Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of Autumn Goodson, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Autumn Goodson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15215  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients (daytime hours available). Are you an individual facing the complexities of racial identity, grief, trauma, and PTSD? Do you experience the deep pain, frustration, and isolation that arise from battling systemic racism and cultural challenges? The daily struggles, compounded by personal and collective traumas, can be overwhelming, leaving you anxious and emotionally drained. I provide a safe space to unpack burdens, confront fears, and begin healing. Together, we'll delve into your experiences, untangle layers of emotions, and nurture resilience in adversity.
Now accepting new clients (daytime hours available). Are you an individual facing the complexities of racial identity, grief, trauma, and PTSD? Do you experience the deep pain, frustration, and isolation that arise from battling systemic racism and cultural challenges? The daily struggles, compounded by personal and collective traumas, can be overwhelming, leaving you anxious and emotionally drained. I provide a safe space to unpack burdens, confront fears, and begin healing. Together, we'll delve into your experiences, untangle layers of emotions, and nurture resilience in adversity.
(724) 200-8566 View (724) 200-8566
Photo of Brianna Kriley, PhD, ACS, LMHC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brianna Kriley
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, ACS, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203  (Online Only)
You want to feel more at peace, to break free from the cycle of self-criticism and constant anxiety. You’re tired of just “getting by” and ready for meaningful change. My ideal clients include adults healing from childhood trauma, professionals managing secondary trauma, and caregivers determined to create healthier family dynamics. Together, we explore and honor your experiences, build self-worth, and rediscover freedom and creativity in life. My approach integrates your unique values and ideals, offering a safe space to uncover insights that foster personal growth and resilience.
You want to feel more at peace, to break free from the cycle of self-criticism and constant anxiety. You’re tired of just “getting by” and ready for meaningful change. My ideal clients include adults healing from childhood trauma, professionals managing secondary trauma, and caregivers determined to create healthier family dynamics. Together, we explore and honor your experiences, build self-worth, and rediscover freedom and creativity in life. My approach integrates your unique values and ideals, offering a safe space to uncover insights that foster personal growth and resilience.
(904) 831-8099 View (904) 831-8099
Photo of Erynne Schoeneweis, MS, NCC, LAPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Erynne Schoeneweis
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC, LAPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
Hello! I aim to create a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and emotions, and work towards achieving your personal goals. As a queer, neurodivergent therapist, I will apply my knowledge and lived experience to therapy to help those of us thrive in a system that was not built for us. I tailor my person-centered counseling approach to best meet your individual needs. I also am fully trained in EMDR therapy!
Hello! I aim to create a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and emotions, and work towards achieving your personal goals. As a queer, neurodivergent therapist, I will apply my knowledge and lived experience to therapy to help those of us thrive in a system that was not built for us. I tailor my person-centered counseling approach to best meet your individual needs. I also am fully trained in EMDR therapy!
(412) 912-2915 View (412) 912-2915
Photo of Elizabeth Patterson, LCSW, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Patterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15212  (Online Only)
I have a passion for working with young children and their caregivers, & teens and adults working through trauma, stress and generational cycles of abuse and neglect. I am also skilled and passionate about working with First Responder families (Police/Fire/EMS) who are often left unsupported as they manage trauma and occupational stress which affects all members of their families. My clients come to therapy to reflect on their lives and make connections between past experiences and present reactions. If you are seeking an approach that is nervous system informed, neurodiversity affirming, and nonjudgmental, I may be the right fit!
I have a passion for working with young children and their caregivers, & teens and adults working through trauma, stress and generational cycles of abuse and neglect. I am also skilled and passionate about working with First Responder families (Police/Fire/EMS) who are often left unsupported as they manage trauma and occupational stress which affects all members of their families. My clients come to therapy to reflect on their lives and make connections between past experiences and present reactions. If you are seeking an approach that is nervous system informed, neurodiversity affirming, and nonjudgmental, I may be the right fit!
(412) 314-2771 View (412) 314-2771
Photo of Meagan Roppo, LPC, RYT200, Licensed Professional Counselor
Meagan Roppo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RYT200
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237  (Online Only)
What if you had someone to process this grief with, without judgement? Life transitions are often filled with grief and loss, adjustment challenges, and relational changes. If you find yourself going round and round in your head, reach out - I'd love to help. I work primarily with pregnancy/postpartum, pregnancy & infant loss, surrogacy, IVF, and infertility, but love all stages of life transition work.
