Attachment-based Therapists in Newton Centre, MA

Photo of Leslie Penni, LICSW, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie Penni
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459
Are you feeling stressed, anxious or overwhelmed? Are you struggling feelings of sadness all the time? You may be struggling with a major life stressor or perhaps you are feeling you are not where you want to be in your life or how you got there. I am passionate about working with clients to help them heal from the past, cope with the present and repair and grow healthy relationships. As a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), I specialize in perinatal mental health, anxiety and depression, OCD, alcohol and substance abuse disorders, ADHD, life transitions, parenting and attachment, and relationship issues.
Are you feeling stressed, anxious or overwhelmed? Are you struggling feelings of sadness all the time? You may be struggling with a major life stressor or perhaps you are feeling you are not where you want to be in your life or how you got there. I am passionate about working with clients to help them heal from the past, cope with the present and repair and grow healthy relationships. As a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), I specialize in perinatal mental health, anxiety and depression, OCD, alcohol and substance abuse disorders, ADHD, life transitions, parenting and attachment, and relationship issues.
(617) 766-0319 View (617) 766-0319
Photo of Kellyann Langdon, MA, LMHC, PLLC, Counselor
Kellyann Langdon
Counselor, MA, LMHC, PLLC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459
I am accepting new clients! Life's journey can be full of crisis, loss, grief and trauma. These experiences activate fear in the primal brain, alter patterns of behavior, limit ones perception, lead to relationship issues, low self-esteem and addictions. If these problems are left unresolved, they can lead to physical and mental health problems as well as a weakened spirit, affecting ones core vitality for life. My spiritual approach provides clients with a safe, nurturing and compassionate environment where trust is easily built within the therapeutic relationship so that healing can take place.
I am accepting new clients! Life's journey can be full of crisis, loss, grief and trauma. These experiences activate fear in the primal brain, alter patterns of behavior, limit ones perception, lead to relationship issues, low self-esteem and addictions. If these problems are left unresolved, they can lead to physical and mental health problems as well as a weakened spirit, affecting ones core vitality for life. My spiritual approach provides clients with a safe, nurturing and compassionate environment where trust is easily built within the therapeutic relationship so that healing can take place.
(781) 512-6998 View (781) 512-6998
Photo of Sandra Duggan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sandra Duggan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
I have over twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
I have over twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
(617) 420-7545 View (617) 420-7545
Photo of Joanie A Piken, MA, MSW, ACSW, LICSW, DCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joanie A Piken
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, ACSW, LICSW, DCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
CALL Office ONLY: Adults & Seniors: Individual & Couple: The imprint of trauma is psychological, body and brain memory long after the events are over, one continues to respond as if danger were ever present. The therapy mission is to bring this understanding of trauma to Adult & Seniors, via integrated psychotherapy. Looking for answers to healing traumatic events. Healing is not just knowing what happened but transforming how Behavior, mind, & body still store trauma revealing itself via depression, anxiety, grief, despair, conflict ,lack of resolve, patterns of repetition, worn out "survival mode defenses" Mild and Moderate.
CALL Office ONLY: Adults & Seniors: Individual & Couple: The imprint of trauma is psychological, body and brain memory long after the events are over, one continues to respond as if danger were ever present. The therapy mission is to bring this understanding of trauma to Adult & Seniors, via integrated psychotherapy. Looking for answers to healing traumatic events. Healing is not just knowing what happened but transforming how Behavior, mind, & body still store trauma revealing itself via depression, anxiety, grief, despair, conflict ,lack of resolve, patterns of repetition, worn out "survival mode defenses" Mild and Moderate.
(508) 348-7840 View (508) 348-7840
Photo of Marianne Brandon, PhD, Psychologist
Marianne Brandon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459
*NOT CURRENTLY TAKING NEW CLIENTS* Welcome to my psychology practice. Intimate relationships are challenging for just about everyone. Keeping a passionate connection alive over time requires unique skills, persistence and determination. I work with individuals and couples who wish to deepen emotional or sexual intimacy, improve communication, strengthen their romantic bond, heal from affairs, and folks who feel addicted to pornography or other sexual outlets, as well as depression, irritability, anxiety, etc. Probably the best way to get a sense of me quickly is to read my Psychology Today blog, The Future of Intimacy.
