Therapists in Katy, TX

Photo of Danielle Cooper, PhD, Psychologist
Danielle Cooper
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
Welcome! Life can often feel challenging - I strive to help restore hope for adults, children, and adolescents who may be going through a difficult time. Parenting a child or adolescent who is struggling can feel especially overwhelming and exhausting. Does your child or teen struggle with behavioral or academic challenges? Or maybe you are concerned they are showing signs of depressed mood, anxiety, increased irritability, or difficulties paying attention and staying organized. Parenting is one of the most important things that we will do in our lives, yet much of the information available to parents is conflicting or confusing.
Welcome! Life can often feel challenging - I strive to help restore hope for adults, children, and adolescents who may be going through a difficult time. Parenting a child or adolescent who is struggling can feel especially overwhelming and exhausting. Does your child or teen struggle with behavioral or academic challenges? Or maybe you are concerned they are showing signs of depressed mood, anxiety, increased irritability, or difficulties paying attention and staying organized. Parenting is one of the most important things that we will do in our lives, yet much of the information available to parents is conflicting or confusing.
(832) 734-7475 View (832) 734-7475
Photo of Melissa Recasner, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melissa Recasner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494  (Online Only)
Entering counseling services can be a huge leap out of your comfort zone. I admire the brave choice you have made, and I am constantly inspired by an individual’s resiliency and what they can accomplish through counseling. Therapy, like life, is a journey that at times may have bumps along the way, to reaching your ultimate destination. My role as a therapist, is to help you reach that destination. It won't always be an easy journey but, I will be there to support you along the way "Difficult Roads Often Lead to Beautiful Destinations"- Zig Ziglar
Entering counseling services can be a huge leap out of your comfort zone. I admire the brave choice you have made, and I am constantly inspired by an individual’s resiliency and what they can accomplish through counseling. Therapy, like life, is a journey that at times may have bumps along the way, to reaching your ultimate destination. My role as a therapist, is to help you reach that destination. It won't always be an easy journey but, I will be there to support you along the way "Difficult Roads Often Lead to Beautiful Destinations"- Zig Ziglar
(281) 377-0832 View (281) 377-0832
Photo of Constance Della Sey - Mindfulness Behavioral Health Services, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mindfulness Behavioral Health Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Seeking therapy is a courageous first step toward the relief you are searching for and need because therapy allows you the opportunity to more deeply reflect on self, experiences, and circumstances. I provide couples and Individuals the safe space to explore and heal from challenges and obstacles that makes relationship building difficult.
Seeking therapy is a courageous first step toward the relief you are searching for and need because therapy allows you the opportunity to more deeply reflect on self, experiences, and circumstances. I provide couples and Individuals the safe space to explore and heal from challenges and obstacles that makes relationship building difficult.
(540) 253-3278 View (540) 253-3278
Photo of Glenda E Demas, PsyD, LPC, ACTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Glenda E Demas
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, ACTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Feelings of depression, despair, and anxiety can be debilitating and frightening. Relationship and work-life challenges can leave an individual feeling overwhelmed, stressed, and discouraged from achieving personal goals. As an experienced psychotherapist I offer a warm and welcoming therapeutic atmosphere that fosters personal growth. I have a high level skill-set, wealth of personal experience, and a wide array of clinical interventions that can be used to help a person reach their fullest potential. I rely heavily on established principles, and ethics that honor confidentiality.
Feelings of depression, despair, and anxiety can be debilitating and frightening. Relationship and work-life challenges can leave an individual feeling overwhelmed, stressed, and discouraged from achieving personal goals. As an experienced psychotherapist I offer a warm and welcoming therapeutic atmosphere that fosters personal growth. I have a high level skill-set, wealth of personal experience, and a wide array of clinical interventions that can be used to help a person reach their fullest potential. I rely heavily on established principles, and ethics that honor confidentiality.
(281) 645-6935 View (281) 645-6935
Photo of Joyce Fagbemi - Martins Counseling , Pre-Licensed Professional
Martins Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77450
Greetings, My name is Joyce I am currently an intern at Martin Counseling located in Katy Texas. I have a strong passion and desire to help individuals strive to be a better version of themselves by understanding feelings, behaviors, culture, life transitions, and more.
Greetings, My name is Joyce I am currently an intern at Martin Counseling located in Katy Texas. I have a strong passion and desire to help individuals strive to be a better version of themselves by understanding feelings, behaviors, culture, life transitions, and more.