What if you had someone to process this grief with, without judgement? Life transitions are often filled with grief and loss, adjustment challenges, and relational changes. If you find yourself going round and round in your head, reach out - I'd love to help. I work primarily with pregnancy/postpartum, pregnancy & infant loss, surrogacy, IVF, and infertility, but love all stages of life transition work.
(484) 469-6196 View (484) 469-6196
Photo of Jacqueline Reynolds, MA, ATR-BC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jacqueline Reynolds
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15209
Not accepting new clients
Change, transition, and facing the unknown can be incredibly overwhelming. I believe in sitting together with my clients in whatever they are experiencing and working together to explore meaning and any possible resolutions. Operating from a place of strengths-based support and solidarity, I will empower you to identify and adapt to your needs. By incorporating psychoeducation, trauma informed care, harm reduction, and evidence-based practices, I will work with you and hear you to understand your symptoms, guide you in learning and practicing skills to manage your distress, and provide a space for continued transformation.
Change, transition, and facing the unknown can be incredibly overwhelming. I believe in sitting together with my clients in whatever they are experiencing and working together to explore meaning and any possible resolutions. Operating from a place of strengths-based support and solidarity, I will empower you to identify and adapt to your needs. By incorporating psychoeducation, trauma informed care, harm reduction, and evidence-based practices, I will work with you and hear you to understand your symptoms, guide you in learning and practicing skills to manage your distress, and provide a space for continued transformation.
(878) 216-0285 View (878) 216-0285
Photo of Dr. Allan D. Pass, PhD, NBCC
Dr. Allan D. Pass
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD, NBCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
I have been practicing in the mental health profession since 1973 using recognized best practices for the assessment & treatment of behavioral health issues. I have been accepted in state & federal courts as a clinical & forensic mental health expert in both criminal & civil court proceedings for both defense & prosecution. The focus of our practice is upon providing client focused behavioral health care services which are results driven to a wide range client base. I am a nationally & internationally recognized published author & provide training services on a frequent basis. NBSC employs a net work of mental health experts providing specialty mental health services to our clients.
I have been practicing in the mental health profession since 1973 using recognized best practices for the assessment & treatment of behavioral health issues. I have been accepted in state & federal courts as a clinical & forensic mental health expert in both criminal & civil court proceedings for both defense & prosecution. The focus of our practice is upon providing client focused behavioral health care services which are results driven to a wide range client base. I am a nationally & internationally recognized published author & provide training services on a frequent basis. NBSC employs a net work of mental health experts providing specialty mental health services to our clients.
(443) 296-5572 View (443) 296-5572
Photo of Dominique Flint, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dominique Flint
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 10 years of experience in the behavioral health field, and I am excited to work with adults, parents, friends, and couples who are navigating unique challenges. I specialize in treating anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, parenting concerns, stress management, women's issues, racial/ethnic challenges, boundary setting, assertiveness skills, and emotional intelligence.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 10 years of experience in the behavioral health field, and I am excited to work with adults, parents, friends, and couples who are navigating unique challenges. I specialize in treating anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, parenting concerns, stress management, women's issues, racial/ethnic challenges, boundary setting, assertiveness skills, and emotional intelligence.
(412) 387-6576 View (412) 387-6576
Photo of Michelle Johnson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15243
Waitlist for new clients
Hi, I’m Michelle (she/her), a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a trauma-informed, LGBTQIA+ affirming practice. I bring experience from both inpatient and outpatient mental health settings, where I’ve had the privilege of working with adolescents, adults, veterans, and parents navigating various life challenges.
Hi, I’m Michelle (she/her), a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a trauma-informed, LGBTQIA+ affirming practice. I bring experience from both inpatient and outpatient mental health settings, where I’ve had the privilege of working with adolescents, adults, veterans, and parents navigating various life challenges.
(412) 895-2953 View (412) 895-2953
Photo of Madison Rice, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Madison Rice
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed or depressed recently? Do you need someone who actually listens to your problems? I am a therapist who specializes in working with young adults who are feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed, or just want someone to process their thoughts with. I believe therapy is for everyone! I pride myself on being an empathetic and responsive listener in session. If you chose me as your therapist you can expect the vibes to be casual and for you to be the main focus. I help clients feel heard, respected, and valued. I work collaboratively with clients to help them achieve their goals.