*NOT CURRENTLY TAKING NEW CLIENTS* Welcome to my psychology practice. Intimate relationships are challenging for just about everyone. Keeping a passionate connection alive over time requires unique skills, persistence and determination. I work with individuals and couples who wish to deepen emotional or sexual intimacy, improve communication, strengthen their romantic bond, heal from affairs, and folks who feel addicted to pornography or other sexual outlets, as well as depression, irritability, anxiety, etc. Probably the best way to get a sense of me quickly is to read my Psychology Today blog, The Future of Intimacy.
(410) 988-4254 View (410) 988-4254
Photo of Mark Joyce, LMHC, Counselor
Mark Joyce
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459
As a licensed mental health clinician, my goal is to help guide you to a place of well-being and fulfillment. I have experience working with teenagers and adults of all ages in addressing struggles related to anxiety, depression, addiction, grief & loss, life transitions, and trauma. I am also interested in the role technology plays in one’s experience of mental health symptoms and have completed research on the impact of smartphone addiction in college age students.
As a licensed mental health clinician, my goal is to help guide you to a place of well-being and fulfillment. I have experience working with teenagers and adults of all ages in addressing struggles related to anxiety, depression, addiction, grief & loss, life transitions, and trauma. I am also interested in the role technology plays in one’s experience of mental health symptoms and have completed research on the impact of smartphone addiction in college age students.
(617) 272-7416 View (617) 272-7416
Photo of Mika Nitta, MA, PsyD, Psychologist
Mika Nitta
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459
I consider that answers are within clients, not in therapists, and I am here to help you find your own answers. My approach is truly eclectic, since I have deeply studied each of various methods, including psychodynamic, humanistic, person-centered, relational focused, Jungian, and cognitive & behavioral approaches. The approach is chosen based on my client's conditions, needs, and the stage of changes at that time. I also sometimes provide information about the connections among the brain, the nervous system, body conditions, and thoughts/emotions/behaviors.
I consider that answers are within clients, not in therapists, and I am here to help you find your own answers. My approach is truly eclectic, since I have deeply studied each of various methods, including psychodynamic, humanistic, person-centered, relational focused, Jungian, and cognitive & behavioral approaches. The approach is chosen based on my client's conditions, needs, and the stage of changes at that time. I also sometimes provide information about the connections among the brain, the nervous system, body conditions, and thoughts/emotions/behaviors.
(508) 466-7505 View (508) 466-7505
Photo of Sarah Schermerhorn, LMHC, RYT, Counselor
Sarah Schermerhorn
Counselor, LMHC, RYT
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
As a licensed psychotherapist, I believe therapy needs to be as unique as the individual and originate from a place of compassionate and collaborative curiosity. I take an eclectic approach that draws from somatic, dynamic, and relational schools of thought, with the underlying belief that all individuals already possess the ingredients needed to heal. My background predominantly involves working with teens, young and emerging adults, and athletes.
As a licensed psychotherapist, I believe therapy needs to be as unique as the individual and originate from a place of compassionate and collaborative curiosity. I take an eclectic approach that draws from somatic, dynamic, and relational schools of thought, with the underlying belief that all individuals already possess the ingredients needed to heal. My background predominantly involves working with teens, young and emerging adults, and athletes.
(781) 691-2319 View (781) 691-2319
Photo of Fernanda Romo Siren, LMHC, Counselor
Fernanda Romo Siren
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
Having worked in a variety of settings like inpatient and outpatient hospital programs, public schools, and private practice helped me appreciate the uniqueness of the human psyche. In today's world predicament more than ever I am aware of the enormous need for a secure space in which you can regain access to your authentic self and allow it to guide you through your everyday life. Being in touch with your authentic self holds the key to a more fulfilling and balanced life.
