Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Finn Siepser, MEd, MFA, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Finn Siepser
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, MFA, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Let’s get you to where you want to be. I believe my clients are the experts in their own lives and I bring to the work: lived experience, training, and a sincere commitment to you living your best life. I do my best to follow your lead while also speaking up when something sounds like it might be harmful internalized messaging. I am invested in working with people of a wide range of relationship models and social identities including polyamorous/non-monogamous, trans and nonbinary, Black, Indigenous, and people of color, fat, disabled, neurodivergent, and sex workers. Being a therapist is a second career from art and education work.
Let’s get you to where you want to be. I believe my clients are the experts in their own lives and I bring to the work: lived experience, training, and a sincere commitment to you living your best life. I do my best to follow your lead while also speaking up when something sounds like it might be harmful internalized messaging. I am invested in working with people of a wide range of relationship models and social identities including polyamorous/non-monogamous, trans and nonbinary, Black, Indigenous, and people of color, fat, disabled, neurodivergent, and sex workers. Being a therapist is a second career from art and education work.
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Photo of Ashley Lynn, MFT, LPC, LCDC, CAADC, Counselor
Ashley Lynn
Counselor, MFT, LPC, LCDC, CAADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges, drowning in negative thoughts, or stuck on an emotional rollercoaster? Have you been struggling to find a sense of direction and started questioning if things will ever get better? This can be a scary place to be, but you don’t have go through it alone. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, struggling to manage stress, trying to navigate a difficult transition, looking to improve your relationships, or simply seeking a greater sense of balance in your life, my focus is on helping you build the skills and insights you need to create meaningful, lasting change in your life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges, drowning in negative thoughts, or stuck on an emotional rollercoaster? Have you been struggling to find a sense of direction and started questioning if things will ever get better? This can be a scary place to be, but you don’t have go through it alone. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, struggling to manage stress, trying to navigate a difficult transition, looking to improve your relationships, or simply seeking a greater sense of balance in your life, my focus is on helping you build the skills and insights you need to create meaningful, lasting change in your life.
(267) 382-5691 View (267) 382-5691
Photo of Erin O’Brien Garcia, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin O’Brien Garcia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19145  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Working in the mental health field for more than thirteen years, I can assist with managing your stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, and grief. With training in Recovery-oriented Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Narrative Therapy, and couples counseling, I use a strengths-based orientation to help address your challenges and get you closer to your goals.
Working in the mental health field for more than thirteen years, I can assist with managing your stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, and grief. With training in Recovery-oriented Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Narrative Therapy, and couples counseling, I use a strengths-based orientation to help address your challenges and get you closer to your goals.
(267) 272-0926 View (267) 272-0926
Photo of Latisha McCoy - Free to Live Counseling Services, LLC, LPC, LPCMH, Licensed Professional Counselor
Free to Live Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPCMH
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
As an LPC in PA, DE, and NJ, I have worked with families, couples, and individuals. My areas of expertise span a broad range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, anger management, life transitions, trauma, and abuse. I have also worked with clients facing parenting problems and relationship issues. I am pursuing my PhD to expand my skills.
As an LPC in PA, DE, and NJ, I have worked with families, couples, and individuals. My areas of expertise span a broad range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, anger management, life transitions, trauma, and abuse. I have also worked with clients facing parenting problems and relationship issues. I am pursuing my PhD to expand my skills.
(215) 278-4948 View (215) 278-4948
Photo of Jennifer Constanos - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(267) 762-2368 x1 View (267) 762-2368 x1
Photo of Lauri A Haines, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauri A Haines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19146  (Online Only)
At times our life-circumstances can create such overwhelm, isolation, confusion and pain that we struggle to make sense of or to overcome them on our own. Having the support and understanding of a warm, collaborative therapist can help you face and work through difficult issues as you move into resilience, balance and a strengthened identity. As a psychotherapist in practice for over ten years, I am guided by the belief that, at our core, we each want to be known, understood and respected by others. I strive to help clients build new insights and perspectives about their lives and to restore their connections to their true selves.
