Adoption Therapists in Chestnut Hill, MA

Photo of Rachel Weiskopf, PsyD, Psychologist
Rachel Weiskopf
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is warm, open and collaborative. I generally practice using a psychodynamic approach, but I also integrate cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness techniques. I am flexible and tailor my method to suit the needs of each client. My work is informed by my clinical experience and the latest in evidence based research.
My therapeutic approach is warm, open and collaborative. I generally practice using a psychodynamic approach, but I also integrate cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness techniques. I am flexible and tailor my method to suit the needs of each client. My work is informed by my clinical experience and the latest in evidence based research.
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Photo of Esther Merritt, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Esther Merritt
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
Are you a high achiever but under value yourself? Work hard and have objective success but feel something is missing, or that it's still not enough? Do you feel aspects of your life need improvement, direction, guidance, change, or growth? Is the old tried and true approach you take, not working anymore?  Come improve your mood, reduce anxiety, strengthen self-esteem, manage stress, work through academic/social/professional challenges, process grief, improve relationships and communication, strengthen parenting techniques, and have smoother life transitions. Therapy's success is equal to the work you put into it, come do the work!
Are you a high achiever but under value yourself? Work hard and have objective success but feel something is missing, or that it's still not enough? Do you feel aspects of your life need improvement, direction, guidance, change, or growth? Is the old tried and true approach you take, not working anymore?  Come improve your mood, reduce anxiety, strengthen self-esteem, manage stress, work through academic/social/professional challenges, process grief, improve relationships and communication, strengthen parenting techniques, and have smoother life transitions. Therapy's success is equal to the work you put into it, come do the work!
(508) 812-4066 View (508) 812-4066
Photo of Ainat Rogel - Boston NeuroDynamics, PhD, MSW, LICSW, BCN, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Boston NeuroDynamics
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MSW, LICSW, BCN
Verified Verified
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467  (Online Only)
Our mission is to support our patients with mental or neurological disorders from the initial diagnostic to the end of the intervention, offering them state of the art technology to evaluate and treat the brain with integrative modalities. Our services use different techniques aimed to modulate neural functions for the purpose of improving brain function.  Our highly qualified and experienced clinical staff offers the human treatment that every patient looks for in their recovery. We listen and care; our goal is to improve our patients quality of life.
Our mission is to support our patients with mental or neurological disorders from the initial diagnostic to the end of the intervention, offering them state of the art technology to evaluate and treat the brain with integrative modalities. Our services use different techniques aimed to modulate neural functions for the purpose of improving brain function.  Our highly qualified and experienced clinical staff offers the human treatment that every patient looks for in their recovery. We listen and care; our goal is to improve our patients quality of life.
(857) 353-6740 View (857) 353-6740
Photo of Emma Atwood, Pre-Licensed Professional
Emma Atwood
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
Fall 2024 - Accepting New No-Cost Clients! Therapy is a process with the potential for immense growth and change, yet it can feel daunting, especially when searching for a new therapist. Whether you are seeking help with anxiety, relationship issues, processing trauma, or other life challenges, I firmly believe in the value of developing strong therapeutic relationships in which my clients feel seen, heard, and understood. In sessions, I strive to foster a safe, empathetic, and collaborative environment that empowers my clients to gain insight into their lives and cultivate their strengths to make progress toward their goals.
Fall 2024 - Accepting New No-Cost Clients! Therapy is a process with the potential for immense growth and change, yet it can feel daunting, especially when searching for a new therapist. Whether you are seeking help with anxiety, relationship issues, processing trauma, or other life challenges, I firmly believe in the value of developing strong therapeutic relationships in which my clients feel seen, heard, and understood. In sessions, I strive to foster a safe, empathetic, and collaborative environment that empowers my clients to gain insight into their lives and cultivate their strengths to make progress toward their goals.
(857) 578-6459 View (857) 578-6459
Photo of Sarah Carter, LMHC, RDT, Counselor
Sarah Carter
Counselor, LMHC, RDT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
Hi, and welcome! I provide individual therapy for adults (18+) (particularly college students) and specialize in the treatment of trauma-related conditions, depression, and anxiety. I offer a space for you to feel listened to, seen, and understood without judgment. While I have dedicated my practice to treating trauma, I know that YOU are the real expert on yourself and your experiences. My hope is that by working together, you will feel more connected to yourself, aligned with your goals, and on track to living a healthier and more meaningful life.
Hi, and welcome! I provide individual therapy for adults (18+) (particularly college students) and specialize in the treatment of trauma-related conditions, depression, and anxiety. I offer a space for you to feel listened to, seen, and understood without judgment. While I have dedicated my practice to treating trauma, I know that YOU are the real expert on yourself and your experiences. My hope is that by working together, you will feel more connected to yourself, aligned with your goals, and on track to living a healthier and more meaningful life.
(857) 264-3510 View (857) 264-3510
Photo of Angela Snelling, MA, LPC, LPCC, LMHC
Angela Snelling
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467  (Online Only)
While we cannot always avoid the challenges that arise in our life, we do have a choice how to address them. I believe that there is much to learn from these struggles and that by facing them we create opportunity for making enduring changes in our life.
While we cannot always avoid the challenges that arise in our life, we do have a choice how to address them. I believe that there is much to learn from these struggles and that by facing them we create opportunity for making enduring changes in our life.
(339) 331-1288 View (339) 331-1288