(281) 572-8730 View (281) 572-8730
Photo of Kelly E Peyton - Katy Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katy Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Katy Counseling provides services to the entire family whether you need marriage counseling, grief or trauma counseling or have a child with behavioral problems, depression or anxiety. You have been struggling and want help that is easy, fast, and effective. That is the mission of the counselors here at Katy Counseling. We specialize in helping struggling individuals and families get better faster! Together we will put you in the driver’s seat by developing a custom counseling plan to address your unique therapy goals, desired speed of treatment, and need for privacy.
Katy Counseling provides services to the entire family whether you need marriage counseling, grief or trauma counseling or have a child with behavioral problems, depression or anxiety. You have been struggling and want help that is easy, fast, and effective. That is the mission of the counselors here at Katy Counseling. We specialize in helping struggling individuals and families get better faster! Together we will put you in the driver’s seat by developing a custom counseling plan to address your unique therapy goals, desired speed of treatment, and need for privacy.
(281) 957-3653 View (281) 957-3653
Photo of Jinan Amra, LMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist
Jinan Amra
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494  (Online Only)
Do you feel insecure in relationships, like your emotions are controlling you instead of you controlling them? Are feelings of anxiety, anger or rejection keeping you from healthy connection? If you find yourself repeating the same harmful patterns, or having the same arguments over and over no matter how hard you try, then it’s time for a change! You know you deserve better than what you’re allowing yourself to have, and you’re ready to start creating new patterns in your life, you're just not quite sure how to get it, and that's where I can help.
Do you feel insecure in relationships, like your emotions are controlling you instead of you controlling them? Are feelings of anxiety, anger or rejection keeping you from healthy connection? If you find yourself repeating the same harmful patterns, or having the same arguments over and over no matter how hard you try, then it’s time for a change! You know you deserve better than what you’re allowing yourself to have, and you’re ready to start creating new patterns in your life, you're just not quite sure how to get it, and that's where I can help.
(281) 688-2854 View (281) 688-2854
Photo of Atticus Sebastian Kenneth Caleb, MEd, CSC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Atticus Sebastian Kenneth Caleb
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CSC, NCC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450
Welcome to a transformative journey of self-discovery and relationship enhancement guided by Atticus Caleb, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with an impressive five years of experience. As a dedicated advocate for men's issues, couples, and individual growth, Atticus brings a unique blend of empathy, expertise, and insight to the counseling arena.
Welcome to a transformative journey of self-discovery and relationship enhancement guided by Atticus Caleb, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with an impressive five years of experience. As a dedicated advocate for men's issues, couples, and individual growth, Atticus brings a unique blend of empathy, expertise, and insight to the counseling arena.
(281) 903-5399 View (281) 903-5399
MYS Counseling & Assessment
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, EdD, CART
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
Our team is focused on helping our clients and their families find peace and success in their home, work and relationships through our unique method. It is brief and solution-focused, enabling clients to reconnect with their authentic selves and be the person they know they can be. Our therapists, psychologists and psychiatrists are of one mind, that you are unique and valuable, and have the potential to succeed in life and relationships. Our brief therapy period focuses on helping you know how your brain is tripping you up and how it can heal you as well, know yourself better than ever, and reclaim lost self-esteem and freedom!
Our team is focused on helping our clients and their families find peace and success in their home, work and relationships through our unique method. It is brief and solution-focused, enabling clients to reconnect with their authentic selves and be the person they know they can be. Our therapists, psychologists and psychiatrists are of one mind, that you are unique and valuable, and have the potential to succeed in life and relationships. Our brief therapy period focuses on helping you know how your brain is tripping you up and how it can heal you as well, know yourself better than ever, and reclaim lost self-esteem and freedom!
(979) 428-2930 View (979) 428-2930
Photo of Amanda Martin, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC, BCN, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amanda Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC, BCN
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
I enjoy helping people find their path for personal growth, balance and fulfillment in life. I have 18 years of experience helping people struggling with many areas including: traumatic experiences, anxiety, mood disorders, depression, self-harming behaviors, marital conflict, grief, ADHD, and behavioral and emotional dysregulation. In addition to counseling services, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapy Supervisor, Approved Consultant EMDR Therapist, and EMDR Trainer. I provide counseling in the office and outdoors for equine-assisted psychotherapy. I believe everyone deserves a happy and healthy life.
I enjoy helping people find their path for personal growth, balance and fulfillment in life. I have 18 years of experience helping people struggling with many areas including: traumatic experiences, anxiety, mood disorders, depression, self-harming behaviors, marital conflict, grief, ADHD, and behavioral and emotional dysregulation. In addition to counseling services, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapy Supervisor, Approved Consultant EMDR Therapist, and EMDR Trainer. I provide counseling in the office and outdoors for equine-assisted psychotherapy. I believe everyone deserves a happy and healthy life.