At times our life-circumstances can create such overwhelm, isolation, confusion and pain that we struggle to make sense of or to overcome them on our own. Having the support and understanding of a warm, collaborative therapist can help you face and work through difficult issues as you move into resilience, balance and a strengthened identity. As a psychotherapist in practice for over ten years, I am guided by the belief that, at our core, we each want to be known, understood and respected by others. I strive to help clients build new insights and perspectives about their lives and to restore their connections to their true selves.
(267) 651-0344 View (267) 651-0344
Photo of Rachel Milberg, MA, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Rachel Milberg
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Welcome! In my therapy, I care about building a space with you that is safe and uniquely yours, where you can feel supported in making meaningful changes to your life. I believe in the power of being heard and understood, and strive to create a comfortable, non-judgmental therapeutic experience for those I work with. I use a relational and systemic framework by exploring personal challenges in the context of our world and our relationships. I bring my personality into my work, including my curiosity, sense of humor, and compassion. I look forward to learning more about you and your goals.
Welcome! In my therapy, I care about building a space with you that is safe and uniquely yours, where you can feel supported in making meaningful changes to your life. I believe in the power of being heard and understood, and strive to create a comfortable, non-judgmental therapeutic experience for those I work with. I use a relational and systemic framework by exploring personal challenges in the context of our world and our relationships. I bring my personality into my work, including my curiosity, sense of humor, and compassion. I look forward to learning more about you and your goals.
(267) 214-8815 View (267) 214-8815
Photo of Brian Mullan, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brian Mullan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hey there! I'm Brian Mullan, a licensed professional counselor. I believe firmly in client empowerment and autonomy, and I work with individuals to overcome challenges in order to achieve their maximum possible growth. My approach is client-centered and emphasizes holistic wellness. My preferred theoretical approaches include dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), acceptance and commitment (ACT), and solution-focused therapy, utilizing a feminist and multicultural lens.
Hey there! I'm Brian Mullan, a licensed professional counselor. I believe firmly in client empowerment and autonomy, and I work with individuals to overcome challenges in order to achieve their maximum possible growth. My approach is client-centered and emphasizes holistic wellness. My preferred theoretical approaches include dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), acceptance and commitment (ACT), and solution-focused therapy, utilizing a feminist and multicultural lens.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Melissa Campbell, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Campbell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19134  (Online Only)
Are you a new mother in the midst of one of the most beautiful but disorienting times in your life? Perhaps you're wondering who you are now that you’ve been thrust into this new role. Or you're feeling overwhelmed and finding it difficult to express what you need from your partner during this time. Did you know the first three years after the birth of a child leads to a significant decline in relational satisfaction?
Are you a new mother in the midst of one of the most beautiful but disorienting times in your life? Perhaps you're wondering who you are now that you’ve been thrust into this new role. Or you're feeling overwhelmed and finding it difficult to express what you need from your partner during this time. Did you know the first three years after the birth of a child leads to a significant decline in relational satisfaction?
(215) 774-8297 View (215) 774-8297
Photo of Jan Horner, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jan Horner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
I believe that an authentic, caring, and strong connection between therapist and client is essential to facilitate meaningful change and it is an honor to be invited to participate in another person’s transformational journey.
I believe that an authentic, caring, and strong connection between therapist and client is essential to facilitate meaningful change and it is an honor to be invited to participate in another person’s transformational journey.
(267) 362-8989 View (267) 362-8989
Photo of Elizabeth Swift, MA, LPC, CPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elizabeth Swift
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19106  (Online Only)
As a therapist and a fellow individual who is quite familiar with the majestic peaks and the harsh valleys of our human experience, I understand the importance of holding a secure, safe and abundantly compassionate space filled with warmth and thoughtful considerations of your challenges as you enter the therapeutic space with me. Additionally, I recognize the importance of my showing up in our shared space as an authentic person and I can guarantee that the cold clinical encounters of the typical therapy experience does not exist in my corner of the world.
As a therapist and a fellow individual who is quite familiar with the majestic peaks and the harsh valleys of our human experience, I understand the importance of holding a secure, safe and abundantly compassionate space filled with warmth and thoughtful considerations of your challenges as you enter the therapeutic space with me. Additionally, I recognize the importance of my showing up in our shared space as an authentic person and I can guarantee that the cold clinical encounters of the typical therapy experience does not exist in my corner of the world.
