively in their various roles, and balancing role demands of family, work, and social contexts which we often juggle simultaneously.
Are you seeking support for increased self-insight and a more purposeful focus on wellbeing in your own mind and heart and relationships? I have trained in several therapeutic modalities throughout my professional life, including person-centered, gestalt, CBT, psychodynamic, narrative, collaborative and organizational and family systems approaches. In the therapy space, my clients explore clarifying their own beliefs, managing their emotional reactions in relationships, using their voices more effectively in their various roles, and balancing role demands of family, work, and social contexts which we often juggle simultaneously.
(413) 266-5513 View (413) 266-5513
Photo of Ella Brandon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ella Brandon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131
I use elements of different therapeutic modalities, including mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Strength-Based Therapy.
We have immediate availability at our practice, Verge Therapy. Please reach out to get connected with a provider today. I have experience working with youth facing a wide range of issues including anxiety, depression, identity development, learning differences, physical injury and disability, racism, trauma, grief and loss and other life transitions.
I use elements of different therapeutic modalities, including mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Strength-Based Therapy.
We have immediate availability at our practice, Verge Therapy. Please reach out to get connected with a provider today. I have experience working with youth facing a wide range of issues including anxiety, depression, identity development, learning differences, physical injury and disability, racism, trauma, grief and loss and other life transitions.
(857) 382-6171 View (857) 382-6171
Photo of Jes Means - Jes Means-The Therapy Space LLC, LMHC, Counselor
Jes Means-The Therapy Space LLC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
My expertise is CBT, DBT, Gestalt, Existential, Narrative, and Adlerian models of therapy.
If you’re trapped in a spiral of anxiety or depression, here is a hand reaching out to slow your momentum and create space for peace. Are you struggling to find a way to break the cycle of stress? Let me help you find a way to regain control. I specialize in working with individuals who may have a physical disability, chronic pain, trauma, grief, as well as LGBTQAI+ issues.
My expertise is CBT, DBT, Gestalt, Existential, Narrative, and Adlerian models of therapy.
If you’re trapped in a spiral of anxiety or depression, here is a hand reaching out to slow your momentum and create space for peace. Are you struggling to find a way to break the cycle of stress? Let me help you find a way to regain control. I specialize in working with individuals who may have a physical disability, chronic pain, trauma, grief, as well as LGBTQAI+ issues.
(781) 544-2366 View (781) 544-2366
Photo of Lisa Cummings-Knight, LMHC, LADC1
Lisa Cummings-Knight
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, LADC1
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131
Hello - my name is Lisa Cummings-Knight and I am an Independently Licensed Mental Health Clinician (LMHC) and a Licensed Addiction Counselor (LADC1). I work with adults and children who are struggling with a broad range of mental health issues. I have over twenty years of experience and utilize a strength based, solution focused, client centered and cognitive behavioral approach to treatment.
Hello - my name is Lisa Cummings-Knight and I am an Independently Licensed Mental Health Clinician (LMHC) and a Licensed Addiction Counselor (LADC1). I work with adults and children who are struggling with a broad range of mental health issues. I have over twenty years of experience and utilize a strength based, solution focused, client centered and cognitive behavioral approach to treatment.
(617) 915-2582 View (617) 915-2582
Photo of Erin Emmanuel, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Emmanuel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131
I offer an empathetic and attuned relationship, resourced in Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT), CBT, Motivational Interviewing, a variety of trauma-focused interventions, and mind-body practices.
My practice prioritizes those in transitional seasons - young adults leaving home for the first time, new mothers seeking support as they adjust to parenthood, women desiring clarity on next steps in career or romantic relationships, and couples hoping to shift relational dynamics. I inspire clients to gain greater awareness of their needs and how to meet those needs in healthy and holistic ways. I am practical and solution-focused while also honoring the impact of developmental and cultural experiences that often take time and careful insight to understand.
I offer an empathetic and attuned relationship, resourced in Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT), CBT, Motivational Interviewing, a variety of trauma-focused interventions, and mind-body practices.
My practice prioritizes those in transitional seasons - young adults leaving home for the first time, new mothers seeking support as they adjust to parenthood, women desiring clarity on next steps in career or romantic relationships, and couples hoping to shift relational dynamics. I inspire clients to gain greater awareness of their needs and how to meet those needs in healthy and holistic ways. I am practical and solution-focused while also honoring the impact of developmental and cultural experiences that often take time and careful insight to understand.
(617) 546-4524 View (617) 546-4524
Photo of Jennifer Saltmarsh, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Saltmarsh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
She utilizes evidenced based treatment including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and motivational interviewing to promote self efficacy and create change.