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jessica Butler, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02467  (Online Only)
I have worked with many individuals and families that struggle with depression, anxiety, interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, and abusive relationships. In addition, I have experience working with children that are struggling with adoption. I specialize in family-systems models, attachment oriented therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. By utilizing an individualized insight-oriented approach, I can help both children and adults process emotions and achieve positive progress to reach their goals. I am a strong believer of the mind/body/spirit connection.
I have worked with many individuals and families that struggle with depression, anxiety, interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, and abusive relationships. In addition, I have experience working with children that are struggling with adoption. I specialize in family-systems models, attachment oriented therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. By utilizing an individualized insight-oriented approach, I can help both children and adults process emotions and achieve positive progress to reach their goals. I am a strong believer of the mind/body/spirit connection.
(339) 329-7238 View (339) 329-7238
Photo of Katie Naftzger, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Naftzger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Highlands, MA 02461
It can make all the difference to work with someone who specializes in adoption! I bring my personal experience as a Korean-adoptee and professional experience in working with hundreds of adoptees, parents and families.
I am the author of, "Parenting in the Eye of the Storm: The Adoptive Parent's Guide to Navigating the Teen Years." I offer consultation and psychotherapy for individuals and families throughout the life cycle.
It can make all the difference to work with someone who specializes in adoption! I bring my personal experience as a Korean-adoptee and professional experience in working with hundreds of adoptees, parents and families.
I am the author of, "Parenting in the Eye of the Storm: The Adoptive Parent's Guide to Navigating the Teen Years." I offer consultation and psychotherapy for individuals and families throughout the life cycle.
(617) 925-6070 View (617) 925-6070
Photo of Debra N. Olshever, MEd, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Debra N. Olshever
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02460
Since Adoption is my primary focus, I work with all people in the adoption triad, meaning original parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children, teens and adults.
I work with people who want to improve themselves, their relationships and their self image. These are people seeking a sounding board, a safe confidential place to talk, and extensive knowledge and experience dealing with their issues. My work focuses on where the client is now, and where they want to go, with no pre-conceived notions. We look at past experiences together and how they impact the present. For parents, I offer coaching and suggestions for managing challenging behaviors, and understanding the impact of early childhood trauma of behavior. With younger children, I encourage learning about expression of feelings.
Since Adoption is my primary focus, I work with all people in the adoption triad, meaning original parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children, teens and adults.
I work with people who want to improve themselves, their relationships and their self image. These are people seeking a sounding board, a safe confidential place to talk, and extensive knowledge and experience dealing with their issues. My work focuses on where the client is now, and where they want to go, with no pre-conceived notions. We look at past experiences together and how they impact the present. For parents, I offer coaching and suggestions for managing challenging behaviors, and understanding the impact of early childhood trauma of behavior. With younger children, I encourage learning about expression of feelings.
(508) 348-7205 View (508) 348-7205
Photo of Karen Rafferty Keighley, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karen Rafferty Keighley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02456  (Online Only)
Have you felt the insecurity of being "different" or the guilt from fantasizing about your birth family? SAME! As both an adoptee and a therapist specializing in adoption issues, I help adult adoptees navigate the unique challenges of our circumstances. Issues such as identity, trauma, attachment, relationships, and the lack of genetic mirroring, which can impact adoptees at various life stages. Significant events, such as the birth of a child, the death of a loved one, or a family reunion can be particularly difficult. My approach is client-focused and together, we will work through this to develop more effective coping strategies.
