Therapists in Syracuse, NY

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Photo of Chanel Beard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chanel Beard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13202
Now accepting BCBS, Fidelis, Aetna, and Cigna, waitlist has been lifted .My name is Chanel Beard, LCSW of B&F Consulting & Therapeutic Services. As a clinician, I can ensure that clients have a safe space and are met with compassionate and culturally sensitive care. I have extensive experience working with adults, and teens ages 14 & up. I have worked in a variety of settings, including a special education high school, a level one trauma center, suicide prevention, trauma focused group facilitator, and as an administrative leader of foster care programs
Now accepting BCBS, Fidelis, Aetna, and Cigna, waitlist has been lifted .My name is Chanel Beard, LCSW of B&F Consulting & Therapeutic Services. As a clinician, I can ensure that clients have a safe space and are met with compassionate and culturally sensitive care. I have extensive experience working with adults, and teens ages 14 & up. I have worked in a variety of settings, including a special education high school, a level one trauma center, suicide prevention, trauma focused group facilitator, and as an administrative leader of foster care programs
(315) 300-1510 View (315) 300-1510
Photo of Mary Carlisle, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Carlisle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13219  (Online Only)
The decision to begin therapy can be a difficult one, but with the right therapist and hard work the benefits can be endless. Therapy can help you identify patterns in your life that may be causing you struggle. It can help you identify the link between your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and implement changes you want to make in life. The goal is always to learn new ways to think and act, as well as to integrate new healthy coping skills into your life.
The decision to begin therapy can be a difficult one, but with the right therapist and hard work the benefits can be endless. Therapy can help you identify patterns in your life that may be causing you struggle. It can help you identify the link between your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and implement changes you want to make in life. The goal is always to learn new ways to think and act, as well as to integrate new healthy coping skills into your life.
(315) 743-5441 View (315) 743-5441
Photo of Kelly A Clookey, LMHC, Counselor
Kelly A Clookey
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13219
It’s time to nourish your heart, mind & soul! Self-care isn’t always easy but it is not selfish to prioritize your own wellbeing. Engaging in meaningful counseling sessions can support an overall sense of peace and change in how your brain processes and thinks about your experiences. Together we can work on reshaping negative thought patterns and can create new neuropathways for a healthier mind. I provide a safe space for healing by adressing matters of the heart. Specialized in adolescent and adult issues including transitional stress, trauma, grief/loss, burnout, body image issues, depression/anxiety, addiction & OCD & aging.
It’s time to nourish your heart, mind & soul! Self-care isn’t always easy but it is not selfish to prioritize your own wellbeing. Engaging in meaningful counseling sessions can support an overall sense of peace and change in how your brain processes and thinks about your experiences. Together we can work on reshaping negative thought patterns and can create new neuropathways for a healthier mind. I provide a safe space for healing by adressing matters of the heart. Specialized in adolescent and adult issues including transitional stress, trauma, grief/loss, burnout, body image issues, depression/anxiety, addiction & OCD & aging.
(315) 642-1701 View (315) 642-1701
Photo of Theressa McMorris - Harvest House Counseling, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Harvest House Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13224
Harvest House is a dream that was born out of a passion for promoting healthy relationships in families, marriages, and individuals as they work toward hope and healing. You don’t have to be going through a difficult personal time, suffering from anxiety, or grieving in order to take advantage of all we have to offer. Therapy is designed to help you find insight, support, and new strategies for life's struggles. With the potentiality to gain benefits such as personal responsibility, self-awareness, objectivity, healthy communication skills, and healthy boundaries, there is little reason to wait any longer.
Harvest House is a dream that was born out of a passion for promoting healthy relationships in families, marriages, and individuals as they work toward hope and healing. You don’t have to be going through a difficult personal time, suffering from anxiety, or grieving in order to take advantage of all we have to offer. Therapy is designed to help you find insight, support, and new strategies for life's struggles. With the potentiality to gain benefits such as personal responsibility, self-awareness, objectivity, healthy communication skills, and healthy boundaries, there is little reason to wait any longer.
(315) 800-0011 View (315) 800-0011
Photo of Jahleh Mohammadi - Sanctuary Mental Health Counseling Services, PLLC, LMHC, RPT, CCPT , Counselor
Sanctuary Mental Health Counseling Services, PLLC
Counselor, LMHC, RPT, CCPT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206
At The Sanctuary, we work with people of all ages. We believe that all people have infinite worth, so before working with us, know that is our view of you and/or your child already. Our clinicians have been classically trained in many of the greats (IFS, CBT, DBT, play therapy, etc.). The director has additional training in death and dying. With that being said, "Out of all of my credentials as a therapist, my most significant is that I'm a card carrying member of the human race" (Lori Gottlieb). Initially, our aims are to get to know you or your child from a strengths perspective and building a positive rapport.
