Therapists in Berkshire County, MA

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Photo of Jacob Nyman, Jacob Nyman, PhD, Psychologist
Jacob Nyman
Psychologist, Jacob Nyman, PhD
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
The best psychotherapy helps transform life’s toughest challenges into deep and meaningful growth. So often our greatest healing actually begins in the pain of everyday living whether it shows up in loneliness, anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, family drama, anger, fear, shame or desperation. Gaining new perspectives on self, critically examining what isn’t working, and tapping into our natural strengths can be the most powerful way to get unstuck, develop a deeper sense of self, and cultivate more happiness.
The best psychotherapy helps transform life’s toughest challenges into deep and meaningful growth. So often our greatest healing actually begins in the pain of everyday living whether it shows up in loneliness, anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, family drama, anger, fear, shame or desperation. Gaining new perspectives on self, critically examining what isn’t working, and tapping into our natural strengths can be the most powerful way to get unstuck, develop a deeper sense of self, and cultivate more happiness.
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Photo of Heather LaCasse, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Heather LaCasse
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
North Adams, MA 01247
My ideal client is a person who is interested in their well-being, willing to challenge themselves, and curious about who they are. Most of my clients desire relief from ongoing mental health issues, long for an improved sense of self, and want to cultivate joy in day-to-day living. They want to experience the freedom that comes with feeling content internally and in the world around them. They want to feel heard, respected, and acknowledged.
My ideal client is a person who is interested in their well-being, willing to challenge themselves, and curious about who they are. Most of my clients desire relief from ongoing mental health issues, long for an improved sense of self, and want to cultivate joy in day-to-day living. They want to experience the freedom that comes with feeling content internally and in the world around them. They want to feel heard, respected, and acknowledged.
(413) 287-8137 View (413) 287-8137
Photo of Courtney Hulse - Mountainside Addiction Treatment Center , LMFT
Mountainside Addiction Treatment Center
LMFT
Verified Verified
Ashley Falls, MA 01222  (Online Only)
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Treatment can save your or a loved one’s life. Mountainside Massachusetts provides you with the individualized outpatient addiction treatment and care you need, no matter what stage of recovery you are in. Whether you are new to sobriety, have experienced a setback, or need some extra support during difficult times, we can help you achieve your short and long-term recovery goals. With flexible day and evening scheduling, you can more easily address and overcome addiction while maintaining your daily commitments.
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Treatment can save your or a loved one’s life. Mountainside Massachusetts provides you with the individualized outpatient addiction treatment and care you need, no matter what stage of recovery you are in. Whether you are new to sobriety, have experienced a setback, or need some extra support during difficult times, we can help you achieve your short and long-term recovery goals. With flexible day and evening scheduling, you can more easily address and overcome addiction while maintaining your daily commitments.
(413) 269-8517 View (413) 269-8517
Photo of B. Sandor Vogel, PhD, Psychologist
B. Sandor Vogel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist licensed in New York State since 1969 and Massachusetts since 2003. Areas of specialization include couples therapy (certification as an Imago therapist), sex therapy (diplomate) individual and group therapy. Post-graduate training in psychoanalysis, cognitive/behavioral therapy and sex therapy; PTSD specialization since 9/11/01.
I am a clinical psychologist licensed in New York State since 1969 and Massachusetts since 2003. Areas of specialization include couples therapy (certification as an Imago therapist), sex therapy (diplomate) individual and group therapy. Post-graduate training in psychoanalysis, cognitive/behavioral therapy and sex therapy; PTSD specialization since 9/11/01.
(413) 225-5123 View (413) 225-5123
Photo of Peter Nicholas Sholley - Peter N. Sholley, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Peter N. Sholley, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, grief, chronic pain, disability, and life transitions. I have openings in my practice for children, adults and couples, for brief or long-term work.
I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, grief, chronic pain, disability, and life transitions. I have openings in my practice for children, adults and couples, for brief or long-term work.
(415) 669-8734 View (415) 669-8734
Photo of Elizabeth V Roberts, PsyD, Psychologist
Elizabeth V Roberts
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Lenox, MA 01240
People come to psychologists to find answers, get help, and feel better. Often the true nature and deep complexity of any challenge take time to reveal themselves. As a psychologist and neuropsychologist, I help children, families, and adults with the tools of psychotherapy, neuropsychological testing, legal/forensic evaluation, and consultation. My background in human development is central to my person-centered approach. My special interests include girls and women, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, learning disabilities, neurologic conditions, employment, and life transitions.
People come to psychologists to find answers, get help, and feel better. Often the true nature and deep complexity of any challenge take time to reveal themselves. As a psychologist and neuropsychologist, I help children, families, and adults with the tools of psychotherapy, neuropsychological testing, legal/forensic evaluation, and consultation. My background in human development is central to my person-centered approach. My special interests include girls and women, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, learning disabilities, neurologic conditions, employment, and life transitions.