Having worked in a variety of settings like inpatient and outpatient hospital programs, public schools, and private practice helped me appreciate the uniqueness of the human psyche. In today's world predicament more than ever I am aware of the enormous need for a secure space in which you can regain access to your authentic self and allow it to guide you through your everyday life. Being in touch with your authentic self holds the key to a more fulfilling and balanced life.
(617) 917-2528 View (617) 917-2528
Photo of Taylor Lombard, LMHC, R-DMT, CIEC, Counselor
Taylor Lombard
Counselor, LMHC, R-DMT, CIEC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459
Summer 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Throughout life, we experience many transitions and challenges that are difficult to navigate. Sometimes, we need support in identifying and removing the barriers that can hold us back. I believe therapy is a collaborative effort between therapist and client and that we work together as a team to meet your goals. I utilize a strength-based, multicultural-informed and feminist lens to empower my clients to develop insight and bring out their inner resiliencies.
Summer 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Throughout life, we experience many transitions and challenges that are difficult to navigate. Sometimes, we need support in identifying and removing the barriers that can hold us back. I believe therapy is a collaborative effort between therapist and client and that we work together as a team to meet your goals. I utilize a strength-based, multicultural-informed and feminist lens to empower my clients to develop insight and bring out their inner resiliencies.
(617) 398-4217 View (617) 398-4217
Photo of Neal M Patel, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Neal M Patel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459
Neal has been in the mental health field since 2017, working with various populations and levels of care. He completed his clinical training at Harvard Medical School, Department of Mental Health, and Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital. Neal has had the most success helping adolescents and young adults with executive functioning, anxiety disorders (OCD), trauma, and maximizing potential through amotivational training. He works with NBA and NHL players/coaches to enhance their mental performance and recovery, boosting game-time confidence. With extensive experience in addictions, he is also well-versed in co-occurring disorders.
Neal has been in the mental health field since 2017, working with various populations and levels of care. He completed his clinical training at Harvard Medical School, Department of Mental Health, and Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital. Neal has had the most success helping adolescents and young adults with executive functioning, anxiety disorders (OCD), trauma, and maximizing potential through amotivational training. He works with NBA and NHL players/coaches to enhance their mental performance and recovery, boosting game-time confidence. With extensive experience in addictions, he is also well-versed in co-occurring disorders.
(609) 498-9410 View (609) 498-9410
Photo of Cindy Ryan - Cindy Ryan, LMHC, Counselor
Cindy Ryan, LMHC
Counselor
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
Currently Accepting Clients. Do you struggle with ongoing depression or anxiety? Are grief or trauma causing you confusion or exhaustion? Do you find relationships difficult? Your mental well-being sets the tone of your life; physical energy, sleep, mood and attitude suffer when life becomes overwhelming. To get back on track quickly, meeting regularly with a professional counselor can re-ignite a positive frame of mind.
Currently Accepting Clients. Do you struggle with ongoing depression or anxiety? Are grief or trauma causing you confusion or exhaustion? Do you find relationships difficult? Your mental well-being sets the tone of your life; physical energy, sleep, mood and attitude suffer when life becomes overwhelming. To get back on track quickly, meeting regularly with a professional counselor can re-ignite a positive frame of mind.
(978) 991-8575 View (978) 991-8575
Photo of Elizabeth Meyer, LICSW, CPCC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Meyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CPCC
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
Are you trying to do it all and find yourself feeling overwhelmed, depressed, burnt out or depleted? Maybe you are experiencing conflict in your relationships, or worry and anxiety about the future. Maybe you are just feeling stuck, that your life isn't where you want it to be. My goal as a therapist is to create a warm, welcoming, safe space in which you can explore the areas you feel stuck. Together we can explore the thoughts, feelings and behaviors that serve you as well as identify those that don't. We can identify new options and help you make more empowered choices.
Are you trying to do it all and find yourself feeling overwhelmed, depressed, burnt out or depleted? Maybe you are experiencing conflict in your relationships, or worry and anxiety about the future. Maybe you are just feeling stuck, that your life isn't where you want it to be. My goal as a therapist is to create a warm, welcoming, safe space in which you can explore the areas you feel stuck. Together we can explore the thoughts, feelings and behaviors that serve you as well as identify those that don't. We can identify new options and help you make more empowered choices.