At The Sanctuary, we work with people of all ages. We believe that all people have infinite worth, so before working with us, know that is our view of you and/or your child already. Our clinicians have been classically trained in many of the greats (IFS, CBT, DBT, play therapy, etc.). The director has additional training in death and dying. With that being said, "Out of all of my credentials as a therapist, my most significant is that I'm a card carrying member of the human race" (Lori Gottlieb). Initially, our aims are to get to know you or your child from a strengths perspective and building a positive rapport.
(315) 277-6703 View (315) 277-6703
Photo of Michele T Anson, LMHC, Counselor
Michele T Anson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13203
If you are ready for change, something "different," or support in the midst of challenging life circumstances, we can work together to help gain perspective and build skills for managing emotions and stress.
If you are ready for change, something "different," or support in the midst of challenging life circumstances, we can work together to help gain perspective and build skills for managing emotions and stress.
(680) 206-2436 View (680) 206-2436
Photo of Bridget Fuller, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bridget Fuller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
Limited availability- Morning appointments only! I specialize in, and am passionate about, treating a range of anxiety disorders, as well as adjustment issues and trauma. If you struggle with anxiety or OCD, you may have fears that persist no matter what you try. Or you may feel stuck in patterns that you cannot control, or unable to stop certain behaviors even though some part of you desperately wants to stop. And while I cannot promise to erase the thoughts you are having, I can help you to change your relationship with them and reduce their ability to make your life difficult. There is hope.
Limited availability- Morning appointments only! I specialize in, and am passionate about, treating a range of anxiety disorders, as well as adjustment issues and trauma. If you struggle with anxiety or OCD, you may have fears that persist no matter what you try. Or you may feel stuck in patterns that you cannot control, or unable to stop certain behaviors even though some part of you desperately wants to stop. And while I cannot promise to erase the thoughts you are having, I can help you to change your relationship with them and reduce their ability to make your life difficult. There is hope.
(680) 208-2162 View (680) 208-2162
Photo of Dina Schwartz, LCSWR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dina Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13203  (Online Only)
You feel unheard, overextended, and unable to keep up. You're stressed and aren't taking care of yourself like before. You feel anxious and isolated and it's destroying your relationships with others, making work difficult and distracting you from your goals. You've lost sight of your needs and wonder if you will ever feel good again.
You feel unheard, overextended, and unable to keep up. You're stressed and aren't taking care of yourself like before. You feel anxious and isolated and it's destroying your relationships with others, making work difficult and distracting you from your goals. You've lost sight of your needs and wonder if you will ever feel good again.
(315) 883-2080 View (315) 883-2080
Photo of Molly Lizzio, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Molly Lizzio
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13203
Are you seeking personal growth and empowerment? As a therapist with a focus on supporting women, I'll help you increase self-confidence and establish healthy boundaries. Through the therapeutic process we'll uncover the details of your story, both where you've been, and the details of where you're at right now. Telling your story enables you to reconnect with your own desires and needs. Your unique story matters, and I'm here to listen and support you every step of the way. Together we'll unlock your inner strength, enhance your self-worth, and start to write the story of your future.
Are you seeking personal growth and empowerment? As a therapist with a focus on supporting women, I'll help you increase self-confidence and establish healthy boundaries. Through the therapeutic process we'll uncover the details of your story, both where you've been, and the details of where you're at right now. Telling your story enables you to reconnect with your own desires and needs. Your unique story matters, and I'm here to listen and support you every step of the way. Together we'll unlock your inner strength, enhance your self-worth, and start to write the story of your future.
(315) 235-1601 View (315) 235-1601
Photo of Mary Kate Lenihan, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary Kate Lenihan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13214  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Any individual, couple, or family making the decision to embark on therapy has made a brave step toward growth and change. Once rapport and safety is established, giving the self permission to be raw and vulnerable is what I strive for with clients. Feeling safe to explore discomfort and navigating different means of communication is at the heart of my work. The approach of curious exploration and demystification helps the individuals, couples and families that I work with resolve stressors related to anxiety, depression, grief, relational issues, work and academic influences, family dynamics, and LGBTQ issues.
Any individual, couple, or family making the decision to embark on therapy has made a brave step toward growth and change. Once rapport and safety is established, giving the self permission to be raw and vulnerable is what I strive for with clients. Feeling safe to explore discomfort and navigating different means of communication is at the heart of my work. The approach of curious exploration and demystification helps the individuals, couples and families that I work with resolve stressors related to anxiety, depression, grief, relational issues, work and academic influences, family dynamics, and LGBTQ issues.