Are you feeling overwhelmed or depressed recently? Do you need someone who actually listens to your problems? I am a therapist who specializes in working with young adults who are feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed, or just want someone to process their thoughts with. I believe therapy is for everyone! I pride myself on being an empathetic and responsive listener in session. If you chose me as your therapist you can expect the vibes to be casual and for you to be the main focus. I help clients feel heard, respected, and valued. I work collaboratively with clients to help them achieve their goals.
(412) 534-3972 View (412) 534-3972
Photo of Amanda Talak, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda Talak
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15228  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Grounded in trauma-informed care, guided by compassion, and rooted in authenticity - I believe healing happens when you truly feel seen and supported. I utilize IFS and EMDR in my therapeutic practice. Both modalities, either separate or paired together, can be incredibly beneficial for many challenges including, but not limited to: trauma/PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, feeling stagnant in life, attachment/interpersonal issues, and unhelpful thoughts and behavior patterns that keep you feeling stuck.
Grounded in trauma-informed care, guided by compassion, and rooted in authenticity - I believe healing happens when you truly feel seen and supported. I utilize IFS and EMDR in my therapeutic practice. Both modalities, either separate or paired together, can be incredibly beneficial for many challenges including, but not limited to: trauma/PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, feeling stagnant in life, attachment/interpersonal issues, and unhelpful thoughts and behavior patterns that keep you feeling stuck.
(412) 912-1668 View (412) 912-1668
Photo of Teresa I. Otoya-Mcadams, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Teresa I. Otoya-Mcadams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! Welcome to your healing Journey. My name is Teresa and I have been in practice for almost 20 years. I believe in the importance of creating a therapeutic alliance where clients feel safe and free to explore and learn about themselves without fear of judgment. I understand that at times it can be difficult to take the first step and look for professional help, my personal stance is to empower my clients and guide them so they can find their own answers. I have worked with individuals and families from multiple backgrounds and age groups. I specialize in PTSD, anxiety, depression and life transitions.
Hello! Welcome to your healing Journey. My name is Teresa and I have been in practice for almost 20 years. I believe in the importance of creating a therapeutic alliance where clients feel safe and free to explore and learn about themselves without fear of judgment. I understand that at times it can be difficult to take the first step and look for professional help, my personal stance is to empower my clients and guide them so they can find their own answers. I have worked with individuals and families from multiple backgrounds and age groups. I specialize in PTSD, anxiety, depression and life transitions.
(412) 899-2714 View (412) 899-2714
Photo of Mandi C Dalicandro-Turk, MS, LPC, NCC
Mandi C Dalicandro-Turk
MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15220
Not accepting new clients
Are you ready for a change that can improve your overall quality of life? Living with anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, life transitions or struggling to make it through each day can feel exhausting. I understand the importance of being heard so that you can heal, continue to learn and grow, and live your best life. As your therapist, we will embark on a journey of honest discussions and meaningful conversations to help you with your goals towards wellness and living the quality life you desire moving forward. My approach is conversational, supportive, and open. I offer affordable HIPAA secure Telehealth services.
Are you ready for a change that can improve your overall quality of life? Living with anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, life transitions or struggling to make it through each day can feel exhausting. I understand the importance of being heard so that you can heal, continue to learn and grow, and live your best life. As your therapist, we will embark on a journey of honest discussions and meaningful conversations to help you with your goals towards wellness and living the quality life you desire moving forward. My approach is conversational, supportive, and open. I offer affordable HIPAA secure Telehealth services.
(878) 205-0244 View (878) 205-0244
Photo of Christina McClarren, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina McClarren
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 8 years of experience in the mental health field. I am passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families grow beyond current challenges. I specialize in depression, anxiety, personality disorders, grief, chronic and serious mental health issues, communication, and managing life stressors.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 8 years of experience in the mental health field. I am passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families grow beyond current challenges. I specialize in depression, anxiety, personality disorders, grief, chronic and serious mental health issues, communication, and managing life stressors.
(412) 274-1644 View (412) 274-1644
Photo of Cody McConnell, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cody McConnell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Practicing Mental Health Counselor who has worked with children and adolescents for over 10 years, with most of my experience being with individuals who struggle with behavioral issues in the home and community. I have worked in multiple levels of care that include residential, family-based, school-based, mobile therapy, and outpatient services. I have developed skills for providing therapeutic care for individuals seeking help with ADHD, anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, and LGBTQ+ concerns.