(413) 728-5023 View (413) 728-5023
Margaret Dondiego
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BCN
Verified Verified
Pittsfield, MA 01201
Not accepting new clients
I practice neuro-therapy. Board Certified in Neurofeedback I us neurofeedback combined with therapy to help clients with self regulation and healing from the effects of trauma. I work with individuals, families and couples. My focus is on reducing symptoms of traumatic stress which make daily life difficult, disrupting work and relationships. Neuro-therapy can help people of all ages, including children, helping increase the effectiveness of talk therapy through "bottom-up" brain training. Neurofeedback assisted therapy allows us to work directly on patterns that underlie emotional, behavioral or sensory concerns.
I practice neuro-therapy. Board Certified in Neurofeedback I us neurofeedback combined with therapy to help clients with self regulation and healing from the effects of trauma. I work with individuals, families and couples. My focus is on reducing symptoms of traumatic stress which make daily life difficult, disrupting work and relationships. Neuro-therapy can help people of all ages, including children, helping increase the effectiveness of talk therapy through "bottom-up" brain training. Neurofeedback assisted therapy allows us to work directly on patterns that underlie emotional, behavioral or sensory concerns.
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Photo of Peter Adels, LICSW, MSS, JD, MCP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Peter Adels
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSS, JD, MCP
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230  (Online Only)
I think of my work with clients as helping to meet the ongoing challenges of life that we all experience. Problems with depression, anxiety, changing abilities, trauma, loss, self identity, or difficult relationships arise for all of us from time to time. Our challenge is to understand our experiences, develop the skills to manage them, and to visualize and move forward to live the most fulfilling life we can.
I think of my work with clients as helping to meet the ongoing challenges of life that we all experience. Problems with depression, anxiety, changing abilities, trauma, loss, self identity, or difficult relationships arise for all of us from time to time. Our challenge is to understand our experiences, develop the skills to manage them, and to visualize and move forward to live the most fulfilling life we can.
(413) 269-8428 View (413) 269-8428
Photo of Dennise Garcia Sevilla, PhD, Psychologist
Dennise Garcia Sevilla
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I provide comprehensive neuropsychological assessments and evidenced-based psychotherapy for children, families, and young adults. My approach is collaborative and active, with emphasis on building a strong alliance, then working towards achieving desired goals. I operate within a systemic and multidisciplinary framework that includes parents and collaboration with educators/other providers when needed. This makes me an effective therapist & neuropsychologist at evaluating/working with youth that struggle with disruptive behaviors, emotional regulation difficulties, trauma, anxiety, mood difficulties, and academic challenges.
I provide comprehensive neuropsychological assessments and evidenced-based psychotherapy for children, families, and young adults. My approach is collaborative and active, with emphasis on building a strong alliance, then working towards achieving desired goals. I operate within a systemic and multidisciplinary framework that includes parents and collaboration with educators/other providers when needed. This makes me an effective therapist & neuropsychologist at evaluating/working with youth that struggle with disruptive behaviors, emotional regulation difficulties, trauma, anxiety, mood difficulties, and academic challenges.
(347) 236-3769 View (347) 236-3769
Photo of Annabelle Coote - Movement Matters Integrative Psychotherapy
Looking for a more holistic approach to therapy? Somehow, you know it’s time to try something new, something that goes beyond just sitting and talking. Maybe you’ve been to therapy before and you’re ready to take your work to a new level. Maybe therapy is a new option for you, but somehow you know that you want something a little different. When you are ready to invest in yourself and you’re willing to try out some holistic and creative approaches, our mind-body approach offers new opportunities for healing and change. Curious?
Looking for a more holistic approach to therapy? Somehow, you know it’s time to try something new, something that goes beyond just sitting and talking. Maybe you’ve been to therapy before and you’re ready to take your work to a new level. Maybe therapy is a new option for you, but somehow you know that you want something a little different. When you are ready to invest in yourself and you’re willing to try out some holistic and creative approaches, our mind-body approach offers new opportunities for healing and change. Curious?
(413) 248-3579 View (413) 248-3579
Photo of Tatum Siebert, PsyD, Psychologist
Tatum Siebert
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Williamstown, MA 01267  (Online Only)
No matter what you may be going through, I am here to provide support, compassion, and help. Regardless of whether you may be experiencing anxiety, depression, or relationship issues, I work with you to discover and accept your own strengths and how to effectively use them to live a more meaningful life. I believe that change, although uncomfortable, can help people recognize their strengths and develop a strong self-awareness. I firmly believe that every person has the potential to change through new experiences and understandings of themselves and others.