(855) 286-2210 View (855) 286-2210
Photo of Tricia Lynn Park, PhD, RN, Psychologist
Tricia Lynn Park
Psychologist, PhD, RN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13215  (Online Only)
Warm welcome. I am Tricia Lynn Park, a NY-licensed clinical psychologist for 25 years dedicated to helping people navigate their mental health journey with compassion and evidence-based practices. I am currently accepting new clients for virtual sessions. My passion is assisting people in discovering the roots of their present-day issues and regaining their sense of direction and wellness. I offer short and long-term individual and couples counseling.
Warm welcome. I am Tricia Lynn Park, a NY-licensed clinical psychologist for 25 years dedicated to helping people navigate their mental health journey with compassion and evidence-based practices. I am currently accepting new clients for virtual sessions. My passion is assisting people in discovering the roots of their present-day issues and regaining their sense of direction and wellness. I offer short and long-term individual and couples counseling.
(315) 961-8818 View (315) 961-8818
Photo of Jodi Benjaminson - Jodi Benjaminson, LCSW-R, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jodi Benjaminson, LCSW-R
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
In my 28 years as a psychotherapist, it continues to be a humbling experience to witness my clients transform into the person they never believed they could be. I understand how difficult it is to come into therapy and why it is so important for me to build a safe and trusting relationship with you. I take a down to earth and respectful therapeutic approach to create a welcoming and healing environment. I am committed to helping my clients become the best version of themselves by tailoring my theraputic approach to fit the unique needs of each individual, couple or family.
In my 28 years as a psychotherapist, it continues to be a humbling experience to witness my clients transform into the person they never believed they could be. I understand how difficult it is to come into therapy and why it is so important for me to build a safe and trusting relationship with you. I take a down to earth and respectful therapeutic approach to create a welcoming and healing environment. I am committed to helping my clients become the best version of themselves by tailoring my theraputic approach to fit the unique needs of each individual, couple or family.
(315) 870-1410 View (315) 870-1410
Photo of Ginger Anson, MA, MEd, MHC-LP
Ginger Anson
MA, MEd, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13210  (Online Only)
Imagine that a miracle happens overnight. When you wake up, you are living as your ideal self. What is the first thing you and others will notice about you? What role will you play in creating your miracle cure? How can we work together to make this your reality? Creating a trusting therapeutic relationship is the first step. Whether you want to decrease isolation, increase connections with friends & family, or help to find the right solution, I am here. My specialty is finding the root of the problem, exposing it to the sunlight, and helping it move from the place it has been stuck to stuck to create room for growth and healing.
Imagine that a miracle happens overnight. When you wake up, you are living as your ideal self. What is the first thing you and others will notice about you? What role will you play in creating your miracle cure? How can we work together to make this your reality? Creating a trusting therapeutic relationship is the first step. Whether you want to decrease isolation, increase connections with friends & family, or help to find the right solution, I am here. My specialty is finding the root of the problem, exposing it to the sunlight, and helping it move from the place it has been stuck to stuck to create room for growth and healing.
(315) 897-8135 View (315) 897-8135
Photo of Ashley Williams - Cardinal Hope Mental Health Counseling Services , LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Cardinal Hope Mental Health Counseling Services
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13202  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, haunted by past trauma, or struggling to maintain healthy relationships? You're not alone. Does every day feel like a constant battle, with your mind racing with worries and past memories intruding? Connecting with loved ones might even seem impossible. These aren't just "bad days"—these are real issues impacting your well-being. We specialize in guiding you through these challenges. Why should you work on these issues? Because you deserve a life where you wake up without the weight of anxiety, where past traumas no longer control you, and where your relationships are sources of joy, not stress.
Feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, haunted by past trauma, or struggling to maintain healthy relationships? You're not alone. Does every day feel like a constant battle, with your mind racing with worries and past memories intruding? Connecting with loved ones might even seem impossible. These aren't just "bad days"—these are real issues impacting your well-being. We specialize in guiding you through these challenges. Why should you work on these issues? Because you deserve a life where you wake up without the weight of anxiety, where past traumas no longer control you, and where your relationships are sources of joy, not stress.
(516) 344-8455 x103 View (516) 344-8455 x103
Photo of Jillian Kolarz, MS, LCAT, ATR-BC
Jillian Kolarz
Creative Arts Therapist, MS, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13202  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm Jillian, a Licensed and Board-Certified Creative Arts Therapist dedicated to helping adults process hardship and manage stress in their lives. My areas of clinical focus extend to couples and individuals with depression and trauma-related PTSD. I have been using art therapeutically since adolescence as a platform for mental clarity, expression, self-acceptance, and self-care. It is uniquely a powerful tool that has instilled profoundly positive benefits on my well-being, and my goal in practice is to help instill similar benefits in you.