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Photo of Anthony Q Lewis, MS
Anthony Q Lewis
MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19124
Not accepting new clients
"Are you struggling with addiction/life issues in conjunction with the consequences of having a history of incarceration?" As a master-level clinician with several years of experience in substance abuse and correctional counseling and having worked in many correctional holding facilities and rehabilitation settings, I can successfully assist you in reintegrating into the mainstream. I will help you identify barriers as well as set goals to remedy the issues. I utilize an eclectic approach to treatment, allowing me to meet you where you are in your recovery process. I look forward to working with you.
"Are you struggling with addiction/life issues in conjunction with the consequences of having a history of incarceration?" As a master-level clinician with several years of experience in substance abuse and correctional counseling and having worked in many correctional holding facilities and rehabilitation settings, I can successfully assist you in reintegrating into the mainstream. I will help you identify barriers as well as set goals to remedy the issues. I utilize an eclectic approach to treatment, allowing me to meet you where you are in your recovery process. I look forward to working with you.
(267) 440-7495 View (267) 440-7495
Photo of Shadeen Francis, LMFT, CST, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shadeen Francis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
At our core, we all want to feel loved, connected, and understood. I help individuals, couples, and families of all backgrounds to accomplish their therapy goals, improve their relationships, and develop the coping skills necessary to resolve past hurts that keep them from the lives they desire. My clients can expect an approach to therapy that is compassionate, direct, and focused on creating effective and creative solutions to life's challenges. Warmth, humor, goal setting, and collaboration are also important parts of my work.
At our core, we all want to feel loved, connected, and understood. I help individuals, couples, and families of all backgrounds to accomplish their therapy goals, improve their relationships, and develop the coping skills necessary to resolve past hurts that keep them from the lives they desire. My clients can expect an approach to therapy that is compassionate, direct, and focused on creating effective and creative solutions to life's challenges. Warmth, humor, goal setting, and collaboration are also important parts of my work.
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Photo of Rachel Baker, LCSW, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I am so happy that you are here and considering the next step to healing and recovery! I am an LCSW with over 14 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults in case management roles, crisis intervention, managed care and outpatient settings. Through some of my own life experiences with grief and loss and traumatic events, I have come to see the benefit of both positive and negative life events. All of those experiences have challenged me and helped me to grow both spiritually and mentally. In some of my most vulnerable times, I appreciated and noticed the life changing power of a listening ear
I am so happy that you are here and considering the next step to healing and recovery! I am an LCSW with over 14 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults in case management roles, crisis intervention, managed care and outpatient settings. Through some of my own life experiences with grief and loss and traumatic events, I have come to see the benefit of both positive and negative life events. All of those experiences have challenged me and helped me to grow both spiritually and mentally. In some of my most vulnerable times, I appreciated and noticed the life changing power of a listening ear
(570) 410-9581 View (570) 410-9581
Photo of Beth Elise Jellinek - Beth Jellinek Counseling Services, LLC, MPhil, MS, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Beth Jellinek Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MPhil, MS, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19146  (Online Only)
My approach is holistic, with an awareness of cultural and systemic impacts on mental health. I bring deep empathy, openness, creativity, warmth, an intersectional lens, and a sense of humor to the therapeutic relationship. I believe that the therapeutic process can impact my clients ability to grow, heal, and reach their full potential. Areas of expertise include grief and loss, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships.
My approach is holistic, with an awareness of cultural and systemic impacts on mental health. I bring deep empathy, openness, creativity, warmth, an intersectional lens, and a sense of humor to the therapeutic relationship. I believe that the therapeutic process can impact my clients ability to grow, heal, and reach their full potential. Areas of expertise include grief and loss, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships.
(215) 960-9531 View (215) 960-9531
Photo of Allan L Goldberg, PhD, Psychologist
Allan L Goldberg
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
I believe that the work of therapy needs to be done in an atmosphere of safety, intelligence, warmth and humor. Therapy is often hard work because it takes so much commitment for us to look at ourselves objectively and work through challenging issues in our lives. Sometimes we come to therapy because there is a specific situation that we need immediate and/or brief assistance with or for an objective voice of reason. Sometimes we come to therapy because there have been challenges over time that have gotten in our way of getting what we want out of our lives.