Jennifer Saltmarsh has worked with a variety of groups including adults of all ages, couples and adolescents for the past eight years providing a safe and supportive approach to individuals struggling with various mental health challenges including PTSD, depression, anxiety, personality disorders, mood disorders, chronic illness, and mental health and aging. She has experience providing individual and group therapy utilizing strength-based, person centered, solution focused treatments to empower adults and elders to visualize their potential to excel in all aspects of their lives.
She utilizes evidenced based treatment including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and motivational interviewing to promote self efficacy and create change.
Jennifer Saltmarsh has worked with a variety of groups including adults of all ages, couples and adolescents for the past eight years providing a safe and supportive approach to individuals struggling with various mental health challenges including PTSD, depression, anxiety, personality disorders, mood disorders, chronic illness, and mental health and aging. She has experience providing individual and group therapy utilizing strength-based, person centered, solution focused treatments to empower adults and elders to visualize their potential to excel in all aspects of their lives.
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Photo of Katie Hillman, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Hillman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
A few strategies I draw on frequently include Internal family systems (IFS), mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
There are many reasons why we might find ourselves looking for a therapist. Perhaps there is a change in our lives and we need support managing it. Maybe we need help finding new strategies and tools for handling overwhelming emotions. Sometimes we might want to grow as a person or make a change, but need support or new skills to get there. Whatever your reason, it’s valid and important.   I work with individual adults, kids, as well as couples who want the help of an outside partner to grow, learn, thrive, and live their best lives.
A few strategies I draw on frequently include Internal family systems (IFS), mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
There are many reasons why we might find ourselves looking for a therapist. Perhaps there is a change in our lives and we need support managing it. Maybe we need help finding new strategies and tools for handling overwhelming emotions. Sometimes we might want to grow as a person or make a change, but need support or new skills to get there. Whatever your reason, it’s valid and important.   I work with individual adults, kids, as well as couples who want the help of an outside partner to grow, learn, thrive, and live their best lives.
(781) 219-0247 View (781) 219-0247
Photo of Nancy Inghilleri, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy Inghilleri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
I believe clients come to therapy looking for for someone who they can feel comfortable exploring their feelings with in a safe, caring, non judgmental space.It is very important to me that I create a place where my clients feel heard, understood and respected during our work together. I believe helping people live a life of greater authenticity is an important part of the therapeutic process. Using a strength based approach, our initial sessions would include creating goals for our work together.I work with both teens and adults who are dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, life transitions ,adoption issues and trauma.
I believe clients come to therapy looking for for someone who they can feel comfortable exploring their feelings with in a safe, caring, non judgmental space.It is very important to me that I create a place where my clients feel heard, understood and respected during our work together. I believe helping people live a life of greater authenticity is an important part of the therapeutic process. Using a strength based approach, our initial sessions would include creating goals for our work together.I work with both teens and adults who are dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, life transitions ,adoption issues and trauma.
(857) 384-6229 View (857) 384-6229
Photo of Mary Mccusker, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Mary Mccusker
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131
Not accepting new clients
I am a psychotherapist with over 30 years experience. The majority of my work has been in the field of addiction recovery, educating and working with individuals and families at all stages of treatment. I have special interest and expertise helping people process trauma and move toward an integrated recovery. I also work with individuals and families effected by ADD/ADHD and coach them to use new strategies to deal with symptoms and conflicts. I love the creative process of helping people find new ways of understanding their stories and themselves so they can develop more useful ways of responding to life's challenges.
I am a psychotherapist with over 30 years experience. The majority of my work has been in the field of addiction recovery, educating and working with individuals and families at all stages of treatment. I have special interest and expertise helping people process trauma and move toward an integrated recovery. I also work with individuals and families effected by ADD/ADHD and coach them to use new strategies to deal with symptoms and conflicts. I love the creative process of helping people find new ways of understanding their stories and themselves so they can develop more useful ways of responding to life's challenges.
(617) 934-7733 View (617) 934-7733
Photo of Amy R Offenberg, MSW, MPH, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy R Offenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MPH, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131
Not accepting new clients
It is easy to get overwhelmed with life and it's day to day challenges.Sometimes all it takes to make things easier, is someone to listen and help us see things from a different perspective. Asking for help at a difficult time is not easy. I value the opportunity to work with my clients to provide support and direction during challenging times.
It is easy to get overwhelmed with life and it's day to day challenges.Sometimes all it takes to make things easier, is someone to listen and help us see things from a different perspective. Asking for help at a difficult time is not easy. I value the opportunity to work with my clients to provide support and direction during challenging times.