(281) 712-8829 View (281) 712-8829
Photo of Kristina Vaughan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristina Vaughan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77449  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Kristina Vaughan, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Texas. I've been a therapist for 2.5 years, and an exceptional social worker for six years. I received my Master's Degree from the University of Houston.
Hi! I'm Kristina Vaughan, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Texas. I've been a therapist for 2.5 years, and an exceptional social worker for six years. I received my Master's Degree from the University of Houston.
(281) 206-8861 View (281) 206-8861
Photo of Jennifer J. Ponce de Leon, MA, LPC-A
Jennifer J. Ponce de Leon
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here! Taking the first step of finding a therapist can be tough and overwhelming. I'm hoping to make your journey a little easier so i'd like to share a bit about the work I do. I enjoy working with individuals aged 6-40 on a variety of concerns. Some of those concerns include anxiety, depression, high functioning ASD, LGBTQIA+ issues, disordered eating, and OCD. If you’re looking for a compassionate therapist who is eager to help you find solutions, reach out and see how I can help!
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here! Taking the first step of finding a therapist can be tough and overwhelming. I'm hoping to make your journey a little easier so i'd like to share a bit about the work I do. I enjoy working with individuals aged 6-40 on a variety of concerns. Some of those concerns include anxiety, depression, high functioning ASD, LGBTQIA+ issues, disordered eating, and OCD. If you’re looking for a compassionate therapist who is eager to help you find solutions, reach out and see how I can help!
(346) 536-5236 View (346) 536-5236
Photo of Kristyn Crowder, MS, LMFT A, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Kristyn Crowder
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT A
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Join me on a journey to better understand yourself, use your voice, and lead a more fulfilling life. Life's uncertainties can throw us off balance, causing challenges with depression and anxiety. Through therapy, you can effectively navigate these challenges. Specializing in supporting couples, my focus includes addressing communication hurdles, recovering from infidelity, and managing obstacles with life changes. I also offer a unique opportunity for you and your friends to attend therapy together, addressing any friendship challenges you may be facing.
Join me on a journey to better understand yourself, use your voice, and lead a more fulfilling life. Life's uncertainties can throw us off balance, causing challenges with depression and anxiety. Through therapy, you can effectively navigate these challenges. Specializing in supporting couples, my focus includes addressing communication hurdles, recovering from infidelity, and managing obstacles with life changes. I also offer a unique opportunity for you and your friends to attend therapy together, addressing any friendship challenges you may be facing.
(346) 567-7808 View (346) 567-7808
Photo of Alexis Hyde-Washmon (Able Thoughts Pllc), MS, LPC, BCBA, LMFT, LBA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alexis Hyde-Washmon (Able Thoughts Pllc)
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LPC, BCBA, LMFT, LBA
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450
I provide services for the following: Child/Adolescent - development, application, and evaluation of behavioral/cognitive-behavioral interventions for child/teen populations (e.g., under-served, children of divorce, juvenile victims of violent crimes, children with conduct and personality disorders, children with developmental disorders, and adolescents with chemical dependency and life challenges). Adults/Elderly - individual, couples and family psychotherapy (e.g., marital, parenting, aging, divorce issues, chemical dependency, mood disorders, depression and anxiety, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress, and LGBTQ).
I provide services for the following: Child/Adolescent - development, application, and evaluation of behavioral/cognitive-behavioral interventions for child/teen populations (e.g., under-served, children of divorce, juvenile victims of violent crimes, children with conduct and personality disorders, children with developmental disorders, and adolescents with chemical dependency and life challenges). Adults/Elderly - individual, couples and family psychotherapy (e.g., marital, parenting, aging, divorce issues, chemical dependency, mood disorders, depression and anxiety, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress, and LGBTQ).
(713) 804-2638 View (713) 804-2638
Photo of Vicky Pierre, LCSW-S, MBA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vicky Pierre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77450  (Online Only)
Do you often feel weighed down by life's pressures or feelings of anxiety?” or, “If you find it difficult to make friends and experience loneliness regularly as a result, come talk to me. Together, we will work on strategies that allow you to address the root causes of your difficulties and build meaningful connections.”
Do you often feel weighed down by life's pressures or feelings of anxiety?” or, “If you find it difficult to make friends and experience loneliness regularly as a result, come talk to me. Together, we will work on strategies that allow you to address the root causes of your difficulties and build meaningful connections.”
