Therapists in Memphis, TN

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Photo of Sarah Rather, LPC-, MHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah Rather
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
Not accepting new clients
I find that the empathy and safety experienced in therapy can be transformative in the way that we view our past experiences and our past selves. I most enjoy working with emerging adults and those between the ages of 25-50. Most of my experience involves working with survivors of complex trauma. My professional interests also include working with those experiencing family of origin difficulties, anxiety, depression, existential dilemmas, religious trauma/Christian deconstruction, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming and am affirming of non-monogamous relationships.
I find that the empathy and safety experienced in therapy can be transformative in the way that we view our past experiences and our past selves. I most enjoy working with emerging adults and those between the ages of 25-50. Most of my experience involves working with survivors of complex trauma. My professional interests also include working with those experiencing family of origin difficulties, anxiety, depression, existential dilemmas, religious trauma/Christian deconstruction, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming and am affirming of non-monogamous relationships.
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Photo of George Tsirgiotis, MSEd, MAR, LMFT, LPCMHSP, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
George Tsirgiotis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, MAR, LMFT, LPCMHSP, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38111
Many of the people that I meet in my practice are feeling "stuck" in some area of life - they can't seem to get traction in making change happen. Addictions, co-dependence, anxiety, depression, anger, poor self-image, lack of assertiveness, lack of closeness in relationships, and struggles with getting past major life traumas are many of the issues we focus on in sessions.
Many of the people that I meet in my practice are feeling "stuck" in some area of life - they can't seem to get traction in making change happen. Addictions, co-dependence, anxiety, depression, anger, poor self-image, lack of assertiveness, lack of closeness in relationships, and struggles with getting past major life traumas are many of the issues we focus on in sessions.
(901) 458-6291 View (901) 458-6291
Photo of Amy Katherine Power, NCC, LPCMHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amy Katherine Power
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38117
Not accepting new clients
Hi! I'm glad you're here! I have a bachelor's degree in Psychology from Mississippi State University and a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Colorado Denver. I am dedicated to healing through trauma-informed care utilizing Internal Family Systems (IFS) interventions, attachment focused care, and a person-centered approach. I have vast experience with those struggling with childhood wounds, past abuse (verbal, physical, emotional, and sexual), interpersonal issues, and eating disorders.
Hi! I'm glad you're here! I have a bachelor's degree in Psychology from Mississippi State University and a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Colorado Denver. I am dedicated to healing through trauma-informed care utilizing Internal Family Systems (IFS) interventions, attachment focused care, and a person-centered approach. I have vast experience with those struggling with childhood wounds, past abuse (verbal, physical, emotional, and sexual), interpersonal issues, and eating disorders.
(901) 621-3521 View (901) 621-3521
Photo of Tiffany J Williams, LPC, MS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tiffany J Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38120
Not accepting new clients
Clients come to therapy for a variety of reasons. They may need help adjusting to a new job, transitioning to a new city, communicating with a family member, or building self-confidence. They want to do these things in a timely manner. They want to live a fulfilling life. Maybe nothing is going on currently and they want to explore past events.
Clients come to therapy for a variety of reasons. They may need help adjusting to a new job, transitioning to a new city, communicating with a family member, or building self-confidence. They want to do these things in a timely manner. They want to live a fulfilling life. Maybe nothing is going on currently and they want to explore past events.
(901) 808-8710 View (901) 808-8710
Photo of Tonya Rockiemore, MSW
Tonya Rockiemore
MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38120  (Online Only)
Unleashing Your Potential assists with helping individuals to thrive instead of surviving by providing tools to help enrich marriages and help to be more productive in life/society. Services provided are Pre-Marital & Marriage Counseling, Anger Mangement and Christian Life Coach. We are ready to walk this journey with you.
Unleashing Your Potential assists with helping individuals to thrive instead of surviving by providing tools to help enrich marriages and help to be more productive in life/society. Services provided are Pre-Marital & Marriage Counseling, Anger Mangement and Christian Life Coach. We are ready to walk this journey with you.
(901) 657-5642 View (901) 657-5642
Photo of Ronald Surgeon, MS, LPC, MHSP, CLC, CCTP, Counselor
Ronald Surgeon
Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP, CLC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38103
Hi my name is Ronald Surgeon. I’m a mental health professional, a Psychotherapist, holding certifications in trauma and life coaching. I also specialize in anxiety and depression from a cognitive behavioral perspective. Furthermore, I enjoy helping marriages restore, nurture, and sustain health. But what I really do is create a healing environment in which people can access the transformation they have hoped for and my favorite part of my job is being able to witness, resource, and walk with people through the highs and lows of their journey.