Welcome! I'm Jillian, a Licensed and Board-Certified Creative Arts Therapist dedicated to helping adults process hardship and manage stress in their lives. My areas of clinical focus extend to couples and individuals with depression and trauma-related PTSD. I have been using art therapeutically since adolescence as a platform for mental clarity, expression, self-acceptance, and self-care. It is uniquely a powerful tool that has instilled profoundly positive benefits on my well-being, and my goal in practice is to help instill similar benefits in you.
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Photo of Britany Brancheau, LMSW
Britany Brancheau
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203  (Online Only)
Accepting clients! Welcome, you have already made the first big step in your healing journey. My focus for you in therapy is to build a safe and connective space for self exploration. As a therapist I have strong values around social justice, cultural competence, and providing therapy that is empowering and de-stigmatizing. I utilize a relational and trauma-informed approach and am committed to affirming the experiences and journeys of everyone I work with by providing the necessary spaces to achieve healthy relationships and positive change.
Accepting clients! Welcome, you have already made the first big step in your healing journey. My focus for you in therapy is to build a safe and connective space for self exploration. As a therapist I have strong values around social justice, cultural competence, and providing therapy that is empowering and de-stigmatizing. I utilize a relational and trauma-informed approach and am committed to affirming the experiences and journeys of everyone I work with by providing the necessary spaces to achieve healthy relationships and positive change.
(680) 219-7229 View (680) 219-7229
Photo of Destiny Phillips, LPC Intern
Destiny Phillips
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13202  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or weighed down by past trauma? Do you find yourself stuck in a cycle of worry, sleepless nights, or repetitive self-doubt? You're not alone. Many people struggle with these invisible burdens, affecting their daily lives and relationships. When anxiety and trauma take hold, it can feel like there's no escape. But imagine waking up with a sense of peace, navigating your day with confidence, and finally feeling in control of your life. That's where our specialized therapy services come in—I help you reclaim your well-being and live the life you deserve.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or weighed down by past trauma? Do you find yourself stuck in a cycle of worry, sleepless nights, or repetitive self-doubt? You're not alone. Many people struggle with these invisible burdens, affecting their daily lives and relationships. When anxiety and trauma take hold, it can feel like there's no escape. But imagine waking up with a sense of peace, navigating your day with confidence, and finally feeling in control of your life. That's where our specialized therapy services come in—I help you reclaim your well-being and live the life you deserve.
(315) 909-7602 View (315) 909-7602
Photo of Christine Hudson, LMHC, NCC, CCTP, Counselor
Christine Hudson
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13219
It is no secret, life is overwhelming and sometimes we need help finding the balance. I take an eclectic approach to my work with clients. I’ve been trained and educated in many treatment modalities, and it is essential we build a plan together that is personalized and targeted for your needs. My goal is to provide a safe and confidential space where you can feel comfortable being your authentic self, and receive the support you need non-judgmentally. You can grow to your fullest potential when you have the right support and tools.
It is no secret, life is overwhelming and sometimes we need help finding the balance. I take an eclectic approach to my work with clients. I’ve been trained and educated in many treatment modalities, and it is essential we build a plan together that is personalized and targeted for your needs. My goal is to provide a safe and confidential space where you can feel comfortable being your authentic self, and receive the support you need non-judgmentally. You can grow to your fullest potential when you have the right support and tools.
(315) 302-1831 View (315) 302-1831
Photo of Regina Russo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Regina Russo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13210
For 10+ years, I have been serving the Syracuse community in various settings, helping others to learn ways to manage anxiety, depression, and challenging life events. I use a person centered and strength based approach.
For 10+ years, I have been serving the Syracuse community in various settings, helping others to learn ways to manage anxiety, depression, and challenging life events. I use a person centered and strength based approach.
(315) 908-0929 View (315) 908-0929
Photo of Joe Perez, LMHC, Counselor
Joe Perez
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
Hi there! I provide talk therapy to adolescents and adults who are experiencing anxiety or depression, I work with individuals who are dealing with problematic behaviors such as ADHD or ODD, and I engage with children using play therapy. Experiences of hardships and trauma play a large role in the work that I do. Have a specific question? Feel free to reach out!
Hi there! I provide talk therapy to adolescents and adults who are experiencing anxiety or depression, I work with individuals who are dealing with problematic behaviors such as ADHD or ODD, and I engage with children using play therapy. Experiences of hardships and trauma play a large role in the work that I do. Have a specific question? Feel free to reach out!
(680) 201-5713 View (680) 201-5713
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Syracuse, NY

500+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Syracuse, NY who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
74% Stress
73% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Syracuse, NY see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Syracuse?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.