No matter what you may be going through, I am here to provide support, compassion, and help. Regardless of whether you may be experiencing anxiety, depression, or relationship issues, I work with you to discover and accept your own strengths and how to effectively use them to live a more meaningful life. I believe that change, although uncomfortable, can help people recognize their strengths and develop a strong self-awareness. I firmly believe that every person has the potential to change through new experiences and understandings of themselves and others.
(413) 887-3073 View (413) 887-3073
Photo of Nicole Laughrey, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Laughrey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Pittsfield, MA 01201
Do you struggle with overwhelming emotions, negative thought patterns, or unresolved pain from trauma, causing you to feel stuck, helpless, confused, lost or alone? I want you to know that you're not alone. If you're here, it’s a sign of your courage, hope, and vision that brighter days are on the horizon. You can imagine yourself feeling safer, grounded in your body, and more connected with others. If you're searching for a non-judgmental, validating, and safe space to help support you in understanding, processing, and healing from adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse or exposure to domestic violence, I welcome you.
Do you struggle with overwhelming emotions, negative thought patterns, or unresolved pain from trauma, causing you to feel stuck, helpless, confused, lost or alone? I want you to know that you're not alone. If you're here, it’s a sign of your courage, hope, and vision that brighter days are on the horizon. You can imagine yourself feeling safer, grounded in your body, and more connected with others. If you're searching for a non-judgmental, validating, and safe space to help support you in understanding, processing, and healing from adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse or exposure to domestic violence, I welcome you.
(413) 779-8871 View (413) 779-8871
Photo of Michael Lipson, PhD, Psychologist
Michael Lipson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
We're only on Earth for a little while: too short a time to spend it indulging bad habits, ignoring our talents, suffering inadequate relationships. Personal Coaching has two main goals. First, it helps you to notice and release your fear, resentment, self-destructive sorrow -- the whole range of negative habits in thought, feeling and behavior. Second, it helps you to give your gifts to the world: your talents, your capacities, your joy. On every level, coaching enhances your relationships: with family, partner, co-workers and friends, with this amazing Earth, and with your own sense of yourself as fully alive.
We're only on Earth for a little while: too short a time to spend it indulging bad habits, ignoring our talents, suffering inadequate relationships. Personal Coaching has two main goals. First, it helps you to notice and release your fear, resentment, self-destructive sorrow -- the whole range of negative habits in thought, feeling and behavior. Second, it helps you to give your gifts to the world: your talents, your capacities, your joy. On every level, coaching enhances your relationships: with family, partner, co-workers and friends, with this amazing Earth, and with your own sense of yourself as fully alive.
(413) 296-8976 View (413) 296-8976
Photo of Jackie LaBonte, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jackie LaBonte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Barrington, MA 01230  (Online Only)
Welcome! Many individuals I work with come to me with a history of depression, anxiety, trauma, difficulty in relationships, and low self-esteem. My approach focuses on understanding symptoms that arise from these experiences, along with exploring ways of managing, soothing, and coping. Importantly, I prioritize building a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust and empathy. This is the foundation that will allow us to delve into underlying causes, patterns, and conflicts that lead to personal growth and lasting change. Together, we navigate your unique journey towards healing and self-discovery.
Welcome! Many individuals I work with come to me with a history of depression, anxiety, trauma, difficulty in relationships, and low self-esteem. My approach focuses on understanding symptoms that arise from these experiences, along with exploring ways of managing, soothing, and coping. Importantly, I prioritize building a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust and empathy. This is the foundation that will allow us to delve into underlying causes, patterns, and conflicts that lead to personal growth and lasting change. Together, we navigate your unique journey towards healing and self-discovery.
(413) 613-4230 View (413) 613-4230
Photo of Kari J Amdahl, LMHC, Counselor
Kari J Amdahl
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230  (Online Only)
Scared, anxious, depressed, frustrated, stuck...? Looking to deepen your relationships and resolve on-going conflicts? Experiencing painful loss, a difficult transition, or trauma? I help shed light on unconscious motives, patterns, and beliefs that are no longer serving you in order to allow healing and positive changes to occur. Just as importantly I focus on utilizing your strengths so they better support you in this process. I listen deeply and compassionately in a safe, relaxing setting. And always with absolute positive regard. I work with individuals, couples and families.
Scared, anxious, depressed, frustrated, stuck...? Looking to deepen your relationships and resolve on-going conflicts? Experiencing painful loss, a difficult transition, or trauma? I help shed light on unconscious motives, patterns, and beliefs that are no longer serving you in order to allow healing and positive changes to occur. Just as importantly I focus on utilizing your strengths so they better support you in this process. I listen deeply and compassionately in a safe, relaxing setting. And always with absolute positive regard. I work with individuals, couples and families.