Hi my name is Ronald Surgeon. I’m a mental health professional, a Psychotherapist, holding certifications in trauma and life coaching. I also specialize in anxiety and depression from a cognitive behavioral perspective. Furthermore, I enjoy helping marriages restore, nurture, and sustain health. But what I really do is create a healing environment in which people can access the transformation they have hoped for and my favorite part of my job is being able to witness, resource, and walk with people through the highs and lows of their journey.
(901) 586-1896 x718 View (901) 586-1896 x718
Photo of Lindsey Foxx, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lindsey Foxx
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38104
Lindsey Foxx is a Licensed Counselor with years of experience. She specializes in treating frustration tolerance, depression, stress, anxiety, parenting problems, motivation and self-confidence issues. She also has experience working with individuals who have experienced mental or physical trauma.
Lindsey Foxx is a Licensed Counselor with years of experience. She specializes in treating frustration tolerance, depression, stress, anxiety, parenting problems, motivation and self-confidence issues. She also has experience working with individuals who have experienced mental or physical trauma.
(901) 295-4294 View (901) 295-4294
Photo of Cynthia Isaac Wells, MS
Cynthia Isaac Wells
MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38135  (Online Only)
Do you feel the need to share your thoughts but hesitate to confide in friends or family? Are relationship issues, the loss of a loved one, parenting challenges, the transition to an "empty nester" phase, or the aftermath of divorce causing you distress? If you've responded affirmatively to any of these life stressors, consider letting me guide you towards the path of mental fitness.
Do you feel the need to share your thoughts but hesitate to confide in friends or family? Are relationship issues, the loss of a loved one, parenting challenges, the transition to an "empty nester" phase, or the aftermath of divorce causing you distress? If you've responded affirmatively to any of these life stressors, consider letting me guide you towards the path of mental fitness.
(901) 295-4485 View (901) 295-4485
Photo of Amy Collie - Planted Therapy Group, Licensed Professional Counselor
Planted Therapy Group
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
We are a group of licensed and master’s level mental health care providers who specialize in helping people navigate life’s challenges. As a group, we work together to meet individual, relationship, and family needs. Clinical specializations vary among our clinicians. Check out our website at www.plantedtherapygroup.com to learn more about our clinicians and see if we're a good fit for your needs. Let us help you connect with one of our therapists who meets your needs and is available to see you, online or in-person. As you walk along your personal growth journey, we would be honored to be a part of it.
We are a group of licensed and master’s level mental health care providers who specialize in helping people navigate life’s challenges. As a group, we work together to meet individual, relationship, and family needs. Clinical specializations vary among our clinicians. Check out our website at www.plantedtherapygroup.com to learn more about our clinicians and see if we're a good fit for your needs. Let us help you connect with one of our therapists who meets your needs and is available to see you, online or in-person. As you walk along your personal growth journey, we would be honored to be a part of it.
(901) 654-5551 View (901) 654-5551
Photo of Jessica Peeler, MA, LPCtemp, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jessica Peeler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPCtemp
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
Through a client-centered approach and an integration of the mind-body connection, I have a desire to work with those facing trauma, attachment issues, family of origin issues, anxiety, depression, codependency, and grief. When we're able to tell the truth that life is hard and ask for help, we begin to taste freedom from the bondage of life’s pains. Thank you to all my past, present, and future clients. The hard work of telling the truth and asking for help can be so very hard and you are all some of the most courageous people I know.
Through a client-centered approach and an integration of the mind-body connection, I have a desire to work with those facing trauma, attachment issues, family of origin issues, anxiety, depression, codependency, and grief. When we're able to tell the truth that life is hard and ask for help, we begin to taste freedom from the bondage of life’s pains. Thank you to all my past, present, and future clients. The hard work of telling the truth and asking for help can be so very hard and you are all some of the most courageous people I know.
(901) 554-4852 x4 View (901) 554-4852 x4
Photo of Ashley Leary, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashley Leary
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38122  (Online Only)
Hello! I specialize in anxiety treatment while addressing related issues such as O.C.D., life transitions, depression, and relationship issues. I have over 10 years of experience in treating people of diverse demographics. I am passionate about helping my clients discover their strengths and empowering them to function in their truest and best selves. I find it an honor to be trusted with my client’s stories; stories that are often begging to be heard, understood, and touched with compassion.
Hello! I specialize in anxiety treatment while addressing related issues such as O.C.D., life transitions, depression, and relationship issues. I have over 10 years of experience in treating people of diverse demographics. I am passionate about helping my clients discover their strengths and empowering them to function in their truest and best selves. I find it an honor to be trusted with my client’s stories; stories that are often begging to be heard, understood, and touched with compassion.