(774) 338-3260 View (774) 338-3260
Photo of Dr. Madeleine Gordon, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Madeleine Gordon
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459
Often, we find ourselves stuck. We repeat ineffective and painful patterns of behavior, and think worrisome and self-critical thoughts. Our past creeps in and impacts our present functioning. We struggle with conflict and communication in our most important relationships. It takes courage to tell your story, whether it is your first time or you have previously engaged in therapy. It is a privilege for me to learn about, and partner with you in pursuit of your goals. I see therapy as a safe and collaborative space to explore yourself, your areas of strength and of growth, and your relationships, without judgement.
Often, we find ourselves stuck. We repeat ineffective and painful patterns of behavior, and think worrisome and self-critical thoughts. Our past creeps in and impacts our present functioning. We struggle with conflict and communication in our most important relationships. It takes courage to tell your story, whether it is your first time or you have previously engaged in therapy. It is a privilege for me to learn about, and partner with you in pursuit of your goals. I see therapy as a safe and collaborative space to explore yourself, your areas of strength and of growth, and your relationships, without judgement.
(617) 545-0882 View (617) 545-0882
Photo of Nancy Inghilleri, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy Inghilleri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
I believe clients come to therapy looking for for someone who they can feel comfortable exploring their feelings with in a safe, caring, non judgmental space.It is very important to me that I create a place where my clients feel heard, understood and respected during our work together. I believe helping people live a life of greater authenticity is an important part of the therapeutic process. Using a strength based approach, our initial sessions would include creating goals for our work together.I work with both teens and adults who are dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, life transitions ,adoption issues and trauma.
I believe clients come to therapy looking for for someone who they can feel comfortable exploring their feelings with in a safe, caring, non judgmental space.It is very important to me that I create a place where my clients feel heard, understood and respected during our work together. I believe helping people live a life of greater authenticity is an important part of the therapeutic process. Using a strength based approach, our initial sessions would include creating goals for our work together.I work with both teens and adults who are dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, life transitions ,adoption issues and trauma.
(857) 384-6229 View (857) 384-6229
Photo of Erin Kuehn, MSW, LICSW, CAGS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Kuehn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CAGS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
Hi! I hope that you find this information helpful. Cultivating health, healing & change guides my work as a clinical social worker. As your therapist, I can provide you with a supportive & collaborative partnership to help with your current circumstances & propel you toward your goals. Through connection and compassion, you will be able to increase your self-awareness & make choices about how you want to respond to your experiences. Using various resources & strategies, you will be an active participant in your treatment and develop the skills you need to provide yourself with effective self-care.
Hi! I hope that you find this information helpful. Cultivating health, healing & change guides my work as a clinical social worker. As your therapist, I can provide you with a supportive & collaborative partnership to help with your current circumstances & propel you toward your goals. Through connection and compassion, you will be able to increase your self-awareness & make choices about how you want to respond to your experiences. Using various resources & strategies, you will be an active participant in your treatment and develop the skills you need to provide yourself with effective self-care.
(617) 663-8814 View (617) 663-8814
Photo of Gabrielle Babai, PsyD, Psychologist
Gabrielle Babai
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459
It is within safety and connection that we heal. I believe in the importance of creating a warm, non-judgmental, and safe therapeutic space, and a relationship in which you feel supported, understood, and heard. Client’s that I work with often struggle with self-esteem, navigating relational challenges, coping with distressing experiences, as well as feeling connected to and/or expressing their authentic self. Together, we will explore your concerns and help you grow towards greater agency, self-understanding, improvements in the quality and intimacy of your relationships, confidence, self-compassion, and well-being.