Have you felt the insecurity of being "different" or the guilt from fantasizing about your birth family? SAME! As both an adoptee and a therapist specializing in adoption issues, I help adult adoptees navigate the unique challenges of our circumstances. Issues such as identity, trauma, attachment, relationships, and the lack of genetic mirroring, which can impact adoptees at various life stages. Significant events, such as the birth of a child, the death of a loved one, or a family reunion can be particularly difficult. My approach is client-focused and together, we will work through this to develop more effective coping strategies.
(508) 231-9192 View (508) 231-9192
Photo of Michelle A Novelle, PhD, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle A Novelle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Roxbury, MA 02132
* Adoption referral assessments, the impact of foster care, guardianship documentation, educational advocacy, agency referrals, individual and family counseling.
Welcome! I am a clinical social worker who has over 20 years of experience working with children and families, as well as individuals in need of additional support. I specialize in child and adolescent development and the impact of trauma and loss. I work with individuals and/or families on self-identified goals for either short-term or long-term therapy. I look forward to our collaboration. Bienvenida! Soy una doctora con más que 20 años de experiencia trabajando con niños y familias, incluyendo individuos que necesitan apoyo adicional. Si Ud. o su hijo necesitan un consejero, espero hablar con Ud.
* Adoption referral assessments, the impact of foster care, guardianship documentation, educational advocacy, agency referrals, individual and family counseling.
Welcome! I am a clinical social worker who has over 20 years of experience working with children and families, as well as individuals in need of additional support. I specialize in child and adolescent development and the impact of trauma and loss. I work with individuals and/or families on self-identified goals for either short-term or long-term therapy. I look forward to our collaboration. Bienvenida! Soy una doctora con más que 20 años de experiencia trabajando con niños y familias, incluyendo individuos que necesitan apoyo adicional. Si Ud. o su hijo necesitan un consejero, espero hablar con Ud.
(857) 763-5738 View (857) 763-5738
Photo of Jennifer Eckert - Boston Post Adoption Resources, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Boston Post Adoption Resources
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02445
Waitlist for new clients
No matter what your adoption related question or concern is, you do not have to figure it out alone! Call us today to set up you free 20 minute phone consultation to see how we might best fit your needs!.
Boston Post Adoption Resources, also known as BPAR, is a nonprofit organization that was founded to support all individuals and families who are touched by adoption. We understand the challenges and impact that adoption can have on relationships, family dynamics, and identity. Our team of licensed mental health professionals is specifically trained to deal with post adoption challenges with clients of all ages in individual, family and group settings. We recognize that every situation is different, and our goal is to provide support to you and your family on your lifelong journey through adoption.
No matter what your adoption related question or concern is, you do not have to figure it out alone! Call us today to set up you free 20 minute phone consultation to see how we might best fit your needs!.
Boston Post Adoption Resources, also known as BPAR, is a nonprofit organization that was founded to support all individuals and families who are touched by adoption. We understand the challenges and impact that adoption can have on relationships, family dynamics, and identity. Our team of licensed mental health professionals is specifically trained to deal with post adoption challenges with clients of all ages in individual, family and group settings. We recognize that every situation is different, and our goal is to provide support to you and your family on your lifelong journey through adoption.
(617) 420-7064 View (617) 420-7064
Photo of Maya Rogers-Bursen, LMHC, ATR, Counselor
Maya Rogers-Bursen
Counselor, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02445  (Online Only)
It’s my goal to hold space for the everyday moments while looking at things through an adoption lens.
Hi! My name is Maya Rogers-Bursen, and I am a licensed mental health counselor and art therapist. I was adopted from India when I was six months old and my narrative has shaped the work I love doing with adoptees, and families in the adoption constellation. I am a transracial adoptee with a private practice focused in supporting those navigate the ups and downs of the adoption journey. I named my practice Chandani Post Adoption Counseling - Chandani is my birth name. It means moonlight in Hindi, a place I often look towards when I think about birth family (feel free to read more of my story on my website – Chandanicounseling.com)
It’s my goal to hold space for the everyday moments while looking at things through an adoption lens.