(901) 621-5585 View (901) 621-5585
Photo of Caitlin Leggett, MA, ATR, LPCMHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Caitlin Leggett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! Do you feel like anxiety consumes all your energy? Do you get nervous and self-conscious when talking to other people? Does life feel chaotic and unmanageable? These are just a few of the many issues I help my clients work through. Anxiety, depression, low-self esteem, and life stress can definitely leave you feeling exhausted and overwhelmed, but you don’t have to go through it alone! I am a Counselor and Art Therapist with experience treating teens and adults for various anxiety and depressive disorders. I am also passionate about assisting clients improve their self-esteem and relationships with others.
Welcome! Do you feel like anxiety consumes all your energy? Do you get nervous and self-conscious when talking to other people? Does life feel chaotic and unmanageable? These are just a few of the many issues I help my clients work through. Anxiety, depression, low-self esteem, and life stress can definitely leave you feeling exhausted and overwhelmed, but you don’t have to go through it alone! I am a Counselor and Art Therapist with experience treating teens and adults for various anxiety and depressive disorders. I am also passionate about assisting clients improve their self-esteem and relationships with others.
(901) 472-1396 View (901) 472-1396
Photo of Hallie Bloom, LPC, CT, CCLS, PBS, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hallie Bloom
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CT, CCLS, PBS, EMDR
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
Hallie is a licensed professional counselor, a certified grief counselor, educator, pet bereavement specialist, and a certified child life specialist. I practice at MERCI, (Mental and Emotional Resource Center) in Memphis, Tennessee, providing individual sessions, focused on grief and loss, pet loss, addiction, recovery and all mental health issues. My Child Life training and 30 years of experience, provides me with the knowledge and abilities to work with children, adolescents and their families who are dealing with acute, chronic and terminal illness. Change in our lives is constant and often go unrecognized as Grief issues.
Hallie is a licensed professional counselor, a certified grief counselor, educator, pet bereavement specialist, and a certified child life specialist. I practice at MERCI, (Mental and Emotional Resource Center) in Memphis, Tennessee, providing individual sessions, focused on grief and loss, pet loss, addiction, recovery and all mental health issues. My Child Life training and 30 years of experience, provides me with the knowledge and abilities to work with children, adolescents and their families who are dealing with acute, chronic and terminal illness. Change in our lives is constant and often go unrecognized as Grief issues.
(901) 641-1127 View (901) 641-1127
William Mealer
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38119  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed psychologist with training and experience in treating a wide variety of psychological disorders. I work with adults with alcoholism, drug addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, phobias and phase of life problems, i.e. marital problems and divorce, job loss, physical illness. While my approach to treatment is primarily cognitive-behavioral, I also rely on other treatment approaches and interventions. I believe that the psychologist and the individual must work together as a team. Thus, each treatment plan is created by working together according to the needs of the individual.
I am a licensed psychologist with training and experience in treating a wide variety of psychological disorders. I work with adults with alcoholism, drug addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, phobias and phase of life problems, i.e. marital problems and divorce, job loss, physical illness. While my approach to treatment is primarily cognitive-behavioral, I also rely on other treatment approaches and interventions. I believe that the psychologist and the individual must work together as a team. Thus, each treatment plan is created by working together according to the needs of the individual.
(901) 290-0366 View (901) 290-0366
Photo of Tiandra Arnold, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tiandra Arnold
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38132
Have you ever felt lost with no direction? Are you dealing with stress and cannot find a way to manage it? Are you wanting someone to be a listening ear? Are you feeling misunderstood? Do you have a low self-worth or self-image? Are you just weighed down by life? This is the case for many people, and this is when they reach out for help.
Have you ever felt lost with no direction? Are you dealing with stress and cannot find a way to manage it? Are you wanting someone to be a listening ear? Are you feeling misunderstood? Do you have a low self-worth or self-image? Are you just weighed down by life? This is the case for many people, and this is when they reach out for help.
(901) 660-2392 View (901) 660-2392
Photo of Jeff Killion, LPC, MHSP, (TEMP), NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jeff Killion
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC, MHSP, (TEMP), NCC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38119
This is what I believe, love God and love people and people today are indescribably busy. Busy with family, work, social schedules, social media...just keeping up with life and with all that there is little time for the individual who is often left exhausted, feeling lonely, isolated perhaps unseen. To me, loving people means meeting them where they are so they can be seen and heard. Also, I am a retired law enforcement officer of 25 years and as such I understand the unique needs of first responders, and have experience working with emergency services personnel and family members of emergency responders.