(413) 418-3847 View (413) 418-3847
Photo of Melanie Snyder - Tri-State Psychotherapy Group, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tri-State Psychotherapy Group
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsfield, MA 01201
We Serve Clients in MA, NY, and CT! Visit our website to request a consultation. Our ideal client may be navigating the challenges of depression, anxiety, ADHD, or experiencing the impacts of trauma, including PTSD/C-PTSD. They could be college students facing academic stress, parents managing family dynamics, individuals adjusting to career changes, or anyone in the midst of personal growth. Their goals include seeking understanding, healing, and strategies to improve their mental health and well-being. They desire a compassionate space where their unique experiences are understood and valued.
We Serve Clients in MA, NY, and CT! Visit our website to request a consultation. Our ideal client may be navigating the challenges of depression, anxiety, ADHD, or experiencing the impacts of trauma, including PTSD/C-PTSD. They could be college students facing academic stress, parents managing family dynamics, individuals adjusting to career changes, or anyone in the midst of personal growth. Their goals include seeking understanding, healing, and strategies to improve their mental health and well-being. They desire a compassionate space where their unique experiences are understood and valued.
(413) 269-5589 View (413) 269-5589
Photo of Dorothy Mack, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dorothy Mack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Pittsfield, MA 01201
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed independent social worker with over 11 years of experience. I provide person-centered care for adults and older adolescents struggling with mood and anxiety disorders, PTSD, complex trauma, problems with adjustment or life transitions, and relationship struggles.
I am a licensed independent social worker with over 11 years of experience. I provide person-centered care for adults and older adolescents struggling with mood and anxiety disorders, PTSD, complex trauma, problems with adjustment or life transitions, and relationship struggles.
(413) 200-3538 View (413) 200-3538
Photo of Samuel Taya Win, LMHC, Counselor
Samuel Taya Win
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
South Lee, MA 01260  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Sometimes the best way to deal with a challenge is to ask for help. Clients I work with are motivated to get the most out of their day to day life while working towards longer term personal goals. My counseling style is based in a person-centered and existential philosophy but I am well versed in more concrete CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and DBT methods, and I am adaptable to a wide range of client needs. In particular, I would like to highlight that my practice seeks to be a welcoming and validating space to persons of color as well as those of LGBTQIA+ identities.
Sometimes the best way to deal with a challenge is to ask for help. Clients I work with are motivated to get the most out of their day to day life while working towards longer term personal goals. My counseling style is based in a person-centered and existential philosophy but I am well versed in more concrete CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and DBT methods, and I am adaptable to a wide range of client needs. In particular, I would like to highlight that my practice seeks to be a welcoming and validating space to persons of color as well as those of LGBTQIA+ identities.
(413) 613-4007 View (413) 613-4007
Photo of Lucian M Schloss, MA, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lucian M Schloss
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Do you repeat the same negative and dysfunctional patterns in your life and relationships? Do you cope with your stress in destructive ways, leaving you in constant dis-ease and discomfort mentally and emotionally? What if your symptoms and ailments were trying to tell you something about your evolution and growth? You are in the right place if you seek a deeper understanding of yourself, your relationships, and your life purpose. I utilize cutting-edge therapies like Internal Family Systems, Systemic Constellations, and Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy.
Do you repeat the same negative and dysfunctional patterns in your life and relationships? Do you cope with your stress in destructive ways, leaving you in constant dis-ease and discomfort mentally and emotionally? What if your symptoms and ailments were trying to tell you something about your evolution and growth? You are in the right place if you seek a deeper understanding of yourself, your relationships, and your life purpose. I utilize cutting-edge therapies like Internal Family Systems, Systemic Constellations, and Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy.
(413) 327-0006 View (413) 327-0006
Photo of Maris W Findlay, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maris W Findlay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Williamstown, MA 01267  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I care deeply about supporting mothers in the perinatal time period and throughout the parenting journey. Bringing a child into the world is a wonderous thing and can also be deeply challenging. I work with clients to manage this new role of parenthood while also taking care of themselves and honoring the other important non-parent parts of themselves. The intensity of the perinatal time period can sometimes trigger past struggles to resurface or become exacerbated. I work with mothers to navigate challenges in order to lead more fulfilling lives not only for themselves, but also so they can show up as calm and connected parents.
I care deeply about supporting mothers in the perinatal time period and throughout the parenting journey. Bringing a child into the world is a wonderous thing and can also be deeply challenging. I work with clients to manage this new role of parenthood while also taking care of themselves and honoring the other important non-parent parts of themselves. The intensity of the perinatal time period can sometimes trigger past struggles to resurface or become exacerbated. I work with mothers to navigate challenges in order to lead more fulfilling lives not only for themselves, but also so they can show up as calm and connected parents.
(413) 213-3556 View (413) 213-3556
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkshire County, MA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Berkshire County, MA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
65% Grief
62% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
52% Aetna

How Therapists in Berkshire County, MA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
24% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkshire County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.