Hi! My name is Maya Rogers-Bursen, and I am a licensed mental health counselor and art therapist. I was adopted from India when I was six months old and my narrative has shaped the work I love doing with adoptees, and families in the adoption constellation. I am a transracial adoptee with a private practice focused in supporting those navigate the ups and downs of the adoption journey. I named my practice Chandani Post Adoption Counseling - Chandani is my birth name. It means moonlight in Hindi, a place I often look towards when I think about birth family (feel free to read more of my story on my website – Chandanicounseling.com)
(857) 340-5606 View (857) 340-5606
Photo of Katie Jones, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02445
In addition I have extensive experience working with individuals and families that are part of the adoption constellation and have received training in complex blended family and post- adoption.
One of the most important aspects in therapy is for patients to feel heard, respected, and understood. I offer an active and collaborative therapeutic style that allows the opportunity for clients to learn, grow, explore, challenge and live the life they want to be living. With a background working in community mental health, private practice, clinical supervision and consulting in public/private school settings; I have more than 15 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I have helped patients with a broad range of needs including Anxiety, OCD, ADHD, Depression, behavioral and/or relational difficulties.
In addition I have extensive experience working with individuals and families that are part of the adoption constellation and have received training in complex blended family and post- adoption.
One of the most important aspects in therapy is for patients to feel heard, respected, and understood. I offer an active and collaborative therapeutic style that allows the opportunity for clients to learn, grow, explore, challenge and live the life they want to be living. With a background working in community mental health, private practice, clinical supervision and consulting in public/private school settings; I have more than 15 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I have helped patients with a broad range of needs including Anxiety, OCD, ADHD, Depression, behavioral and/or relational difficulties.
(310) 361-0638 View (310) 361-0638
Photo of Nancy Inghilleri, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy Inghilleri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
I believe clients come to therapy looking for for someone who they can feel comfortable exploring their feelings with in a safe, caring, non judgmental space.It is very important to me that I create a place where my clients feel heard, understood and respected during our work together. I believe helping people live a life of greater authenticity is an important part of the therapeutic process. Using a strength based approach, our initial sessions would include creating goals for our work together.I work with both teens and adults who are dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, life transitions , adoption issues and trauma.
I believe clients come to therapy looking for for someone who they can feel comfortable exploring their feelings with in a safe, caring, non judgmental space.It is very important to me that I create a place where my clients feel heard, understood and respected during our work together. I believe helping people live a life of greater authenticity is an important part of the therapeutic process. Using a strength based approach, our initial sessions would include creating goals for our work together.I work with both teens and adults who are dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, life transitions , adoption issues and trauma.
(857) 384-6229 View (857) 384-6229
Photo of Elliott Kronenfeld, PhD, LICSW, MSW,  MS, CSTS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elliott Kronenfeld
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW, MSW, MS, CSTS
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02464
I am a certified sex therapist who is licensed in NH, ME, and MA, and specialize in therapies for individuals and couples that are dealing with issues that inhibit future growth and happiness. As the author of Couples by Intention: Creating and Cultivating Relationships That Matter!, specialties include sex/intimacy, infidelity recovery, infertility, Surrogacy/ Adoption, life transitions/personal growth, men's issues, and sexual minorities' concerns. My approach is solution focused, varied and includes a strength based perspective. Narrative therapy, CBT and interpersonal methods are often used.
I am a certified sex therapist who is licensed in NH, ME, and MA, and specialize in therapies for individuals and couples that are dealing with issues that inhibit future growth and happiness. As the author of Couples by Intention: Creating and Cultivating Relationships That Matter!, specialties include sex/intimacy, infidelity recovery, infertility, Surrogacy/ Adoption, life transitions/personal growth, men's issues, and sexual minorities' concerns. My approach is solution focused, varied and includes a strength based perspective. Narrative therapy, CBT and interpersonal methods are often used.