It is within safety and connection that we heal. I believe in the importance of creating a warm, non-judgmental, and safe therapeutic space, and a relationship in which you feel supported, understood, and heard. Client’s that I work with often struggle with self-esteem, navigating relational challenges, coping with distressing experiences, as well as feeling connected to and/or expressing their authentic self. Together, we will explore your concerns and help you grow towards greater agency, self-understanding, improvements in the quality and intimacy of your relationships, confidence, self-compassion, and well-being.
(802) 521-2348 View (802) 521-2348

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Nikki Huijun Li, MA, R-DMT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Nikki Huijun Li
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, R-DMT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02464
Nikki provides culturally-affirming, attachment-based, queer-affirming, poly-friendly, strength-based and client-centered services, integrating trauma-informed and evidence-based theories including Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT), Expressive Arts Therapy, Family Systems Theory, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT), Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), and Mindfulness.
Nikki works with adults and children of all backgrounds, specializing in LGBTQIA+, couples therapy and polyamory, children with special needs, immigration and identity, and Asian mental health. She has experience with a wide range of issues including anxiety, communication, self-image, people pleasing, personal growth, embodiment, relational issues, boundary setting, neurodivergent and queer experiences, racial trauma, etc. Her therapeutic approach is creative and relational, and she provides language-specific care in both English and Mandarin Chinese.
Nikki provides culturally-affirming, attachment-based, queer-affirming, poly-friendly, strength-based and client-centered services, integrating trauma-informed and evidence-based theories including Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT), Expressive Arts Therapy, Family Systems Theory, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT), Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), and Mindfulness.
Nikki works with adults and children of all backgrounds, specializing in LGBTQIA+, couples therapy and polyamory, children with special needs, immigration and identity, and Asian mental health. She has experience with a wide range of issues including anxiety, communication, self-image, people pleasing, personal growth, embodiment, relational issues, boundary setting, neurodivergent and queer experiences, racial trauma, etc. Her therapeutic approach is creative and relational, and she provides language-specific care in both English and Mandarin Chinese.
(617) 765-9820 View (617) 765-9820
Photo of Carmel Higgins, LCSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carmel Higgins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
Hi and welcome! I’m so glad you’re seeking support. I help clients navigate the stressors of life, including life transitions, anxiety, relational issues, grief, and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with perinatal mental health concerns, including infertility, pregnancy loss or termination, and birth trauma. I utilize varied modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment-based therapy, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. I deeply value developing a therapeutic relationship that results in you feeling seen and understood, and that helps you improve your emotional health.
Hi and welcome! I’m so glad you’re seeking support. I help clients navigate the stressors of life, including life transitions, anxiety, relational issues, grief, and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with perinatal mental health concerns, including infertility, pregnancy loss or termination, and birth trauma. I utilize varied modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment-based therapy, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. I deeply value developing a therapeutic relationship that results in you feeling seen and understood, and that helps you improve your emotional health.
(508) 978-3825 View (508) 978-3825
Photo of Brianna Bach, LMHC, Counselor
Brianna Bach
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02460
Using a blend of relational, attachment-based perspectives and skill building as needed, I help clients explore new coping strategies, challenge negative patterns, and build resilience.
I specialize in working with teens, college students, and young adults who are facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, symptoms of trauma, life transitions, and relationship difficulties. Typical concerns can include changing schools or starting college, managing academic or sports stress, health anxiety, job transitions/burnout, and relational challenges, as examples. Together, I work with individuals seeking to explore their thoughts and emotions, develop healthier coping strategies, and develop healthier ways to change unhelpful patterns to improve their overall well-being.
Using a blend of relational, attachment-based perspectives and skill building as needed, I help clients explore new coping strategies, challenge negative patterns, and build resilience.
I specialize in working with teens, college students, and young adults who are facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, symptoms of trauma, life transitions, and relationship difficulties. Typical concerns can include changing schools or starting college, managing academic or sports stress, health anxiety, job transitions/burnout, and relational challenges, as examples. Together, I work with individuals seeking to explore their thoughts and emotions, develop healthier coping strategies, and develop healthier ways to change unhelpful patterns to improve their overall well-being.
(857) 382-6449 View (857) 382-6449

See more therapy options for Newton Centre

Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.