(832) 219-9554 View (832) 219-9554
Photo of Desiree Shankle, LPC, LSSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Desiree Shankle
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSSP
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450  (Online Only)
Sometimes you may feel stuck in life. You may be able to manage your day to day tasks, but something is holding you back from your full potential. Over time, you have developed limiting beliefs about yourself. This may impact your job performance, parental duties, and/or relationships. You have difficulty managing your thoughts and emotions. Maybe you have signs of high functioning anxiety or depression. Either way, awareness is always the first step to change! I believe life is a process, and at times people need a safe place to explore their thoughts and feelings.
Sometimes you may feel stuck in life. You may be able to manage your day to day tasks, but something is holding you back from your full potential. Over time, you have developed limiting beliefs about yourself. This may impact your job performance, parental duties, and/or relationships. You have difficulty managing your thoughts and emotions. Maybe you have signs of high functioning anxiety or depression. Either way, awareness is always the first step to change! I believe life is a process, and at times people need a safe place to explore their thoughts and feelings.
(832) 802-6587 View (832) 802-6587
Photo of Dr. April C Viverette, PhD, LCSW-S, LISW, LIMHP, MBA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. April C Viverette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-S, LISW, LIMHP, MBA
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77449  (Online Only)
Are the cares of life, stress, depression, anxiety, work/life balance issues, family worries, or burnout running the show in your life? Please contact me to move forward.
Are the cares of life, stress, depression, anxiety, work/life balance issues, family worries, or burnout running the show in your life? Please contact me to move forward.
(281) 954-3874 View (281) 954-3874
Photo of Kelly E Peyton, MA, LPC-S, RPT-S, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kelly E Peyton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, RPT-S, CCTP
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Are you parenting a child with behavioral issues, coping with divorce or trauma, or trying to improve quality of life? Have you ever said, "My child is out of control,” "I am just so tired", "Everything is so hard" or "This isn't the family I dreamed of?" These types of statements often reflect the type of feelings my clients or their parents have. The early and teen years create special challenges for children/teens and their parents alike. I use a compassionate healing approach tailored to identify problems and solutions. I specialize in children, teens, and families. Call me today for a free consultation. There is help!
Are you parenting a child with behavioral issues, coping with divorce or trauma, or trying to improve quality of life? Have you ever said, "My child is out of control,” "I am just so tired", "Everything is so hard" or "This isn't the family I dreamed of?" These types of statements often reflect the type of feelings my clients or their parents have. The early and teen years create special challenges for children/teens and their parents alike. I use a compassionate healing approach tailored to identify problems and solutions. I specialize in children, teens, and families. Call me today for a free consultation. There is help!
(281) 524-2483 View (281) 524-2483
Photo of Fallon Fields - district counseling, LPC Intern
district counseling
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77450
One of the most challenging things in anyone’s life is to admit they need help. I personally have struggled with asking for help and acknowledging that I no longer could cope with everything around me. When I went to counseling for the first time it changed how I thought about myself and others. That’s why I chose to be in this profession and give that sense of relief to my clients. Although I cannot promise your life will be changed forever and all your problems disappear. I can offer that we can work together to start and promote healthy lifestyle changes that will eventually lead to a more fulfilling life.
One of the most challenging things in anyone’s life is to admit they need help. I personally have struggled with asking for help and acknowledging that I no longer could cope with everything around me. When I went to counseling for the first time it changed how I thought about myself and others. That’s why I chose to be in this profession and give that sense of relief to my clients. Although I cannot promise your life will be changed forever and all your problems disappear. I can offer that we can work together to start and promote healthy lifestyle changes that will eventually lead to a more fulfilling life.
(281) 572-5538 View (281) 572-5538
Photo of Crystal Cowen, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Crystal Cowen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
Crystal Cowen is a Licensed Therapist (LT) with 3 years of experience with adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. She is passionate about supporting couples, individuals, and families by improving communication, relationships, and a healthier sense of self. Crystal is well-versed in addressing traumas, life changes, body and sex issues, depression, anxiety, cultural assimilation struggles, and more. Crystal received her Master's degree in Counseling Psychology from John F. Kennedy University.
Crystal Cowen is a Licensed Therapist (LT) with 3 years of experience with adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. She is passionate about supporting couples, individuals, and families by improving communication, relationships, and a healthier sense of self. Crystal is well-versed in addressing traumas, life changes, body and sex issues, depression, anxiety, cultural assimilation struggles, and more. Crystal received her Master's degree in Counseling Psychology from John F. Kennedy University.
(346) 660-2321 View (346) 660-2321
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Katy, TX

700+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Katy, TX who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
71% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
78% Cigna and Evernorth
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Katy, TX see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Katy?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.