(603) 239-2119 View (603) 239-2119
Photo of Paula Berman, PsyaD, CertPsy, MEd
Paula Berman
PsyaD, CertPsy, MEd
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
In addition, I have extensive experience in working with issues surrounding adoption both from the parents' as well as the child's perspective.
Do you not have enough satisfaction in your life? Do you wish you were in a relationship? Are you struggling with the one you are in? Do you wish for a better career? Talking in a therapeutic environment helps people take more control of their lives, allowing them to experience a quality of life that was otherwise impossible. It is rewarding to see this type of change take place with my clients.
In addition, I have extensive experience in working with issues surrounding adoption both from the parents' as well as the child's perspective.
Do you not have enough satisfaction in your life? Do you wish you were in a relationship? Are you struggling with the one you are in? Do you wish for a better career? Talking in a therapeutic environment helps people take more control of their lives, allowing them to experience a quality of life that was otherwise impossible. It is rewarding to see this type of change take place with my clients.
(617) 910-3399 View (617) 910-3399
Photo of Nellie Broderick, LICSW, SAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nellie Broderick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, SAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Needham, MA 02494  (Online Only)
I commend you for engaging in the timely, sometimes daunting, and perhaps exciting process of seeking out therapy, for yourself or for a loved one. A trusting therapeutic relationship is essential. I will work to establish a safe, supportive environment for you to share, process and discuss your innermost thoughts and emotions. I currently work full-time at a public high school as an adjustment counselor. I previously worked as a clinical social worker at a domestic adoption agency and a partial hospitalization/intensive outpatient program.
I commend you for engaging in the timely, sometimes daunting, and perhaps exciting process of seeking out therapy, for yourself or for a loved one. A trusting therapeutic relationship is essential. I will work to establish a safe, supportive environment for you to share, process and discuss your innermost thoughts and emotions. I currently work full-time at a public high school as an adjustment counselor. I previously worked as a clinical social worker at a domestic adoption agency and a partial hospitalization/intensive outpatient program.
(617) 404-2438 View (617) 404-2438
Photo of Sandra Duggan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sandra Duggan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
I work with individuals and couples experiencing many different struggles in areas that include Depression, Anxiety, parenting, relationship issues, adoption issues, ADHD, family stressors, transitions in families, job changes, interpersonal struggles, identity issues and much more.
I have over twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
I work with individuals and couples experiencing many different struggles in areas that include Depression, Anxiety, parenting, relationship issues, adoption issues, ADHD, family stressors, transitions in families, job changes, interpersonal struggles, identity issues and much more.
I have over twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
(617) 420-7545 View (617) 420-7545
Photo of Judi M Locke - Judi Locke, M.A., L.M.H.C.,, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Judi Locke, M.A., L.M.H.C.,
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brighton, MA 02135
A few of my specialties are; Anxiety disorder, Depression , Mood disorder, Trauma, Relationship building, Interpersonal skills, ADHD/Behavioral problems, Adoption/Infertility, Parenting Support.
I treat an array of ages and psychological issues from anxiety disorder to behavioral challenges with children, adolescents and adults. I am processed oriented and offer skill building strategies to enhance self-awareness and foster positive change.
A few of my specialties are; Anxiety disorder, Depression , Mood disorder, Trauma, Relationship building, Interpersonal skills, ADHD/Behavioral problems, Adoption/Infertility, Parenting Support.
I treat an array of ages and psychological issues from anxiety disorder to behavioral challenges with children, adolescents and adults. I am processed oriented and offer skill building strategies to enhance self-awareness and foster positive change.
(617) 841-8493 View (617) 841-8493

See more therapy options for Chestnut Hill

Adoption Therapists

Does my adopted child need therapy?

Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioral or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.

When should adoptive parents seek therapy?

Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.

Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?

Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.

What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?

A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.