I believe that the work of therapy needs to be done in an atmosphere of safety, intelligence, warmth and humor. Therapy is often hard work because it takes so much commitment for us to look at ourselves objectively and work through challenging issues in our lives. Sometimes we come to therapy because there is a specific situation that we need immediate and/or brief assistance with or for an objective voice of reason. Sometimes we come to therapy because there have been challenges over time that have gotten in our way of getting what we want out of our lives.
(215) 592-4060 View (215) 592-4060
Photo of Kellyn Swanson, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kellyn Swanson
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I provide therapy in PA and NJ for individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, and difficulties in managing everyday life. My objective as your therapist is to create a safe environment for you to explore these challenges, while being transparent with what your wants and needs are. I will support you in seeking the best possible coping skills for your mental health symptoms, as well as adaptive strategies for you to utilize in order to succeed with your life goals.
I provide therapy in PA and NJ for individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, and difficulties in managing everyday life. My objective as your therapist is to create a safe environment for you to explore these challenges, while being transparent with what your wants and needs are. I will support you in seeking the best possible coping skills for your mental health symptoms, as well as adaptive strategies for you to utilize in order to succeed with your life goals.
(484) 699-0480 View (484) 699-0480
Photo of Emma Shakarshy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emma Shakarshy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19144  (Online Only)
Being a human is hard. It can feel heavy, overwhelming, and sometimes lonely. Most days, there’s barely time to process what’s going on, let alone how we’re feeling. It’s easy to get caught in loops, cycles that are based on the thoughts and behaviors we’ve relied on to survive. Therapy is a space for you to catch your breath and figure things out. I’m not the kind of therapist who sits back and scribbles on a notepad. I believe that you’re the expert of your life and I’m here to support you — to hold the map, flashlight, and the bag of snacks.
Being a human is hard. It can feel heavy, overwhelming, and sometimes lonely. Most days, there’s barely time to process what’s going on, let alone how we’re feeling. It’s easy to get caught in loops, cycles that are based on the thoughts and behaviors we’ve relied on to survive. Therapy is a space for you to catch your breath and figure things out. I’m not the kind of therapist who sits back and scribbles on a notepad. I believe that you’re the expert of your life and I’m here to support you — to hold the map, flashlight, and the bag of snacks.
(215) 402-5197 View (215) 402-5197
Photo of Wendy Nickerson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Nickerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106  (Online Only)
Wendy Nickerson is an LCSW psychotherapist practicing since 2017. She completed an MSW degree at Temple University, Philadelphia PA with a focus on clinical work, following a long term previous career in life sciences. Wendy strives to connect with clients through a safe, respectful, supportive environment, bringing a wide range of life experiences and therapeutic expertise to the sessions. She focuses on anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, relationship challenges, improved self-confidence and connection with others, and has a background in addictions counseling.
Wendy Nickerson is an LCSW psychotherapist practicing since 2017. She completed an MSW degree at Temple University, Philadelphia PA with a focus on clinical work, following a long term previous career in life sciences. Wendy strives to connect with clients through a safe, respectful, supportive environment, bringing a wide range of life experiences and therapeutic expertise to the sessions. She focuses on anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, relationship challenges, improved self-confidence and connection with others, and has a background in addictions counseling.
(267) 551-6527 View (267) 551-6527
Photo of David N Wilson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David N Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19147
I am an experienced and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker dedicated to helping individuals and couples navigate life’s challenges. Throughout my clinical career, I have specialized in working with children and adults involving traumatic related experiences, anxiety, and relationship issues. I employ a holistic approach, integrating evidence-based therapies tailored to each individual's unique needs. Each clients distinctive experience allows for the therapeutic relationship to fit their desired outcome.
I am an experienced and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker dedicated to helping individuals and couples navigate life’s challenges. Throughout my clinical career, I have specialized in working with children and adults involving traumatic related experiences, anxiety, and relationship issues. I employ a holistic approach, integrating evidence-based therapies tailored to each individual's unique needs. Each clients distinctive experience allows for the therapeutic relationship to fit their desired outcome.
(267) 651-9255 View (267) 651-9255
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$149

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
61% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.