(857) 313-3853 View (857) 313-3853
Photo of Kathy Clair-Hayes, MSW, MA, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathy Clair-Hayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MA, LICSW
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
Picking a therapist is a very personal choice. You need to feel that your therapist understands your experience, your challenges and moves you a new way of seeing yourself and your strengths. I provide psychotherapy for adults and couples. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and relationship challenges. For couples, I use the Gottman Method to assess couple relational strengths and to target learning new ways to communicate and build connection and intimacy.
Picking a therapist is a very personal choice. You need to feel that your therapist understands your experience, your challenges and moves you a new way of seeing yourself and your strengths. I provide psychotherapy for adults and couples. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and relationship challenges. For couples, I use the Gottman Method to assess couple relational strengths and to target learning new ways to communicate and build connection and intimacy.
(617) 362-4377 View (617) 362-4377
Photo of Leroy Adams - LA Counseling, LMHC, REV, Counselor
LA Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, REV
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131
Mental health is how we think, feel and act as we cope with life. It helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others and make choices. Like physical health, mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Everyone feels worried, anxious, sad or stressed sometimes. But with a mental illness, these feelings do not go away and are severe enough to interfere with your daily life. It can make it hard meeting and keeping friends, hold a job or enjoy life. "Get plugged In". You cannot wish your problems away. Therapy can help.
Mental health is how we think, feel and act as we cope with life. It helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others and make choices. Like physical health, mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Everyone feels worried, anxious, sad or stressed sometimes. But with a mental illness, these feelings do not go away and are severe enough to interfere with your daily life. It can make it hard meeting and keeping friends, hold a job or enjoy life. "Get plugged In". You cannot wish your problems away. Therapy can help.
(781) 437-6988 View (781) 437-6988
Photo of Paulette Sewell-Reid - LaRochante Int'l Counseling Services, LMHC, MEd, Counselor
LaRochante Int'l Counseling Services
Counselor, LMHC, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131
At times life hits us hard, we find ourselves struggling with problems that seem overwhelming and we see no way out. Do not hesitate to ask for help. Therapy is not as scary as you think. As your therapist, I will provide a safe and confidential space as we work together to empower you on your journey to taking back control of your life. I am a licensed mental health counselor with over 12 years of experience in providing therapy for couples, individuals and families in crisis. I will be the shoulder you can lean on.
At times life hits us hard, we find ourselves struggling with problems that seem overwhelming and we see no way out. Do not hesitate to ask for help. Therapy is not as scary as you think. As your therapist, I will provide a safe and confidential space as we work together to empower you on your journey to taking back control of your life. I am a licensed mental health counselor with over 12 years of experience in providing therapy for couples, individuals and families in crisis. I will be the shoulder you can lean on.
(617) 860-2810 View (617) 860-2810
Photo of Asha Ragin - Trinity Boston Counseling Center, MAT, PhD, Psychologist
Trinity Boston Counseling Center
Psychologist, MAT, PhD
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131  (Online Only)
TBCC focuses its services on providing individual therapy, group therapy, consultation, and training for adults working with youth. Youth workers are individuals who spend the bulk of their time (vocational or volunteer) providing services for, mentoring, supporting, and/or teaching youth (ages 0-25). We are committed to healing the traumatic impact of systemic racism in Boston, and to build a more equitable Boston in which youth of color can thrive. TBCC brings clinical expertise and deep experience working with youth of color and youth-serving organizations in Boston to co-create communities for healing.
TBCC focuses its services on providing individual therapy, group therapy, consultation, and training for adults working with youth. Youth workers are individuals who spend the bulk of their time (vocational or volunteer) providing services for, mentoring, supporting, and/or teaching youth (ages 0-25). We are committed to healing the traumatic impact of systemic racism in Boston, and to build a more equitable Boston in which youth of color can thrive. TBCC brings clinical expertise and deep experience working with youth of color and youth-serving organizations in Boston to co-create communities for healing.
(617) 849-9809 View (617) 849-9809
Photo of Martha Lamb, EdM, Psychologist
Martha Lamb
Psychologist, EdM
Verified Verified
Roslindale, MA 02131
Are things in your life different from what you expected or planned? Are you feeling worried, stressed and “locked in”? Need some place to share/discuss those feelings and make a better/different plan for yourself. Call and make an appointment. I’m thoughtful and listen well, and will help you cope and deal with today’s challenges.
Are things in your life different from what you expected or planned? Are you feeling worried, stressed and “locked in”? Need some place to share/discuss those feelings and make a better/different plan for yourself. Call and make an appointment. I’m thoughtful and listen well, and will help you cope and deal with today’s challenges.
(781) 381-4971 View (781) 381-4971
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Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.