I am a Licensed Practicing Mental Health Counselor who has worked with children and adolescents for over 10 years, with most of my experience being with individuals who struggle with behavioral issues in the home and community. I have worked in multiple levels of care that include residential, family-based, school-based, mobile therapy, and outpatient services. I have developed skills for providing therapeutic care for individuals seeking help with ADHD, anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, and LGBTQ+ concerns.
(412) 547-9647 View (412) 547-9647
Photo of Michelle Wygant - Michelle Wygant | Makin Wellness Online Therapy, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle Wygant | Makin Wellness Online Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
You might be someone grappling with grief, depression, or anxiety. I know you're seeking a therapist who specializes in these areas and truly comprehends your struggles. Your needs are specific, and your aim is to regain control and find emotional stability. I'm here to assist you in your journey towards a brighter, more balanced life.
You might be someone grappling with grief, depression, or anxiety. I know you're seeking a therapist who specializes in these areas and truly comprehends your struggles. Your needs are specific, and your aim is to regain control and find emotional stability. I'm here to assist you in your journey towards a brighter, more balanced life.
(724) 383-8607 View (724) 383-8607
Photo of Christina Romeo Butler, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Christina Romeo Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
I understand that change can be hard, but I believe that with the right support and guidance, it’s entirely possible to navigate life’s challenges and move towards a more fulfilling future. As a therapist, I’m here to help you through that journey, offering a compassionate and safe space to explore your thoughts, emotions, and goals.
I understand that change can be hard, but I believe that with the right support and guidance, it’s entirely possible to navigate life’s challenges and move towards a more fulfilling future. As a therapist, I’m here to help you through that journey, offering a compassionate and safe space to explore your thoughts, emotions, and goals.
(412) 900-4764 View (412) 900-4764
Photo of David A Burton, LCSW, PhD-pen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David A Burton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD-pen
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
I use a holistic approach to treatment emphasizing on rapport building. "There is a reason for all behavior and when it comes to people seeking true wellness, I don't want people to depend on medication." I enjoy helping people change and explore themselves. "The scarecrow, in the movie The Wiz, thought that he did not have a brain. He believed that he was just a sack of old newspapers; but, it took the experience of a "journey" to help him realize that he was not just a sack of newspapers but a wealth of information. "Lets find your wealth!"
I use a holistic approach to treatment emphasizing on rapport building. "There is a reason for all behavior and when it comes to people seeking true wellness, I don't want people to depend on medication." I enjoy helping people change and explore themselves. "The scarecrow, in the movie The Wiz, thought that he did not have a brain. He believed that he was just a sack of old newspapers; but, it took the experience of a "journey" to help him realize that he was not just a sack of newspapers but a wealth of information. "Lets find your wealth!"
(412) 538-5766 View (412) 538-5766
Photo of Kaitlyn Barbarow, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kaitlyn Barbarow
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15226
Life is hard, especially when you feel like you just can’t manage everything on your plate. From school to work to relationships with friends and family, there is always a lot to juggle, and stress can build up quickly! When you’re overwhelmed, your behavior, mood, and relationships are all impacted, and it’s harder to be able to fully enjoy life.
Life is hard, especially when you feel like you just can’t manage everything on your plate. From school to work to relationships with friends and family, there is always a lot to juggle, and stress can build up quickly! When you’re overwhelmed, your behavior, mood, and relationships are all impacted, and it’s harder to be able to fully enjoy life.
(412) 538-6873 View (412) 538-6873
Photo of Rachel Schwartz, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rachel Schwartz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
My ideal client often begins therapy knowing something is off, uncomfortable, or painful but unsure where to go next. Sometimes, they aren't sure what is causing their distress and are looking for help to understand what happened that led them here. Other times, they are aware of what's causing their pain but are looking for an additional perspective as they begin to make changes. Their goals, on some level, are to find relief, understanding, or peace.
My ideal client often begins therapy knowing something is off, uncomfortable, or painful but unsure where to go next. Sometimes, they aren't sure what is causing their distress and are looking for help to understand what happened that led them here. Other times, they are aware of what's causing their pain but are looking for an additional perspective as they begin to make changes. Their goals, on some level, are to find relief, understanding, or peace.
(412) 903-3083 View (412) 903-3083
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
76% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Highmark
79% Aetna
66% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.