This is what I believe, love God and love people and people today are indescribably busy. Busy with family, work, social schedules, social media...just keeping up with life and with all that there is little time for the individual who is often left exhausted, feeling lonely, isolated perhaps unseen. To me, loving people means meeting them where they are so they can be seen and heard. Also, I am a retired law enforcement officer of 25 years and as such I understand the unique needs of first responders, and have experience working with emergency services personnel and family members of emergency responders.
(901) 660-2146 View (901) 660-2146
Photo of Nateela McGhee, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nateela McGhee
Licensed Professional Counselor, MHSP
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
Not accepting new clients
Life presents us with many unexpected challenges that can leave us feeling hurt, lonely, anxious and stressed. Maybe you are struggling with insecurity, uncertainty or a lack of direction. In times of distress, it can be difficult to share with anyone, let alone someone you’ve never met. Building a relationship is the most important step in the counseling process and hinges on empathy, respect and safety within the therapy office. Healing happens when we feel fully accepted while being vulnerable and authentic. This can only be achieved through a strong therapeutic alliance. In this space, you will be welcomed, heard and supported.
Life presents us with many unexpected challenges that can leave us feeling hurt, lonely, anxious and stressed. Maybe you are struggling with insecurity, uncertainty or a lack of direction. In times of distress, it can be difficult to share with anyone, let alone someone you’ve never met. Building a relationship is the most important step in the counseling process and hinges on empathy, respect and safety within the therapy office. Healing happens when we feel fully accepted while being vulnerable and authentic. This can only be achieved through a strong therapeutic alliance. In this space, you will be welcomed, heard and supported.
(901) 441-9569 View (901) 441-9569
Photo of Khelsea Walker, Mhc, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Khelsea Walker
Licensed Professional Counselor, Mhc, LPC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38134  (Online Only)
New to therapy or seeking to start again? With over 10 years in counseling services I can help you start your journey today. There is a safe space for you here, whether your narrative is searching for personal growth, or insight into life circumstances, having a safe environment that is reflective and guided by professional support helps you regain control. As a licensed clinician my goal is to help you understand negative feelings, repressed emotions, and resolve internal psychological conflicts...
New to therapy or seeking to start again? With over 10 years in counseling services I can help you start your journey today. There is a safe space for you here, whether your narrative is searching for personal growth, or insight into life circumstances, having a safe environment that is reflective and guided by professional support helps you regain control. As a licensed clinician my goal is to help you understand negative feelings, repressed emotions, and resolve internal psychological conflicts...
(901) 979-9464 View (901) 979-9464
Photo of Janet McClora, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janet McClora
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38132
Hey there! I'm Janet, and I'm here to help you navigate some of the tough stuff life throws your way. Whether you're dealing with self-esteem issues, figuring out who you are, or managing anger and behavior challenges, I'm here to support you. My goal is to create a safe and welcoming space where you can be yourself without judgment. I believe that the best therapy happens when you feel comfortable enough to open up and be real about what’s going on in your life. Together, we’ll work on finding the tools that help you express your feelings and become the best version of yourself.
Hey there! I'm Janet, and I'm here to help you navigate some of the tough stuff life throws your way. Whether you're dealing with self-esteem issues, figuring out who you are, or managing anger and behavior challenges, I'm here to support you. My goal is to create a safe and welcoming space where you can be yourself without judgment. I believe that the best therapy happens when you feel comfortable enough to open up and be real about what’s going on in your life. Together, we’ll work on finding the tools that help you express your feelings and become the best version of yourself.
(901) 660-7554 View (901) 660-7554
Photo of Brian Kjelvik, LPC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brian Kjelvik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38104  (Online Only)
Brian Kjelvik is a Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider (LPC-MHSP) in the state of Tennessee with over 6 years of experience assisting clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting struggles, career challenges, divorce, loss, and emotional abuse. Brian earned his Master's degree in Clinical Psychology from Austin Peay State University. His approach combines cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), humanistic therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and mindfulness.
Brian Kjelvik is a Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider (LPC-MHSP) in the state of Tennessee with over 6 years of experience assisting clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting struggles, career challenges, divorce, loss, and emotional abuse. Brian earned his Master's degree in Clinical Psychology from Austin Peay State University. His approach combines cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), humanistic therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and mindfulness.
(901) 621-8422 View (901) 621-8422
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Memphis, TN

500+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Memphis, TN who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
73% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Cigna and Evernorth
74% Aetna
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Memphis, TN see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Memphis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.